Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• considered. In particular, contamination of the tip is likely to occur due to pollutants (e.g., nano- and/or micrometre-size dust grains), which may be present on the sample surface leading to a variation of the tip surface potential. The tip-averaging effect represents an important aspect of KPFM under

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• lowers the detection limit [18]. In an effort to combine the properties of carbon dots and graphene, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with a size smaller than 100 nm and only a few layers of graphene (3 to 10 layers) have been developed as a new class of carbon nanomaterials [19]. Scientists have explored

• room temperature, an AIRIX STR 500 laser Raman spectrometer was used with Ar laser excitation at 532 nm. A Panalytical X-Pert Pro diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) was used for investigating the structural properties of GQDs. Morphology and size of GQDs were confirmed with data

• significantly. Therefore, it can be inferred that not only quantum size effects, but also defects on the surface, contribute to the PL in GQDs. Size and morphology of GQDs were characterized using TEM and AFM. The TEM micrographs shown in Figure 3a confirm the formation of evenly dispersed GQDs with almost

Investigations on the optical forces from three mainstream optical resonances in all-dielectric nanostructure arrays

• Guangdong Wang and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 674–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.53

• nanoscale polystyrene (PS) spheres in the slot of the all-dielectric nanostructures. All these spheres have their own response to the incident radiations (e.g., Mie resonances). However, we noted that due to the small size of the spheres and the relatively lower refractive index of the polymeric material

• electromagnetic field enhancement. We should note that all these values in Table 1 are rough numbers with no optimization (e.g., the Q-factor of the quasi-BIC resonance can be controlled by the level of symmetry breaking (the size and position of the elliptical slot)). However, the results in Table 1 with

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• lanthanides, have been thoroughly researched to address these drawbacks. In recent years, theoretical and applied research has focused heavily on luminescent MOFs as an alternative sensing material for fluorescent sensors. These MOFs have an easy-to-functionalize surface, a tunable pore size, intrinsic

• ions. By regulating how many ligands can bind to the metal and in which direction, the coordination preference of the metal, for instance, affects the stability, size, and nature of the formed pores. Electronic and optical properties of MOFs In addition to the physicochemical characteristics of MOFs

• conductive porous materials has only recently come to light. Recent research has demonstrated that the nature of metal clusters, their size, and the kind of organic linkers all affect the MOFs’ electronic properties [80][81]. To clarify the electrical properties of MOFs, Kuc et al. [80] used tight-binding

Titania nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of ethanol under simulated solar light

• Evghenii Goncearenco,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Florian Dumitrache,
• Elena Dutu,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Alexandra Sandulescu,
• Crina Anastasescu and
• Ioan Balint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 616–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.51

• is TO-250-a, that is, the sample synthesized at the lowest pressure and in the presence of the highest C2H4 sensitizer flow (120 sccm). Here, the rutile crystal structure is the main constituent. The crystallite size increases for both phases from 14 nm and 11 nm to 22 nm for anatase and rutile

• , TO-650-a, and TO-850-a nanopowders are 17.3, 17.0, 15.5, and 22.0 nm, respectively. These values are in good agreement with the mean crystallites size calculated from XRD investigations. The number of the bigger particles (60–70 nm) in the TO-850-a powder increases, possibly due to enhanced

• coalescence in the laser pyrolysis flame at the highest working pressure. Similarly, in the “b” series, the nanoparticles contain crystallites with an average size of 20–25 nm and spherical particles with dimensions between 40 and 80 nm. The biggest spheres of the “b” series were identified in sample TO-450-b

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert

• Alexander E. Filippov,
• Wencke Krings and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50

• microscope [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. In this context, setae morphology and mesh size of the filtering structure and the surface chemistry and forces (e.g., van der Waals forces) of feeding structures and particles are of high importance, especially when the particles are of smaller diameter

• carrying out more extensive numerical modeling in the future as the model can be easily computed with MatLab, and the parameters of the model (e.g., the size of the food particles and the quantity and mechanical properties of setae) can be adjusted to specific systems or problems. This model shall serve as

• adhesive forces to retain particles. In contrast to organisms, which collect particles at the nano- to millimeter scale, most industrial cross-flow filtration systems can capture material only in more limited size ranges, highlighting the necessity to investigate particle retention in biological systems

Thermal transport in kinked nanowires through simulation

• Alexander N. Robillard,
• Graham W. Gibson and
• Ralf Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 586–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.49

• , effects of the kink are localized. Far from the knee and bends, the heat flux is slowly varying. In the regions of the knee and bends, the variation of the flux is significant, showing clear high and low flux regions. Increasing the kink angle increases the size and intensity of the regions where the flux

• is non-uniform. There is an increase in the size of both high and low flux areas, a manifestation of the corner cutting effect. Conversely, in the PMC result, the behaviour with kink angle seems to follow a similar trend, though the size and intensity of the high and low flux regions are much less

Transferability of interatomic potentials for silicene

• Marcin Maździarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 574–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.48

• atomic coordinates [15]. The average cohesive energy Ec (eV/atom) was computed as the difference in the total energy of a given relaxed earlier structure and that of its individual atoms placed in a cubic box of sufficient size. The theoretical ground state, T = 0 K, and the elastic constants, Cij, of

SERS performance of GaN/Ag substrates fabricated by Ag coating of GaN platforms

• Magdalena A. Zając,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Łukasz Gutowski,
• Jan L. Weyher and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 552–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.46

• crystallization of the formed Ag nanoparticles because the sample is not distinguished in terms of the size and distribution of Ag nanoparticles. An advantage of the GaN/Ag SERS substrates fabricated by PLD over those fabricated by MS is a much lower standard deviation of the intensity of the measured peaks in

• growth rate of the Ag layer per laser pulse, affecting the size and shape of the formed silver nanostructures. Only the number of laser pulses was changed to obtain Ag layers of different thicknesses, and the temperature of the substrates was varied to change the morphology of the deposited Ag layers (RT

Observation of multiple bulk bound states in the continuum modes in a photonic crystal cavity

• Rui Chen,
• Yi Zheng,
• Xingyu Huang,
• Qiaoling Lin,
• Chaochao Ye,
• Meng Xiong,
• Martijn Wubs,
• Yungui Ma,
• Minhao Pu and
• Sanshui Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 544–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.45

• in the continuum (BICs) in photonic crystals gives rise to the realization of resonances with high quality factors for lasing and nonlinear applications. For BIC cavities in finite-size photonic crystals, the bulk resonance band turns into discrete modes with different mode profiles and radiation

• devices, suitable topological constellations can ensure low radiation in the vertical direction, while infinite periods ensure vanishing transverse leakage, leading theoretically to an infinite Q factor. However, realistic devices inevitably have only a finite size, which introduces lateral leakage at the

• outgoing boundary. Consequently, BIC modes with infinite Q factor turn into quasi-BICs that are accessible from the radiative continuum [27][28]. In addition to the degradation of the Q factor, the finite-size effect also turns the continuous photonic bands of the infinite device into discrete energy

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• each cell displays a similar size and morphology to cells grown in liquid culture. However, some cyanobacterial cells present a slightly reduced size and a more spherical morphology when compared to their common rod-shaped appearance. Although this change in morphology is correlated with stress

• -assembled around the cells is also clearly observable. In Figure 2F one can see how the size of the cells has shrunk compared to other encapsulation systems, demonstrating that when protamine incubation times are too long, the yolk–shell encapsulation cannot proceed properly. According to these results, we

On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• . For example, information on flake size, extent of structural defects, chemical or electronic doping, and strain and layer number can all be extracted from one spectrum [13][14][15][16][17][18]. As such, Raman spectroscopy is widely used by producers to assess the quality of their material, in

• (relative) intensity and larger width than for single-layer graphene as a result of the convolution of many individual peaks [13]. It has previously been shown that Raman spectroscopy can be used to provide quantitative information on both flake thickness and lateral size of exfoliated graphene

• prepare the mixed GNPref/graphite samples, 1.2 mg of the as-purchased graphite was mixed with 40 mL of NMP, and the mixture bath was sonicated for 30 min. Sonication was carried out to reduce the particle size while still maintaining the thickness to be graphite-like [29]. The graphite and GNPref

The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

• Manuela Rebora,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Silvana Piersanti,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 496–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.41

• characterised by the presence of white and black areas (Figure 1). White patches are present on abdominal segments, thorax, head, and legs of both sexes. They are particularly evident on the hindlegs (Figure 1c–f). Males and females differ in size and in shape of antenna and mouthpart, but their hindlegs are

• patches. In particular, we examined the scales at the articulation between different tarsal segments of the hindlegs, where black scales are situated very close to white scales (Figure 3a and inset). Scales are spatulate, convex and show a rounded apex. Their size is variable, and some small scales are

• tarsal segments of the hindlegs, where the black scales are close to the white scales (in the inset the same image under stereomicroscope is shown). Note that both scales are spatulate, convex and show a rounded apex. Their size is variable, and some small scales are visible under wider scales (arrow

Specific absorption rate of randomly oriented magnetic nanoparticles in a static magnetic field

• Ruslan A. Rytov and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.39

• of the field-free point is obtained for assemblies with different nanoparticle size distributions. The results obtained seem to be helpful for the development of a promising joint application of magnetic nanoparticle imaging and magnetic hyperthermia. Keywords: dynamic hysteresis loop; magnetic

• in the vicinity of the FFP has been obtained considering an inhomogeneous dc magnetic field created by two opposite magnetic fluxes, for the case of assemblies with different nanoparticle size distributions. Results and Discussion Numerical simulation Let us consider a dilute assembly of magnetic

• magnetic field, shown in Figure 5b, are presented in Figure 5с. The particle size distribution for this assembly is given in Figure 5d. It is easy to see that in the given case only particles located in a small cylindrical region near the FFP with a radius of about 1 cm are capable of effectively absorbing

A mid-infrared focusing grating coupler with a single circular arc element based on germanium on silicon

• Xiaojun Zhu,
• Shuai Li,
• Ang Sun,
• Yongquan Pan,
• Wen Liu,
• Yue Wu,
• Guoan Zhang and
• Yuechun Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 478–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.38

• the grating coupler to the narrow waveguide. The CAE can also help to reduce reflection and to couple more light into the narrower waveguide to be transmitted forward. In addition, the proposed MIR FGC can be used as a spot-size converter while coupling light from a fiber into the Ge waveguide because

• of the small size in comparison with a conventional inverted taper grating coupler [12]. Therefore, the combination of the tapered linear gratings and the CAE is not only beneficial to decrease the size of the grating coupler. It also strongly increases the coupling efficiency of the MIR grating

Mixed oxides with corundum-type structure obtained from recycling can seals as paint pigments: color stability

• Dienifer F. L. Horsth,
• Julia de O. Primo,
• Nayara Balaba,
• Fauze J. Anaissi and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 467–477, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.37

• as a form of circular economy, where recycled aluminium becomes part of an industrial scope different from the initial one. Inorganic pigments are widely sought after for their colors [7]. The color of a pigment is affected by the size and shape of the material’s particles [8]. However, the color

• a color change with increasing particle size from brighter yellow-green to darker blue-green [14]. Usually, chromium oxide pigments are synthesized starting from dichromats with chromium in the oxidation state +6, which are toxic [15]. However, using boehmite as a host matrix, the opportunity arises

• sample 1 (Figure 3a and Figure 3b) is characterized by large agglomerates with a bed structure and grooves on their surface, with an average agglomerate length of 4.9 μm. Conversely, the morphology of sample 2 is composed of irregular lumps with an average size of 0.29 μm. This type of morphology is

Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation

• Chia-Yang Lin and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36

• hydrophobicity allows the material to float on water. Microporous structures were obtained by NaCl particulate leaching. The pore sizes could be flexibly controlled by the size of the NaCl template. This method is simple, low-cost, and easy to scale up. The surface structures of the foam were visualized by SEM

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• , this has come to be explained more rationally. Nanotechnology has a significant impact not only on the extreme science of the very small size regions [27][28][29], but also on realistic materials science [30][31][32]. For example, the elucidation of catalytic sites exhibiting very high activity [33][34

• imaging at the atomic and molecular level has revealed the self-assembly mechanisms of crystal nuclei in organic crystals and metal-organic frameworks [42]. It has become possible to obtain statistical information on the size and structure of individual prenucleation clusters that cannot be examined by

• expression through nanoarchitectonics. Shi and co-workers created nanoparticle surfactants at liquid–liquid interfaces by exploiting the interaction between nanoparticles and polymer ligands [101]. They showed that a size-dependent aggregation of nanoparticle surfactants can be generated at the interface

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• characteristics such as the wavelength in plasmon resonance can be tuned and controlled by the properties of the nanoparticle such as size, shape, proximity to other particles, as well as the surrounding medium [6]. Indeed, advancements in such manipulation at the nanoscale has aided the use of plasmonic

• as spheres and nanorods. 2.1 The plasmonic oscillation frequency The optical response of plasmonic nanoparticles, such as AuNPs, to incident electromagnetic radiation depends on their size, shape, morphology, proximity to one another, as well as the surrounding medium [32]. The vast changes in

• , position, and width of the plasmonic absorption and will be further elaborated in the subsequent sections. Plasmon absorption is also determined by the nanoparticle shape, which, although it does not appear in the plasmonic frequency equation, manifests as a shape/size factor in the calculations of the

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• colloidal core Ag NPs, was confirmed by UV–vis, and FTIR analyses, and monitored by TEM microscopy. The size of nanoparticles has been determined as 11.2 and 10.3 nm for Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag, respectively. The anticancer activity of Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag NPs has been evaluated against U-118 MG (human

• redshift of the SPR peak implies an increase in the size of Ag NPs. In addition, the broadening of the spectrum can be explained by the increasing size and shape distribution arising from excess co-capping agents, which are present in the reaction medium during the reduction of Ag ions. The broadening in

• changed due to the formation of links between quercetin–chitosan–Ag and caffeic acid–chitosan–Ag in the synthesized NPs. TEM was utilized to investigate the size and morphological features of the synthesized Ag NPs. Figure 4 shows TEM images of Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag NPs. As can be seen from the TEM images in

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• mid-size molecular probes that bind and associate nonspecifically (structural adsorption, intercalation, or backbone interactions) or through explicit interactions with specific NAT residues [56]. Ultimately, the particulate structure of these systems can result in transport constraints into and

• approach is that accounting for substrate contributions or proving the full availability of the NAT can be difficult and laborious. Alternatively, chromatographic and size-exclusion techniques, elemental analysis, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [60] mass spectrometry [61] can be effective if the

• insights into the concentration, while indirect interconversion of size distribution and concentration to mass can provide a reasonable non-destructive path to the assessment of dose based on total particle mass. The latter allows the system to be assessed on a per-particle basis with subsequent

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• properties, drug loading, and drug release are discussed. We highlight the utilization of ethyl cellulose, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and polyurethane/polyurea in the field of nanomedicine as potential drug delivery systems. Advances are still needed to achieve better control over size distribution

• component addition or on the thermal history. Nanoemulsions are not to be confused with microemulsions, which are equilibrium systems with thermodynamic stability [4]. Because of their very small drop size, the main mechanism for nanoemulsion destabilization is commonly attributed to Ostwald ripening

• the solvent can also be removed by selective diffusion [22]. The emulsion solvent evaporation method enables the use of biocompatible polymers, thermolabile compounds, and low-toxicity surfactants. The nanoparticle size can be tuned by formulation parameters and since the nanoparticles are directly

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• molecules of a certain size. This phenomenon is known as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect [13][14][16]. The tumor vasculature is characterized by a usually incomplete endothelial lining, resulting in relatively large pores (0.1–3 μm in diameter). Such large pores allow for a much higher

• intercellular gaps. Paracellular transport is an easier route of NP transport than the transcellular route. Nevertheless, the size of the NPs is a key aspect regarding the paracellular pathway [24][27][28]. The width of the gaps between endothelial cells under normal conditions is 2–6 nm. Under pathological

• conditions, such as cancer, the distance between endothelial cells significantly widens (up to 2000 nm). Most nanomedicine capitalizes on the size of these gaps and relies on appropriately sized NPs to cross the gaps and accumulate at specific sites [31]. In the case of anticancer nanomedicine, an important

Quasi-guided modes resulting from the band folding effect in a photonic crystal slab for enhanced interactions of matters with free-space radiations

• Kaili Sun,
• Yangjian Cai,
• Uriel Levy and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 322–328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.27

• Multiphysics. All numerical models are built with 3D structures. The size of the tetrahedral mesh was tested to ensure the numerical convergence of the calculated results. It is seen that the dispersion curve of the GMs f0(kx, ky) is well below that of the light cone (this region is displayed with a dark

Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo and
• Faisal Suleiman Mustafa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26

• , Bi2O3, BiFeO3, Bi2WO6, Bi2Mo3O12, Bi2MoO6, and BiOI [24][25][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]) using a variety of techniques to tailor their size, morphology, and optoelectrical properties to improve their photocatalytic performance and to better understand the factors influencing their performance

• surface charge, low carrier density, small electron effective mass, long electron mean free path, and extremely low band overlap energy, bismuth can transition from a semimetal to a semiconductor by shrinking its crystallite size [25][71][72][73][74][75][76][77]. To hasten the separation of photogenerated

• between the T-point band (valence) and the L-point band (conduction) [76][77][78]. Note that a reduction of the crystallite size below a critical value can result in a semimetal-to-semiconductor transition [77][78][79][80]. For instance, according to Qi et al. [81], indirect bandgap semiconductors were