Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• point where motion detection becomes the limiting source of noise. In this context, the principles of cavity optomechanics may improve the sensitivity of AFM force sensors. Cryogenic AFM further enables the use of superconducting microwave resonators in a cavity optomechanical detection scheme [4][5][6

• gradient during oscillation. Although many types of resonators could fulfill these requirements in principle, it is hard to beat the microcantilever for ease of fabrication. To sense force on the tip we need to measure the motion of the mechanical resonator, detecting its deflection from mechanical

• FM-AFM, as well as additional driving and read-out schemes. In contrast to optical cavities, superconducting lumped-element microwave resonators easily reach the resolved-sideband regime, where the cavity linewidth is smaller than the mechanical resonant frequency [1][15]. Typically, lumped-element

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

Quasi-guided modes resulting from the band folding effect in a photonic crystal slab for enhanced interactions of matters with free-space radiations

• Kaili Sun,
• Yangjian Cai,
• Uriel Levy and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 322–328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.27

• enhancement are central for the manipulation of light–matter interactions. Optical resonators of various forms have been exploited for this purpose. What follows are a few representative examples investigated in the last several decades: Photonic crystal cavities are realized when small disorders or defects

Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays

• Roger Cattaneo,
• Mikhail A. Galin and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132

• resonant step in the I–Vs, implying that the emission is facilitated by the cavity modes [9][32][33][34]. We conclude that the long electrodes in the studied arrays are acting both as external resonators and microwave antennas. The large length (approx. 1 cm) of the electrodes facilitates good impedance

Coherent amplification of radiation from two phase-locked Josephson junction arrays

• Mikhail A. Galin,
• Vladimir M. Krasnov,
• Ilya A. Shereshevsky,
• Nadezhda K. Vdovicheva and
• Vladislav V. Kurin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1445–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.119

• resonators (see Figure 1). In Figure 2a, we marked bias points 1–8 in array-b, at which detailed measurements are reported below for sample-1. Using the value of EM wave speed along a single-strip line obtained in [13], we can estimate the corresponding numbers of cavity modes m = 11–18. Similarly, bias

Double-layer symmetric gratings with bound states in the continuum for dual-band high-Q optical sensing

• Chaoying Shi,
• Jinhua Hu,
• Xiuhong Liu,
• Junfang Liang,
• Jijun Zhao,
• Haiyan Han and
• Qiaofen Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1408–1417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.116

• infinite structure or in extreme values of the parameters [25][26]. The structures that are commonly used to induce the BIC include metasurfaces [27][28], dielectric gratings [29][30], photonic crystals [31], and whispering-gallery resonators [32]. In 2016, Wang et al. investigated a symmetry-protected BIC

• γ0 are the resonant frequency and radiation rate of the single grating resonance, respectively, and ψ is the propagation phase shift between the two resonators, satisfying the relation ψ = kh, where k is the transverse wave number. Then the two complex eigenfrequencies of H can be solved from

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

Analytical and numerical design of a hybrid Fabry–Perot plano-concave microcavity for hexagonal boron nitride

• Felipe Ortiz-Huerta and
• Karina Garay-Palmett

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1030–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.90

• microcavities [8], microdisk resonators [9], and photonic crystals [10][11] have been designed and built around color centers in hBN to increase its spontaneous emission by means of Purcell effect. An alternative and low-cost approach to build photonic structures uses polymers to embed different types of SPEs

• ), setting the boundary values for R2, for any given L2, at R2 ≈ 2L2. Selecting the R2 parameter closer to the divergence of the W2 function (R2 = L2) could result in unstable resonators that will not hold a stable Gaussian mode inside. Theoretical work has been done with R2 ≈ L2 [20], where a non-paraxial

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• supports [31][32], mechanical resonators [33], and dielectrics in nanocapacitors [34][35]. It has been shown that CNMs possess subnanometer pores, which can block the passage of most molecules and ions, but let water and helium pass through, enabling the use of CNMs in molecular filtration and ion

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• including, but not limited to, the direct writing of defects to act as nuclei for epitaxial growth [25], the fabrication of two-dimensional phononic crystals [26], the magnetic patterning of suspended Co/Pt multilayers, the fabrication of two-dimensional mechanical resonators based on single-layer graphene

• resonators based on suspended single-layer graphene Used FIB-o-mat features: low-level beam path generation and automation via stage control, patterns optimized for speed to generate a large number of trampolines with varying bridge widths. Atomically thin graphene has extraordinary mechanical properties [3

• ], and graphene nanomechanical resonators have been employed as various sensors [42][43][44][45][46]. Yet, the sensitivity at room temperature is limited by a rather low quality factor. Patterning of the devices into trampoline-shaped resonators yields a large increase in quality factor and, thus, device

Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding?

• Ronaldo J. C. Batista,
• Rafael F. Dias,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Alan B. de Oliveira,
• Taise M. Manhabosco,
• Thiago R. Gomes-Silva,
• Matheus J. S. Matos,
• Andreij C. Gadelha,
• Cassiano Rabelo,
• Luiz G. L. Cançado,
• Ado Jorio,
• Hélio Chacham and
• Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1801–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.162

• understanding of the structural/dynamic response of multilayered 2D materials upon bending is also an essential issue regarding technological applications, such as deformable electronics, flexible reinforcements for brittle biomedical implants [15], and ultralight resonators suited as transducers of extremely

A wideband cryogenic microwave low-noise amplifier

• Boris I. Ivanov,
• Dmitri I. Volkhin,
• Ilya L. Novikov,
• Dmitri K. Pitsun,
• Dmitri O. Moskalev,
• Ilya A. Rodionov,
• Evgeni Il’ichev and
• Aleksey G. Vostretsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1484–1491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.131

• processing circuits [4]. The latter include the most challenging and attractive topics such as quantum bits (qubits) [5], quantum dots [6], microwave single-photon detectors [7], high-quality resonators [8], superconducting microwave beam splitters [9], and other circuit quantum electrodynamics structures

• sensitivity and measurement speed of the full measurement setup is obviously defined by the signal-to-noise ratio and, thus, by the gain and the noise temperature of the cLNA. The sample under study contained superconducting X-mon qubits coupled to coplanar quarter wavelength resonators. Each resonator was

• noise figure corresponded to 2.1 dB with a gain value of about 40 dB for the frequency range from 6 to 13 GHz. The transmission |S21| of the sample was measured and the resonance frequencies of resonators were defined in the frequency spectrum from 6 to 9 GHz. We defined a resonator fundamental

3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He⁺ beam direct writing

• Rosa Córdoba,
• Alfonso Ibarra,
• Dominique Mailly,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.104

• ], nanohelices [19], and in-plane NWs used in hybrid microwave resonators [40]. They are potential building blocks for highly packed 3D nano-resonators, superconducting logic gates [41], quantum switches [42], and single-photon detectors [43][44][45]. Conclusion We report a direct writing methodology to create

Vibration analysis and pull-in instability behavior in a multiwalled piezoelectric nanosensor with fluid flow conveyance

• Sayyid H. Hashemi Kachapi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1072–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.92

• analysis; surface/interface effect; van der Waals force; viscous fluid velocity; Introduction Nanomechanical sensors and resonators, especially when combined with piezoelectric materials, are widely used in modern engineering, which encompasses numerous, diverse fields of science and technology

• a modified strain gradient theory (MSGT) and Gurtin–Murdoch surface elasticity to investigate the size-dependent nonlinear pull-in instability [28]. A new size-dependent nonlinear model for the analysis of the behavior of carbon nanotube resonators was introduced by Farokhi et al. based on modified

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

• , quantum computation, and quantum sensing. Their integration in photonic structures such as photonic crystals, microdisks, microring resonators, and nanopillars is essential for their deployment in quantum technologies. While there are currently only two material platforms (diamond and silicon carbide

Plasmonic nanosensor based on multiple independently tunable Fano resonances

• Lin Cheng,
• Zelong Wang,
• Xiaodong He and
• Pengfei Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2527–2537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.243

• kinds of resonators and two stubs which are side-coupled to a metal–dielectric–metal (MDM) waveguide. By utilizing numerical investigation with the finite element method (FEM), the simulation results show that the transmission spectrum of the nanosensor has as many as five sharp Fano resonance peaks

• output waveguides are direct coupled to both ends of the resonator [3][8][9][10], second is that the resonators are side-coupled to one waveguide between the input and output ports [11][12][13][14][15], and third is that the input waveguide, output waveguide and resonators are all coupled through a gap

• [2][16][17]. The common resonators are rectangular [6], ring [14], triangular [9], disk [18][19], hexagonal [20] and other special shapes. In recent years, many structures have been proposed to obtain the Fano resonance effect [20][21]. Obviously, a structure with only one resonant mode is hardly

Multiple Fano resonances with flexible tunablity based on symmetry-breaking resonators

• Xiao bin Ren,
• Kun Ren,
• Ying Zhang,
• Cheng guo Ming and
• Qun Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2459–2467, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.236

• new opportunities to design on-chip optical devices with great tuning performance. Keywords: multiple Fano resonance; off-centered ring resonators; plasmonic waveguide; surface plasmon polaritons; symmetry-breaking; tunable resonance; Introduction Fano resonances originate from the interference of a

• different cavities that provided several discrete states [26][29][30]. For instance, two U-shaped resonators were designed in order to obtain independent dual resonances [30]. In this paper, multiple Fano resonances are investigated and demonstrated in MDM waveguide–cavity coupled systems. A symmetry

• rate due to the internal loss in the resonators is κi. The amplitudes of the incoming and outgoing waves in the waveguide are denoted by Si+ and Si− (i = 1, 2). The time evolution of the normalized amplitude a of ring resonator can be expressed as According to energy conservation, the amplitudes of the

Synthesis and characterization of quaternary La(Sr)S–TaS₂ misfit-layered nanotubes

• Marco Serra,
• Erumpukuthickal Ashokkumar Anumol,
• Dalit Stolovas,
• Iddo Pinkas,
• Ernesto Joselevich,
• Reshef Tenne,
• Andrey Enyashin and
• Francis Leonard Deepak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1112–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.111

• resonators [11][12][13]. Using ionic liquid gating, ambipolar p–n junctions led to high-performance light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaic devices [14]. Most interesting, however, was the demonstration of quasi-1D superconductivity, which reflected the non-centrosymmetric structure of the chiral WS2

Direct growth of few-layer graphene on AlN-based resonators for high-sensitivity gravimetric biosensors

• Jimena Olivares,
• Teona Mirea,
• Lorena Gordillo-Dagallier,
• Bruno Marco,
• José Miguel Escolano,
• Marta Clement and
• Enrique Iborra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 975–984, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.98

• -based solidly mounted resonators (SMR) using a low-temperature chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process assisted by Ni catalysts, and its effective bio-functionalization with antibodies. The SMRs are manufactured on top of fully insulating AlN/SiO2 acoustic mirrors able to withstand the temperatures

• detection; graphene integration; gravimetric biosensor; surface functionalization; Introduction Gravimetric biosensors based on microscale mechanical or electromechanical resonators have attracted significant interest in recent years mainly due to the high sensitivity and selectivity they can attain if

• properly functionalized [1][2], the small sample volumes they require for operation when combined with microfluidics [3], their high-speed response and label-free operation [4]. Piezoelectric resonators based on thin films of, e.g., AlN or ZnO offer significantly greater sensitivities than conventional

Experimental study of an evanescent-field biosensor based on 1D photonic bandgap structures

• Jad Sabek,
• Francisco Javier Díaz-Fernández,
• Luis Torrijos-Morán,
• Zeneida Díaz-Betancor,
• Ángel Maquieira,
• María-José Bañuls,
• Elena Pinilla-Cienfuegos and
• Jaime García-Rupérez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 967–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.97

• been demonstrated for several applications such as medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring or security control [4]. Most typical configurations of integrated photonic biosensors are based on the use of resonant or interferometric configurations, as it is the case of ring resonators or disks and

Transport signatures of an Andreev molecule in a quantum dot–superconductor–quantum dot setup

• Zoltán Scherübl,
• András Pályi and
• Szabolcs Csonka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 363–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.36

• charge sensor is an additional device element. Similar methods, yielding information related to average electron occupation, are based on reflectometry with electromagnetic radiofrequency signals [78][79] or microwave resonators [80][81]; those are not discussed further in this work. The ground-state

Geometrical optimisation of core–shell nanowire arrays for enhanced absorption in thin crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells

• Robin Vismara,
• Olindo Isabella,
• Andrea Ingenito,
• Fai Tong Si and
• Miro Zeman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 322–331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.31

• modelling analysis of the optical performance of the proposed solar cell architecture was also carried out. Results showed that nanowires act as resonators, amplifying interference resonances and exciting additional wave-guided modes. The optimisation of the array geometrical dimensions highlighted a strong

Electromagnetic analysis of the lasing thresholds of hybrid plasmon modes of a silver tube nanolaser with active core and active shell

• Denys M. Natarov,
• Trevor M. Benson and
• Alexander I. Nosich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 294–304, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.28

• ) configuration. Here it should be noted that the so-called “semi-classical theory,” developed at the onset of laser studies when early laser resonators were measured in thousands of λ, coincides with the LEP for the simplified one-dimensional laser models, which involve only flat-layered infinite-width

Magnetic-field sensor with self-reference characteristic based on a magnetic fluid and independent plasmonic dual resonances

• Kun Ren,
• Xiaobin Ren,
• Yumeng He and
• Qun Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 247–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.23

• stub 1, stub 2 and the disk resonator, respectively. Equation 11 is consistent with the result in [29]. For a waveguide system coupled to multiple resonators, the incident and output waves through the entire system show a transfer characteristic. The transmission is determined by a transfer matrix [30

• dip around the resonance frequencies ω1, ω2 and ωd for the individual resonators stub 1 and stub 2, and the disk, respectively. Note that the individual stub resonator has very broad transmission dip. The broad dip is caused by the direct coupling. Because stub resonators are directly connected to the

• of the resonators. Figure 4a presents the transmission as a function of the disk radius R. The spectra at different stub lengths and widths are plotted in Figure 4b–e. The position of transmission peak I exhibits an obvious red shift with the increase of R (Figure 4a). In contrast, this peak is