Kinetics of solvent supported tubule formation of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) wax on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) investigated by atomic force microscopy

• Sujit Kumar Dora,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 468–481, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.45

• Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, 53115 Bonn, Germany Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Wroclaw, pl. M. Borna 9, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.9.45 Abstract The time dependence of the formation of lotus wax tubules after recrystallization from various

• angle from 88° to 129° after 14 days of wax recrystallization on HOPG. A more recent surface scientific approach by Koch et al. [22] demonstrated a spiral growth mechanism of tubule formation. The effect of substrate polarity on tubule growth was also demonstrated by showing upright oriented tubules on

• the upper limit was chosen to minimize the interaction between tip and sample. All experiments were performed at room temperature (between 20–24 °C). For real time observations of wax recrystallization by AFM, a 10 µL droplet of the respective wax solution was applied onto the HOPG surface. The

Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• the recrystallization or transformation into monoclinic phase cannot be regarded as a fast process, because there appeared only very weak traces of the monoclinic polymorph, expressed by an almost insignificantly low additional reflection at 31.3°, otherwise being indicative of 111 reflection of

Growth model and structure evolution of Ag layers deposited on Ge films

• Arkadiusz Ciesielski,
• Lukasz Skowronski,
• Ewa Górecka,
• Jakub Kierdaszuk and
• Tomasz Szoplik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 66–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.9

• ongoing recrystallization. The Raman spectra of the Ge wetted Ag films were measured immediately after deposition and ten days later and demonstrated that the Ge atoms at the Ag grain boundaries form clusters of a few atoms where the Ge–Ge bonds are still present. Keywords: germanium; segregation; self

The rational design of a Au(I) precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ali Marashdeh,
• Thiadrik Tiesma,
• Niels J. C. van Velzen,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Remco W. A. Havenith,
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson and
• Willem F. van Dorp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2753–2765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.274

• recrystallization of micro-crystalline material: slow evaporation of the solvent from a diethylether solution in the inert atmosphere of a glovebox gave single crystals between 0.1 and 0.5 mm. The crystals were measured on a SuperNova diffractometer (Rigaku-Oxford diffractions) with Mo and Cu microsources and an

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• . Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was distilled at a reduced pressure before use to remove the inhibitor. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and methylene blue (MB) were used without further purification. 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was used as the initiator and purified via recrystallization in methanol

Stick–slip boundary friction mode as a second-order phase transition with an inhomogeneous distribution of elastic stress in the contact area

• Iakov A. Lyashenko,
• Vadym N. Borysiuk and
• Valentin L. Popov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1889–1896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.189

• second-order phase transitions with an inhomogeneous distribution of elastic stress in a contact area. This obtained results have shown that the melting begins at the edge of a contact area and propagates to its center, and the wave of melting is followed by a wave of recrystallization. Such

• edge of the contact area and is immediately followed by recrystallization. We also conclude that the inhomogeneous distribution of the parameters weakly affects the behavior of the considered tribological system in contrast to the case of a first-order phase transition, where the influence of

• and to the recrystallization process (arrow 2) after the first dashed line for different values of the radial coordinate r. Arrows show the increment of a radial coordinate r from 2 to 18 μm, with a step of 2 μm. Inset shows the time interval between two dashed lines. (a) Time dependence of the

Development of polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery

• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Carmen Ortiz Mellet and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1457–1468, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.145

• Cremophor EL®, which is known to be the cause of severe side effects including nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and hypersensitivity reactions [5][6]. Other major problems encountered in the clinical administration of PCX are rapid recrystallization of the drug as a result of dilution in isotonic saline or

Deposition of exchange-coupled dinickel complexes on gold substrates utilizing ambidentate mercapto-carboxylato ligands

• Martin Börner,
• Laura Blömer,
• Marcus Kischel,
• Peter Richter,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Maria E. N. Fuentes,
• Carlos C. B. Bufon,
• Daniel Grimm,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Daniel Breite,
• Bernd Abel and
• Berthold Kersting

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1375–1387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.139

• ), 542 (w), 482 (w) cm−1 Preparation of [Ni2L(µ-O2C(CH2)5SH)]ClO4 (6) This compound was prepared from 1 and 6-mercaptohexanoic acid by the procedure detailed for 2. Yield: 191.1 mg (0.186 mmol, 56%). Recrystallization from a MeOH/EtOH 1:1 solvent system provided the title compound as a green

• stirred at room temperature for 8 h. A solution of LiClO4·3H2O (348 mg, 2.17 mmol) in degassed EtOH (15 mL) was added. The solution was reduced to about 10 mL. The resulting pale-green precipitate was filtered off, washed with EtOH and ether and dried in vacuum. Recrystallization from a MeOH/EtOH 1:1

• solution was reduced to about 10 mL. The resulting pale-green precipitate was filtered off, washed with EtOH and ether and dried in vacuum. Recrystallization from a EtOH/MeCN 1:1 solvent system provided the title compound as a green, microcrystalline solid, which was washed with EtOH and ether and dried in

Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties

• Paul Christian and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 933–942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.95

• observed in the diffraction pattern, that is, the polymer remains in the amorphous state. Upon cooling, recrystallization occurs at 69 ± 2 °C. Once they have emerged, these Bragg peaks display little variation in intensity as a function of temperature, suggesting that the polymer side-chains assume the

• -prepared sample. Upon recrystallization under cooling, the Bragg peaks are slightly shifted towards higher q-values (see Figure 5a,b); the bilayer distance is reduced with respect to the as-prepared state and minor relaxation has occurred in the p-PFDA unit cell. While this difference diminishes in

Innovations from the “ivory tower”: Wilhelm Barthlott and the paradigm shift in surface science

• Christoph Neinhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 394–402, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.41

• compiling, to our knowledge, the largest dataset on plant epicuticular surface features. Epicuticular waxes are made up of various soluble lipids and, at least most of them, originate from self-assembly, again a topic studied in various different types of crystals accompanied by recrystallization

Selective photodissociation of tailored molecular tags as a tool for quantum optics

• Ugur Sezer,
• Philipp Geyer,
• Moritz Kriegleder,
• Maxime Debiossac,
• Armin Shayeghi,
• Markus Arndt,
• Lukas Felix and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.35

• before the reaction mixture was warmed up to 50 °C for 12 h. Aqueous work-up and recrystallization of the crude reaction product from chloroform provided the target compound 1 in 80% yield as colourless solid. All new compounds were fully characterized by 1H, 19F and 13C NMR spectroscopy and high

Impact of surface wettability on S-layer recrystallization: a real-time characterization by QCM-D

• Jagoba Iturri,
• Ana C. Vianna,
• Alberto Moreno-Cencerrado,
• Dietmar Pum,
• Uwe B. Sleytr and
• José Luis Toca-Herrera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 91–98, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.10

• (USP), Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP), Department of Chemistry, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.8.10 Abstract Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has been employed to study the assembly and recrystallization kinetics of

• terms of kinetics and film assembly steps, the recrystallization taking place on an underlying secondary cell-wall polymer (SCWP) as found in bacteria. Complementary atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments corroborate these findings and reveal the impact on the final structure achieved. Keywords

• : bacterial S-layers; Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D); recrystallization kinetics; surface wettability; Introduction Crystalline bacterial protein layers (S-layers) are arrays of (glyco)proteins (Mw of 40 to 200 kDa) forming the outermost envelope of prokaryotes, and represent

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• processes occurring in deformed thin metal films upon annealing is quite poor compared to the great wealth of data on recovery and recrystallization of deformed bulk metals [6]. The introduction of defects into thin metal films can significantly affect their thermal and mechanical stability. For example

Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

• Sylwia Kuśnieruk,
• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Agnieszka Chodara,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1586–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.153

• particles were formed (Figure 5). It was observed that the morphology of the nanopowder changed from homogeneous, elongated particles (Type 1 and Type 2) to spherical particles (Type 3, 4, 5 and 6). This depended on the adopted synthesis parameters resulting from recrystallization. Crystallinity is the

• quantity of the crystalline phase in comparison with the content of the amorphous phase present in a material. HAp crystallization occurs in accordance with the Ostwald’s rule, so it usually forms from recrystallization of such precursor phases as octacalcium phosphate (OCP), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate

• to increase with the synthesis time until the crystallization process equilibrium has been achieved [55]. During the synthesis in the MSS2 reactor, HAp particles are dissolved and undergo recrystallization. Sharon Kehoe [50] noticed that when dealing with such a process, the smaller particles

Microscopic characterization of Fe nanoparticles formed on SrTiO₃(001) and SrTiO₃(110) surfaces

• Miyoko Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 817–824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.73

• surface is sputter-cleaned, it becomes severely disordered, forming oxygen vacancies in the uppermost layers [28]. Subsequent annealing induces oxygen diffusion and surface recrystallization at the same time, making various superstructures possible to appear. In our experiments, TEM STO(001) substrates

In situ observation of deformation processes in nanocrystalline face-centered cubic metals

• Aaron Kobler,
• Christian Brandl,
• Horst Hahn and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 572–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.50

• in Figure 1c) and intergranular fracture with the crack path along grain boundaries (red lines in Figure 1c). The observation of grain growth, fragmentation and recrystallization next to the crack path (Figure 1c,d) suggests that the deformation is both a result of intragranular deformation (related

Determination of the compositions of the DIGM zone in nanocrystalline Ag/Au and Ag/Pd thin films by secondary neutral mass spectrometry

• Gábor Y. Molnár,
• Shenouda S. Shenouda,
• Gábor L. Katona,
• Gábor A. Langer and
• Dezső L. Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 474–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.41

• formation of new grains with distinctly different compositions from the matrix: this is the diffusion-induced recrystallization (DIR) [9]. On the other hand it is also quite widely accepted that, at low temperatures (regime i)) the inequality of the GB diffusion fluxes leads to the migration of GBs [3][4

• boundary and thus at elevated temperatures Equation 1 and Equation 2 can fail, and the composition can be determined be the relation derived in [2]. Furthermore, at higher temperatures the diffusion-induced recrystallization (DIR) can also play a role in cold alloying. It was illustrated in [30], that at

Hydration of magnesia cubes: a helium ion microscopy study

• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Johannes Schneider,
• Gilles R. Bourret and
• Oliver Diwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 302–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.28

• morphologically well-defined MgO particle systems was investigated. We observed unexpected transformations ranging from swelling of the metal oxide nanostructure core to dissolution–recrystallization steps that give rise to the formation of hydroxides with entirely different microstructures [21]. Experimental All

Plasticity-mediated collapse and recrystallization in hollow copper nanowires: a molecular dynamics simulation

• Amlan Dutta,
• Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri and
• Tanusri Saha-Dasgupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 228–235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.21

• copper nanowires using molecular dynamics simulation. We find that the plasticity-mediated structural evolution leads to transformation of the initial hollow structure to a solid wire. The process involves three distinct stages, namely, collapse, recrystallization and slow recovery. We calculate the time

• scales associated with different stages of the evolution process. Our findings suggest a plasticity-mediated mechanism of collapse and recrystallization. This contradicts the prevailing notion of diffusion driven transport of vacancies from the interior to outer surface being responsible for collapse

• , thereby discarding the proposed mechanism of a slow diffusive route of vacancy migration. On the other hand, the collapse is found to proceed through creation of disordered atoms and plastic slips. Upon collapse, the hollow nanowire becomes partially amorphous, which heals through the recrystallization of

Single-molecule magnet behavior in 2,2’-bipyrimidine-bridged dilanthanide complexes

• Wen Yu,
• Frank Schramm,
• Eufemio Moreno Pineda,
• Yanhua Lan,
• Olaf Fuhr,
• Jinjie Chen,
• Hironari Isshiki,
• Wolfgang Wernsdorfer,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 126–137, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.15

• volume of CHCl3 at room temperature, immediately filtered to remove insoluble particles, and then reprecipitated by the addition of cold absolute ethanol. The precipitate was again filtered and dried at 90 °C. X-ray diffraction quality crystals were formed by recrystallization from Et2O for 2 and 3 at

Blue and white light emission from zinc oxide nanoforests

• Nafisa Noor,
• Luca Lucera,
• Thomas Capuano,
• Venkata Manthina,
• Alexander G. Agrios,
• Helena Silva and
• Ali Gokirmak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2463–2469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.255

• after a DC test showing evidence of melting and recrystallization of the material under electrical stress. Optical microscope images showing two tungsten probes placed on a continuous ZnO nanoforest before (left) and after (right) a DC measurement test. The melting of the micrometer-sized probe tips

A single-source precursor route to anisotropic halogen-doped zinc oxide particles as a promising candidate for new transparent conducting oxide materials

• Daniela Lehr,
• Markus R. Wagner,
• Johanna Flock,
• Julian S. Reparaz,
• Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres,
• Alexander Klaiber,
• Thomas Dekorsy and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2161–2172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.222

• leads to a mixture of the starting compound 1, containing the monosubstituted product [I(CH3)3Zn4(OiPr)4] (2a) (55%) and the twofold-substituted product [I2(CH3)3Zn4(OiPr)4] (3a) (10%) (Figure 1a). Purification via recrystallization for several times is able to remove substantial parts of the starting

Transformation of hydrogen titanate nanoribbons to TiO₂ nanoribbons and the influence of the transformation strategies on the photocatalytic performance

• Melita Rutar,
• Nejc Rozman,
• Matej Pregelj,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Andrijana Sever Škapin,
• Aleš Mrzel,
• Srečo D. Škapin and
• Polona Umek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 831–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.86

• formed through a dissolution–recrystallization process, as suggested by Zhu et al. [14]. The shape of these crystallites strongly depends on the pH of the reaction medium since different ions act as capping agents [31]. Published results [14][20][21] suggest that the stability of HTiNRs in aqueous

Nanoporous Ge thin film production combining Ge sputtering and dopant implantation

• Jacques Perrin Toinin,
• Alain Portavoce,
• Khalid Hoummada,
• Michaël Texier,
• Maxime Bertoglio,
• Sandrine Bernardini,
• Marco Abbarchi and
• Lee Chow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 336–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.32

• Discussion 340 nm thick Ge layers were deposited on the native oxide layer of a silicon substrate at room temperature (RT), under high vacuum, by magnetron sputtering. Recrystallization was then performed by rapid thermal annealing at 600 °C under vacuum (P ≈ 3 × 10−5 mbar) and the Ge layer was implanted

Synthesis and characterization of fluorescence-labelled silica core-shell and noble metal-decorated ceria nanoparticles

• Rudolf Herrmann,
• Markus Rennhak and
• Armin Reller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2413–2423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.251

• months. We observed the formation of super-agglomerates, together with wires and sheets of crystalline CeO2 in the micrometer range, obviously formed by recrystallization, but not in all samples. The presence of traces of water in the solvent may be the reason for this instability; a related observation

• probably are part of the recrystallization process, since this behaviour has not been observed for pure CeO2 NP and agglomerates. Attempts to stabilize the decorated NP by annealing at 400 °C were only partially successful. Increased agglomeration of the ceria part was observed in some cases, but even more