Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• time, the coupling between these confined modes on the NM side and the continuum modes on the SC side weakens because of increasing momentum mismatch, which suppresses the transmission probability of the channels through the interface. Together, the reduction in channel number and the suppressed

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• ][101][102]. When the localized surface plasmon resonance of metal seeds is excited, hot electrons reduce Ag+ or from solution and deposit metallic Ag and Au. However, various studies in the past two decades on the plasmon-mediated reduction of Ag(I) and Au(III) have demonstrated a weak dependence of

• distribution of PVP. Ag(I) and Au(III) reduction potentials suggest their reduction is relatively not energetically demanding. (AgCl/Ag: 0.80 V vs SHE and /Au: 0.99 V vs SHE) [101]. As discussed in Section 2.1, these reactions can be triggered by warm electrons far from the hot spots. Indeed, [101] inferred

• that the sites of Au deposition ( reduction) are the locations of electrons from the nanoparticle transferred via PVP. Researchers made similar observations when electron beam lithography resist was exposed to hot electrons from AuNRs [86]. This study found hydrogen silsesquioxane underwent water

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• ), and fatigue reduction [2][36]. VB12 deficiency represents a significant global public health concern, impacting approx. 6% of the global population and 1.6% to 10% of European communities [37]. The different demographic data showed that the most vulnerable groups to VB12 deficiency comprise geriatric

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• bandwidth. The trade-off between the bandwidth expansion due to miniaturization and the reduction in absorption efficiency determined by the Airy spot size of the coupling lens is investigated. To solve this issue, a simultaneous miniaturization of the size of the entire structure with an increase in the

• transition from a single-ring antenna to a double split-ring resonator design, while keeping the number of elements constant, resulted in a significant improvement in performance. The addition of the inner ring, which increases the total capacitance of the resonant element, leads to a slight reduction of the

• are governed by the requirement to fill the Airy spot of the silicon lens. If the total array size is smaller than the Airy spot, a portion of the incident signal will not interact with the metamaterial, instead scattering into the surrounding space. Our simulations confirm this principle: A reduction

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• on the selected single particles (Figure 7, see also related scans in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4). The particle height of 16.7 ± 1.6 nm increases by 0.3 nm under medium and by 1.6 nm under high humidity. The PEG AuNPs of 13.3 ± 1.0 nm show an apparent slight reduction by 0.3 nm, but

• organic content). Synthesis of gold nanoparticles Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by the Bio Nano Plasmonics Lab at CIC biomaGUNE according to [10]. Both PEG AuNPs and dimanno-AuNPs were obtained by reduction of AuCl4− with BH4− in the presence of the corresponding thiol ligands. For the PEG AuNPs, a

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• the system’s quasiperiodicity, reflecting a general feature of superconducting quasicrystals. The enhancement of these oscillations leads to a reduction of the critical temperature, which can be pronounced depending on the model’s microscopic parameters. We also find that the critical exponent β of

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• been compared with rivers in temperate zones, where improved waste management systems cause a reduction in MP accumulation. According to Bhaduri et al., this disparity reflects how essential cooperating waste management policies and plans are in the Himalayas to prevent MP pollution [25]. Matta et al

• Treaty with an aim to constitute legally binding plastic reduction instruments along with MP reduction. Consequently, the European Union (EU) also deliberately limited incorporated MPs in the EU Microplastic Restriction Proposal of the REACH regulation of cosmetics, cleaning products, and agricultural

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• difference (p < 0.05) in pH compared with earlier time points. Although the reduction was modest, from pH 6.4 ± 0.1 to 5.9 ± 0.3, it is hypothesized to result from a combination of physicochemical and microbiological factors [42]. One possible explanation involves the oxidative or hydrolytic degradation of

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• infections dominated by this pathogen. However, their relatively weaker activity against E. coli and B. subtilis suggests that optimization may be necessary to broaden their spectrum through surface modification, particle size reduction, or combination with other antibacterial agents. Cytotoxicity of AgSbS2

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• thickness, respectively. According to the widely used convention, the piezo tube is poled so that a negative potential applied to the inner electrode Vz,f < 0 results in an extension ΔL > 0 that translates into a reduction of the cavity length Δd = derr = −ΔL < 0. From d31 and the geometry parameters of the

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• a notable influence on the characteristics of the resultant nanofibers. A reduction in the needle-to-collector distance from 15 (Figure 4D) to 12 cm (Figure 4B) resulted in a significant increase in the average fiber diameter, from 250 ± 74 to 439 ± 100 nm. This phenomenon is likely associated with

• an HA core compared to the monolithic PLA fibers. The prominent peaks, centered at approximately 2θ = 13°, 16°, and 19°, appeared broadened and merged when the amorphous HA core was incorporated. This reduction in crystallinity, resulting from an increase in amorphous regions within the material, may

• high hydrophobicity of this polymer. In cases where not all the hydrophilic core content is fully coated by the shell, a reduction in membrane hydrophobicity is observed due to the presence of hydrophilic nanofibers [77]. Surface hydrophilicity assays revealed that the produced nanofibers exhibit high

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• low to melt the particles, the shape transformation can be induced using photochemical processes. However, in this case, the addition of precursors, reducing, and stabilizing agents is required. The pristine NPs that are present in the solution act as seeds, while photoinduced reduction occurs at

• nanofibers has been shown to occur via anisotropic growth, using the fibrous products of the organic precursor decomposition for self-templating, which guides the following processes of reduction of silver ions at their surface. The concentration of the organic precursor further influences the shape

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• -based LNPs formulated with varying DMPE-PEG2k content from 1 to 5 mol %, changes were observed in nanoparticle diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge, and payload encapsulation efficiency (EE%). Increasing the PEG lipid content led to a reduction in the hydrodynamic diameter of LNPs, with

• . Intravenous injection at 0.3 mg·kg−1 further validated the efficacy of these functionalized pLNPs. RVG29 and AP2 pLNPs achieved nearly 70-fold increases in brain transfection, while mApoE pLNPs demonstrated significant tropism shift from liver to spleen. A liver luminescence reduction from over 90% to 25% was

• primed for a heightened response. As illustrated in Figure 5, anti-PEG antibodies can rapidly neutralize PEGylated nanoparticles, triggering the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon [4][69]. This effect is characterized by a dramatic reduction in circulation time for subsequent doses, often

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• development and contributing to the reduction of the adult mosquito population. Ovicidal activities are also reported, which prevent eggs from hatching, interrupting the life cycle of the vector. Furthermore, essential oils exhibit repellent properties that keep mosquitoes away, reducing the incidence of

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• stiffness values of the order of 100 N/m to avoid the tip jumping to contact and sticking to the surface [21]. Such a stiffness would necessitate seven orders of magnitude improvement in detector noise to achieve an equivalent force sensitivity. Reduction of detection noise is therefore critical for

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• during the biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles [34][35]. For instance, plants from the Lamiaceae family (e.g., Ocimum spp., Rosmarinus officinalis, and Salvia rosmarinus) are extensively documented for their abundant polyphenols such as rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid, which facilitate the reduction

• structural, optical, and chemical properties. FTIR enables the identification of functional groups involved in the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles, typically derived from phytochemicals in plant extracts used as reducing agents [52][56]. UV–vis spectroscopy is widely employed to monitor

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• evaluated, only the zeta potential showed a significant reduction at day 30 (p < 0.05), while no significant changes were observed in the other parameters, as shown in Figure 2a,b. Similarly, the formulations maintained their stability under all centrifugation conditions and time points analyzed, as

• fully confirm the long-term stability and therapeutic reliability of the formulation. Additionally, the presence of glycerin as a co-solvent may have contributed to the reduction in interfacial tension and improved droplet uniformity, factors known to enhance long-term stability [41]. Importantly, the

• evaluate the leishmanicidal potential of these nanoemulsions. As PHYT-NE concentrations and exposure times increased, the leishmanicidal activity also improved. Importantly, this formulation did not induce a reduction in cell viability sufficient to indicate cytotoxicity to 3T3 cells, even at the highest

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• disintegration of rhodamine B using UV light. The experimental results clearly confirmed that silver ion implantation led to a significant reduction in the surface electrical resistance of both GO and PI. Simultaneously, an enhancement of photocatalytic activity was observed, demonstrated by a faster degradation

• %. This change indicates a reduction in oxygen functional groups, which is due to radiation damage induced by ion implantation. The high ion fluence caused the destruction of carbon–oxygen bonds, leading to partial deoxidation of the surface and an increase in the proportion of carbon networks. At the

• formation of free radicals and their subsequent recombination [26]. The results obtained from the XPS analysis, in conjunction with the RBS findings, reveal a consistent trend indicative of ongoing carbonization processes occurring in the surface layers of the PI samples. The reduction in oxygen-containing

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• response to internal signals (e.g., oxidation or reduction, enzymatic activity, or low acidity) or external stimuli such as light and temperature [26][27]. This delivery of active ingredients relies on differential biochemical changes, facilitating the development of more precise therapies with improved

• , can occur in organic or aqueous continuous phases, with the latter offering a reduction of toxic solvent residues. Miniemulsion and microemulsion methods provide better control over particle size and distribution, although microemulsion polymerization often requires higher concentrations of

• , demonstrating nontoxicity and a reduction in joint inflammation, which were attributed to the physicochemical stability of the NPs in the gastrointestinal tract. Continuing their research on lactoferrin, Mahidhara et al. [112] developed chitosan-coated nanocapsules wrapped in alginate that achieved a 4.8-fold

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• at 25 °C was consistent with the values reported by Rahiminezhad and colleagues [64]. However, increasing temperature reduced LO density (by ca. 4%). This reduction can be attributed to the increased molecular motion of the oil’s long fatty acid chains (saturated and unsaturated) when heated. The

• increased motion causes greater intermolecular spacing, leading to an increase in the oil’s volume. As a result, the oil’s mass-to-volume ratio (density) decreases, as observed for vegetable oils [70]. Raising the temperature of LO to 75 °C resulted in a statistically significant reduction (75.7%) in

• revealed two distinct thermal mass loss events. The first event occurs between 340 and 490 °C, where a significant mass reduction (~94.2%) is observed, with the degradation temperature marked at 368 °C (TOnset). This primary degradation phase involves lipolysis, the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• sheet. This well-defined platform mimics the structure of metal–nitrogen–carbon catalysts used in oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs). Using a combination of results obtained from APXPS at HIPPIE and pump–probe infrared–visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) in a dedicated setup at the Department of

• important challenges for modern human civilization. Reactions such as water splitting, CO2 reduction, and pollutant degradation rely on photocatalysts that absorb light, generate electron–hole pairs, and drive redox reactions at interfaces. For the rational and methodical design of a more sophisticated

• photoexcited holes migrate to NiO and are trapped, facilitating water oxidation via an intermediate NiOOH species (Figure 10b). APXPS thereby provides mechanistic insight into photoinduced surface chemistry, enabling rational catalyst design. Similar approaches can be extended to CO2 reduction, pollutant

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• by Li et al. discussed patent CN115671277 [94]. Nanoparticles Nanoparticles are materials with at least one dimension ranging from 1 to 999 nm [95]. This technology possesses a high contact surface, a high concentration of surface-active centers, and low toxicity due to promoting a reduction in the

• dose of its active ingredients [96]. These characteristics have made nanoparticles widely used in medicines, medical applications, and the food industry, as they provide increased shelf life, improved drug delivery, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy [97]. Various methods, such as chemical reduction

• neutrophils or infiltration of CD4+ T cells to destroy tumors [145]. The process of nanosizing the CGCs in the patent involves shearing at high speed and ultrasonic cycles followed by freeze-drying. This resulted in a yield of 12.73% and a purity of 96.32%. The increased surface area due to the reduction in

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• semiconductor catalyst. In contrast, for reduction to occur, the redox potential must be lower than the conduction band edge. This is because, upon excitation, holes generated in the valence band participate in oxidation reactions, whereas the electrons excited to the conduction band drive the reduction

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• defined interfaces between the compounds. This can be explained by the reduction in heat transfer of polymer blends with higher glass fiber content [41] and needs to be considered when designing graded interfaces of fiber-reinforced polymers. The results show that interface structuring of FGMs is possible

• applied. The small deviation may be due to the volume reduction of PP during hot pressing, the burnt glass fibers at the edges, and inaccuracies in the post-processing threshold algorithms. The good fusion of the individual compartments and the gradual increase in fiber concentration along the specimen

• bidirectionally graded specimens compared to the linearly graded specimens (reduction of about 15% for the linearly graded specimens and about 24% for the specimens with V-shaped interface). For UTS, both groups show almost identical values (differences of 2–3%), which again can be attributed to the fact that the

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• the highest possible excited transmon state with n = k0. An increase in the nonlinearity of the transmons leads to a significant reduction in the period of Rabi oscillations, tR, and the beat frequency, tbeat, as shown in Figure 2a. When nonlinear interactions dominate, high-energy excitations are