Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• and CF-GQDs-200 are 1.25 and 1.05, and 1.09 and 1.00, respectively. The ratios in CF are higher than those in CF-GQDs, indicating that the number of cobalt ions at tetrahedral sites in CF is higher than that in CF/GQDs-200. The crystallite size of the as-prepared CoFe2O4 ferrite particles was

• calculated from the (311) peak of the XRD pattern by using the Scherrer equation [14], where Dhkl is the crystallite size; k is the shape factor (0.89); θ is the diffraction angle; β is the full width at half maximum of the (311) peak, and λ is the X-ray wavelength (1.54 Å). The average crystallite sizes of

• are centred at 2θ of 23°, 30.9°, and 39.6°, corresponding to d-spacing values of 0.52, 0.45, and 0.21 nm, respectively. A larger d-spacing value manifests that GQDs contain oxygen functional groups. This could be assigned to the size of GQDs. The broad nature of the diffraction peaks is attributed to

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• and then to the in vitro Franz diffusion test with reservoir patch formulation as well as in vivo pharmacokinetics study with enteric capsules. We tested these formulations regarding their nanocrystal physical properties, size effect, and dissolution rate, respectively. We found that DCS nanocrystals

• showed good performance in the Franz diffusion test and rodent pharmacokinetic studies due to the nanoparticle size and faster dissolution as compared with the commercial DCS powder. These DCS nanocrystal formulations could offer a new approach for the development of an advanced drug delivery system for

• ]. Nanocrystals can improve many physicochemical properties of drugs such as solubility, size effect, dissolution rate, and adhesiveness to surface membranes [23]. The limitations of conventional medication delivery can be overcome by advanced drug delivery methodologies, such as transdermal drug delivery (TDD

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• smaller thicknesses of the S layer due to the size effects [49]. Apparently, the inverse S/F proximity effect becomes more pronounced as dPb decreases, despite the existence of insulating interlayers. The here obtained value of ΔTc at the optimal thickness of the Pb layer is twice as high compared to

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• . Another major difference is that in the experiment, a line is being etched with a PE beam having a finite spot size. The effect of pixel dwell time, pixel overlap and multiple passes has not been taken into account, all of which could play an important role in circumstances involving surface diffusion

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• organics. However, when the size of the structures is reduced to the nanoscale, metals exhibit distinct behavior at elevated temperatures compared to their larger counterparts [20][21]. Generally, a reduction in the melting point occurs as the size and dimensionality of the nanostructures decrease [20][22

• ][23]. This phenomenon is closely related to the variation of surface energy with size [24]. For instance, the melting temperature can decrease by several hundred degrees for structures smaller than 10 nm [25]. In practical applications, the diameters of Ag NWs are typically significantly larger

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• (Figure 2B) shows four characteristic peaks at 38.2°, 44.3°, 64.4°, and 77.6°, corresponding to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes of face-centered cubic (fcc) Ag, respectively. The crystallite size is 30.61 nm, calculated from the most characteristic (111) peak of the Ag NPs [40]. From the

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• pA, size: 40 nm × 40 nm). Top inset: atomically resolved graphene lattice with defects 1 and 2 (10 mV, 40 nA, 5.9 nm × 5.9 nm). Bottom inset: moiré superstructure with lozenge unit cell (side length: ≈2.53 nm) and the atomically resolved graphene lattice. Triangles mark different valley stacking

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• natural antioxidants because of their high stability, easy storage, time effectiveness, and low cost. Also, progress in nanotechnology enables us to easily control size, morphology, surface coating, and chemical configuration, which are highly related to the antioxidant activities. The integration of

• than copper content and size. The enzyme activity of natural CAT highly depends on the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the protein. A significant decrease or even loss of CAT activity can be caused already by small changes in the protein conformation and structure. As a matter of fact, cellular

• stability during long-term storage [54][55][56]. Relying on the mechanism of chain-breaking antioxidants, nanomaterials can be synthesized to directly react with ROS after the oxidative reaction begins. Chain-breaking antioxidant nanomaterials are materials or chemical substances having a size between 0–100

Insect attachment on waxy plant surfaces: the effect of pad contamination by different waxes

• Elena V. Gorb and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 385–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.35

• [8] tests up to precise measurements of attachment forces with different experimental techniques, such as pulling [9] and centrifugal [10] setups. It has been demonstrated that not only the presence of wax projections on the plant cuticle surface, but also their size, distribution, and density

• centrifugal and pulling tests with some insect species bearing hairy attachment pads and mostly artificial substrates having different surface roughness. Insects showed several times higher attachment forces on both smooth and rather coarse microrough surfaces (>3 μm asperity size) compared to force values on

• projections depending on the plant species (Figure 1). Both ribbon-shaped polygonal rodlets in A. negundo (Figure 1a) and apical filamentous branches of tubules in B. oleracea (Figure 1d), although differing greatly in size (length ca. 20 μm in A. negundo according to [7][34] and 2 μm in B. oleracea according

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• and dislocations are currently under development [13][14]. This leads to the situation that the role of grain boundaries for graphene-based sensing of strain, pressure, and motion has not been explored and remains unresolved [15][16][17][18], although in CVD graphene the domain size is typically of

• the order of a few micrometers [11]. We speculated that if grain boundaries are responsible for piezoresistivity in graphene, then the gauge factor should be enhanced if one reduces the grain size to a few nanometers. Nanocrystalline graphene (NCG) is graphitic material with a crystal size of

• the crystallite size based on the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and intensity ratios of D and G peaks. Similar to our previous work [19], we use the FWHM of D and G peaks here at zero strain to calculate the crystallite size. The G peak gives a crystallite size of 2–3 nm, and the D peak

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• ripple formation on Ge is also confirmed. A. AFM images of pristine and 100 keV Ar+ ion-irradiated Si samples. (a) Pristine and irradiated samples with (b) 3 × 1017, (c) 5 × 1017, (d) 7 × 1017, and (e) 9 × 1017 ions/cm2 (all images are in 5 µm × 5 µm scan size) with corresponding wavelength distribution

• shown in B. A: AFM images of pristine and 100 keV Ar+ ion-irradiated Ge samples (a) pristine, (b) 3 × 1017, (c) 5 × 1017 (d) 7 × 1017 and (e) 9 × 1017 ions/cm2 irradiated samples (all images are in 5 µm × 5 µm scan size), B shows the corresponding wavelength distribution. TEM images of A. Si and B. Ge

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• thickness of the NiCu and Cu layers [10][21]. To be specific, as the size of the magnetic layer (especially for soft magnets as NiCu) continues to shrink below a critical value, its magnetization is increasingly affected by thermal fluctuations, and its coercivity shrinks [22]. It has been reported that the

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• WOx films having thicknesses of 6, 10, 30, and 60 nm on p-Si substrates. It is observed that the films are granular in nature. RMS roughness (blue-green circles) and average grain size (red-blue circles) increase as the film thickness increases from 6 to 60 nm (Figure 1i). Figure 1e–h shows the AFM

• images of vacuum-annealed (at 673 K for 1 h) WOx films prepared by the same set of deposition conditions. Similar to the as-deposited ones, all annealed WOx films possess prominent granular structures and an increasing trend in grain size and RMS roughness with film thickness (Figure 1j). However, the

• -deposited and (e–h) vacuum-annealed WOx films grown at a fixed glancing angle of 87°. (i, j) Variations in RMS roughness and grain size with WOx films thickness before and after annealing, respectively. (a) Transmittance plots of the as-deposited NS-WOx films and (b) bandgap variation with film thickness

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• -II drugs with low solubility, or low or irregular bioavailability, and promoting adhesion to the gastrointestinal wall [95]. The small size of the crystals is associated with a large surface area, which increases interactions with the dissolving medium and accelerates the dissolution rate. The latest

• , nanomedicines are highly susceptible to aggregation, hygroscopicity, contamination, phase transition, amorphous-to-crystalline transitions, and degradation. It is critical to maintain batch-to-batch reproducibility (in terms of mean size, polydispersity, ζ-potential, and drug loading) not only during large

• indicative of the drug’s bioavailability. Because of their huge size, nanomedicines in the blood cannot escape from vascular confinement and are not readily able to extravasate across the endothelium. Moreover, neither their extravasation in areas of high vascular permeability, nor their accumulation in the

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• ) pigment is a non-toxic, particulate material in widespread use and found in everyone’s daily life. The particle size of the anatase or rutile crystals are optimised to produce a pigment that provides the best possible whiteness and opacity. The average particle size is intentionally much larger than the

• for product quality assurance by three TiO2 manufacturing companies and present number-based primary particle size distributions (PSDs) obtained in a round-robin study performed on five anatase pigments fabricated by means of sulfate processes in different plants and commonly used worldwide in food

• regulatory classification for some of the samples tested. The electron microscopy results published here are supported by results from other complementary methods including surface area measurements. It is the intention of this publication to contribute to an ongoing discussion on size measurements of TiO2

Investigating structural and electronic properties of neutral zinc clusters: a G₀W₀ and G₀W₀Г₀⁽¹⁾ benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal,
• Mujtaba Ikram and
• Kareem Morsy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 310–316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.28

• /bjnano.15.28 Abstract The structural and electronic properties of zinc clusters (Znn) for a size range of n = 2–15 are studied using density functional theory. The particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to search the structure and to determine the ground-state structure of the neutral Zn

• ability to lose electrons quickly to oxygen makes it unsuitable as a coating material. Zinc exhibits a s2 closed-shell structure, and its dimer forms through van der Waal (vdW) forces [4]. As the cluster size increases, the properties of the clusters change significantly, and the effect of vdW forces

• properties of the clusters. Previous attempts to study the electronic properties of Zn clusters based on ∆-SCF methods tended to underestimate the ionization energies of the clusters as the size grew. State-of-the-art techniques, such as the GW method, can effectively describe the electronic properties of

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• interpretability [21][22][23][24][25]. This type of descriptors can indicate relevant features and mend the mechanism interpretation. Some properties (size, zeta potential, molecular weight, mass percentage of metal elements, and cation charge) are investigated to have a better understanding of the structure of

• descriptors were calculated without any expert intervention and are independent of size variations. Splitting of the data sets Splitting of the datasets into training sets and test sets is essential for developing statistically robust nano-QSPR models. Each of the datasets, that is, the zeta potential dataset

• *). Here, h* is the warning leverage in the Williams plot or applicability domain; compounds lying above this critical value are considered as outliers. The critical leverage h* is calculated as h* = 3p/n, where p stands for the number of modeled variables plus one and n stands for the data size of the

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

• injection pulsed-pressure chemical vapor deposition (DLI-PP-CVD). Such samples are constituted of nanoflakes (with a lateral size of typically 50 nm, i.e., well below the laser spot size), with possibly a distribution of thicknesses and twist angles between stacked layers. As an essential preliminary, we

• . However, atomic force microscopy revealed that they are constituted of nanoflakes (with a lateral size of typically 50 nm) with possibly a distribution of thicknesses. Furthermore, depending on the synthesis conditions, the MoS2 surface coverage can be incomplete, and the thin film average thickness can

• vary. These samples thus have characteristics, especially thickness inhomogeneities smaller than the laser spot size, that differ from the ones used to establish Raman spectroscopy-based MoS2 layer counting methods [26][28][29][30][31][32][33]. In this context, the primary purpose of this work is to

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• (with an error range of approximately 5%) to 116.52 Ω. However, during the subsequent stretching period of 160–220 cycles, the resistance remains relatively stable, ranging from 116.52 to 117.49 Ω. Based on these observations, it is inferred that quantity and size of the cracks in the helical samples

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• morphology and a size of 18 nm. After coating with PDA at different ratios, the size reaches up to 28, 61, and 225 nm. Another point is that PEGylation has been applied using SH-PEG polymer to enhance biocompatibility. Notably, our study demonstrates a significantly higher drug loading efficiency of 98

• a solvothermal technique in a stainless steel reactor at 200 °C for 6 h. According to the results of FE-SEM and STEM examinations, the Fe3O4 NPs are spherical, as depicted in Figure 1a–c. When examining the STEM size distribution, it was observed that Fe3O4 NPs were efficiently synthesized with an

• average size of 18 nm. The Fe3O4 NPs consist of 99.9% magnetite and have a cubic reverse spinel structure. Magnetite exhibits a spinel crystal structure resulting in a face-centered cubic arrangement in which oxygen atoms are positioned opposite the other constituent atoms. The Fe3O4 NP (311) reflection

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• L and capacitance C. The relatively small size available from the cantilever dimensions motivates the use of kinetic inductance to achieve a compact lumped-element inductor with negligible stray capacitance. Mattis–Bardeen theory [30] relates the kinetic inductance of a film with thickness t much

• with 600 nm low-stress (<100 MPa) Si-N films. The sensor chips are 1.6 mm by 3.4 mm, about the size of a standard AFM cantilever chip. The steps are as follows: (a) Superconducting film. We first deposit a 15 nm thick thin film of superconducting Nb60Ti40N by reactive co-sputtering from separate

• different radii to achieve a total tip height in the range of 1–2 μm. This conical structure gives added rigidity to lateral forces while scanning. We form a sharp tip at the apex of the cone by exposing a circular area with a diameter of 10 nm, which is smaller than the nominal electron-beam spot size, and

Quantitative wear evaluation of tips based on sharp structures

• Ke Xu and
• Houwen Leng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 230–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.22

• studies. Another approach involves blind reconstruction based on AFM images. Bellotti et al. [15] introduced a uniquely shaped nanoparticle as a tip characterizer. They conducted tip shape analysis using AFM images centered on a single nanoparticle on a flat substrate to investigate the critical size of

• . Assuming that the image size is M × N and the initial probe template size is m × n, the center point of the subgraph T must correspond to the local maximum within the subgraph T. In other words, the value of the center of T should be greater than or equal to the value of its adjacent points in the subgraph

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• orientation of each individual protein, a primary coarse-graining step was performed. In this part, we use the UA model to predict the protein–NP binding energies. This model takes into account various factors, such as the material’s chemical composition, size, shape, surface roughness, charge

• , all proteins underwent a 50 ns equilibration in water using NVT and NPT ensembles. The UA computations were conducted using nine different Al NPs with varying radii, namely 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 80, and 100 nm, to investigate the influence of size and curvature on the adsorption energies. The

• results and detailed information on the calculation can be found in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2 and Figure S3, which illustrate the variations in adsorption energies as a function of NP size. Within the range of 2–20 nm the binding energies of ALAC, BLAC, BC, and BSA show an initial increase

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• the trenches [21]. Even in these elevated areas very close to the line edge, the trimmed DNA origami nanostructures merely follow the contours. For the FIB-SEM setup used, this was the narrowest beam generated. Reducing the beam size would allow for even more precise trimming of the nanostructures for

Exploring disorder correlations in superconducting systems: spectroscopic insights and matrix element effects

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander E. Lukyanov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 199–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.19

• take N = 50, which our calculations show is sufficiently large to mitigate finite-size effects. BdG equations (Equation 2) are solved together with the self-consistency conditions (Equation 3) in the usual way until the order parameter and the Hartree potential reach a predefined accuracy threshold [63

• potential), α = 1 (modest correlation with a finite correlation length), and α = 2 (strong correlation with the correlation length reaching the sample size). The solutions to the Bogoliubov–de Gennes (BdG) equations, encompassing an examination of their statistical attributes, spatial characteristics of the