A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• cycles, the scan rate of cyclic voltammetry, or reduction time at a fixed potential in chronoamperometry [30][31][32]. However, the desired size and thickness of the film can be increased by controlling the amount of precursor GO deposited onto the electrode surface [31][32]. Optimizing the process

• micron alumina slurry (CHI Instruments) on micro cloth pads sequentially to a mirror-like finish with fine wet emery paper (grain size 4000), and rinsed with ultrapure water. Then the electrode was separately dipped into concentrated NaOH, nitric acid, and methanol for 120 s, followed by sonication in

• filtration. Boiled rice (20 g) was also smashed with 20 mL of 50% ethanol. All the samples were stored at 4 °C after filtration (pore size = 0.45 micron) to remove all the solid impurities. Actual samples were spiked with different concentrations of PT during electrochemical analysis. Each concentration of

Direct measurement of surface photovoltage by AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 712–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.63

• . Circles and solid lines are experimental data and fit results, respectively. AC-KPFM imaging for SPV measurement. (a) Topographic and (b) SPV images of TiO2(110) surface. (c) SPV profile along the blue line in (b). The acquisition parameters are fm = 100 Hz, Δf = −80 Hz, VDC = −0.3 V, and an imaging size

Design and selection of peptides to block the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by molecular docking

• Kendra Ramirez-Acosta,
• Ivan A. Rosales-Fuerte,
• J. Eduardo Perez-Sanchez,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Josue Juarez and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 699–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.62

• , and their interaction with the RDB is discussed in the following section. Physicochemical parameters and peptide–RBD interaction Solubility, net charge, and size are important physical parameters that need to be considered in the design of novel drugs since these play a role in the distribution in the

• of binding energy. However, this computational tool gives comparably low binding energies of peptide–protein docking due to the molecular size, high flexibility, and complexing conformation of the peptide ligand, in addition to the simplification of the analysis of ADV (the electrostatic and

• to be in the range of 43% to 65% of the size of the ACE2 peptide. Therefore, the diffusion of these peptides is faster. These results show the potential of the selected peptides to inhibit SARS-CoV-2, considering that their smaller size and faster diffusion will allow them to find the virus faster

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• -trip efficiency and cycling performance of nonaqueous lithium–oxygen batteries are governed by minimizing the discharge products, such as Li2O and Li2O2. Recently, a metal–organic framework has been directly pyrolyzed into a carbon frame with controllable pore volume and size. Furthermore, selective

• spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping results (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1) confirm that Zn and Co were uniformly distributed inside the as-grown ZnxCoy particles. We also found that the size of the ZnxCoy particles was decreased by increasing the ratio of Zn/Co during the synthesis due to the

• distinctive formation mechanisms of the parental ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 particles. Under the same synthesis conditions, the particle size of ZIF-8 is always smaller than that of ZIF-67. This is because the formation of ZIF-67 is proceeded by a fast one-step growth mechanism while ZIF-8 is formed by a slower two

Experimental and theoretical study of field-dependent spin splitting at ferromagnetic insulator–superconductor interfaces

• Peter Machon,
• Michael J. Wolf,
• Detlef Beckmann and
• Wolfgang Belzig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 682–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.60

• an oxide layer. The normal layer acts as the tunnel probe to measure the differential conductance of the superconductor and is assumed not to influence the system properties. Since the size of the detector electrode is not small (unlike the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope) and the FI affects

Reliable fabrication of transparent conducting films by cascade centrifugation and Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of electrochemically exfoliated graphene

• Teodora Vićentić,
• Stevan Andrić,
• Vladimir Rajić and
• Marko Spasenović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 666–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.58

• exfoliation result in solutions that contain flakes of different sizes, that is, the solutions are polydisperse. Polydispersity is a significant problem regarding the use of solution-processed graphene, because many applications are size-dependent. On the one hand, for example, for use in composites, flakes

• with lateral sizes larger than 1 µm are preferred [23]. On the other hand, thinner (thus also laterally smaller [24]) flakes have a higher transparency, with potential use in transparent conductors. Size selection of 2D material flakes in solution has thus become a key challenge for the practical use

• of solution-processed 2D materials [24][25]. The flake size can either be controlled during exfoliation or selected after exfoliation. Processing parameters that control flake size during exfoliation include the choice and concentration of solvent [25], a process control alternating sonication with

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• spectra demonstrated that the solubility of BBR NPs was greatly enhanced compared to that of pure BBR. Glycerol played a role as a stabilizer for BBR NPs through the formation of hydrogen bonds between glycerol and BBR NPs. The prepared BBR NPs have a narrow size distribution with an average diameter of

• ], particle size reduction [25], and encapsulation in nanoscale delivery systems [11]. Nanoscale BBR crystals can be formed using top-down technologies (ball mills, high-pressure homogenizers, microfluidic technology, and spray drying) or bottom-up technologies (evaporative precipitation of nanosuspension

• (EPN) and antisolvent precipitation (ASP)). Although top-down technologies have a high yield, they are energy-consuming and the obtained crystal size is inhomogeneous [26][27]. The ASP technique can modify crystal formation and particle size distributions [5]. Sahibzada et al. [26] reported that BBR

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• characteristics such as operating temperature, axial force range, and embossing time depend on material properties, geometrical size, and complexity, requiring multiple optimization studies. MN arrays must be capable of being handled without risk of damage and must penetrate the skin with low force to the

• MN geometrical parameters, the dependence on the interfacial area was previously reported by Park et al. for an insertion test of polymeric MNs on human cadaver skin [22]. The representative PEN needle had a diameter of 230 µm and tip size of 2.5 µm (Figure 3a). This is similar to polymeric MNs made

• from Zeonor 1060R with a base diameter of 245 µm and tip size of 1.6 µm (Figure 3b). The Ultra-Fine PENs were attached to the upper disk of the rheometer using double-sided tape. The porcine back skin is fixed on the custom-made 3D printed skin stretching mechanism described above (Figure 2a) and

Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of thermal conductivities of aqueous and hydrocarbon nanofluids

• Adil Loya,
• Antash Najib,
• Fahad Aziz,
• Asif Khan,
• Guogang Ren and
• Kun Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.54

• ; Introduction The term nanofluids denotes solid nanoparticles (1 to 100 nanometres in size) homogenously suspended in a fluid to form a conjugate suspension liquid [1][2]. The use of nanoparticles in a fluidic suspension is not a new practise and can be traced back to over two decades ago [3]. Since the

• constructed with 36 CuO molecules bonded by the COMPASS force field. This constructed nanoparticle size was 0.4 nm, as shown in Figure 1b. A molecular dynamics simulation of paraffin (i.e., eicosane C20H42) was also conducted for comparison with the aqueous solution. In the alkane/CuO nanofluid simulation

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• photodegradation of the orange II dye of brookite varies with the annealing temperature [20]. These differences in the photocatalytic activity of brookite were generally considered as factors such as the specific surface area, crystallite size, and crystallinity [9][21]. But whether the local atomic structure of

• peak intensity of brookite at 25.6° is increased from 35% to 52%, suggesting a gradual increase of the brookite content. When the sample was calcinated above 700 and 800 °C, it was transformed into Na2Ti6O13 and rutile, respectively. The crystal size is correlated to the specific surface area, which is

• considered to be one of the factors affecting photocatalytic performance. In this work, the Scherrer formula was employed to extract the crystal size from the (211) diffraction peak (details are listed in Table 1). Note that the extracted crystallite size is just the thickness of the (211) crystal plane

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• : electron tomography; magnetite; Python; shape anisotropy; Introduction For any nanoparticle (NP) system, among the most important pieces of physical information for scientists is information related to the morphology (size, shape, and organization) of its constituents. In nanoscale systems, this

• information becomes more important due to the potential presence of low-dimensionality effects. In the case of magnetic nanoscale systems, a complete knowledge of morphology is even more important because the configuration of magnetic moments in the system strongly depends on shape and size, through the shape

• very brief review of such techniques is given in the following. The particle size and shape of particulate systems ranging from the nanometer (characteristic to catalysis, sensoristics, spintronics, and some medical therapies [1][2][3]) over the micrometer (pharmaceutical industry and powder metallurgy

Approaching microwave photon sensitivity with Al Josephson junctions

• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Ladeynov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 582–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.50

• , Russia Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden 10.3762/bjnano.13.50 Abstract Here, we experimentally test the applicability of an aluminium Josephson junction of a few micrometers size as a single

Revealing local structural properties of an atomically thin MoSe₂ surface using optical microscopy

• Lin Pan,
• Peng Miao,
• Anke Horneber,
• Alfred J. Meixner,
• Pierre-Michel Adam and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 572–581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.49

• pulsed laser as the excitation source. The real size of the MoSe2 flake is indicated by the dashed white triangle. We find that the SHG signal is barely visible at the border of the MoSe2 flake compared to the center of the MoSe2 flake. Furthermore, the bright-field optical image reveals also some small

• . The dashed white line represents the position where the height profile was taken. (c) Height profile of CuPc/MoSe2. (d) SHG map of CuPc/MoSe2. The dashed white triangle denotes the real size of the triangular MoSe2 flake. SHG measurements were performed using a custom-built confocal microscope with a

Correction: Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 570–571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.48

• the radical molecule is missing. It should read "ABTS•+". Correction 2: The sentence “The change of DLS was recorded at different time points (0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h), showing that the average size and size distribution did not change over time (Figure 1e,f).” should read “The change of DLS was

• recorded at different time points (0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h), showing that the average size and size distribution did not change over time (Figure 2e,f)."

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• . Then, the cell morphology of the substrates with different stiffness was obtained by using an inverted optical microscope (Nikon ECLIPSE TS100, Japan). The Illustrator software was used to analyse cell morphology and size. Atomic force microscopy The elastic moduli of cells (2 × 104 cells/mL) that were

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• diameter of about 13 nm according to DLS measurements. GSH-modified GNPs displayed similar morphology and sizes (Figure 2b) [6][45]. When GNPs-GSH were further modified with Rh6G2, the size of the modified GNPs was slightly increased, and no aggregation occurred (Figure 2c) [46]. Furthermore, the surface

• Fluorescence spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Japan). Mean particle size and the zeta potential were recorded using a Zetasizer Nano ZS90 (Malvern, UK). A Nicolet iS10 infrared spectrometer (Nicolet, USA) was used to gather FTIR spectra in a scanning range of 400–4000 cm−1. Fluorescence images of cells were

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• presence of SPAN 80 [24]. TEM microscopy analysis has revealed a slight narrowing of the particle size distribution with Đ = 1.43. PHEG-Tyr nanogel is composed of two families of compact hydrogel spheres with Dn = 111 and 19 nm, and Dw = 159 and 24 nm, respectively. Biocompatible zwitterionic Nα-Lys-NG was

• to the measurement at 25 °C as a result of the contribution from hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. However, it is important to note that the measurement was also affected by the broad particle size distribution of Nα-Lys-NG nanogel documented by the error bars in Figure 3a. PDI values

• studies using PLGA particles as delivery system for AAT [21][22]. However, the PLGA particles did not exhibit any undesired entrapment of AAT as the polypeptide nanogels did. In contrast, our polypeptide nanogels are more advantageous due to the fact that they have a more favorable size, are soft, and

Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• a conductive FTO/PET substrate. The PCE of this flexible DSSCs reached 4.84%. The MoS2 film was composed of sheets with a length of about 6 µm and a thickness of about 500 nm [23]. Another report by Chang et al. mentioned the change in morphology of MoS2 from sphere-like shapes with large grain size

• , 25 μm), 18NR-T transparent titania paste (particle size of 20 nm), 18NR-AO active opaque titania paste (particle sizes of 20 and 450 nm), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO, TEC8 glass plates, 8 Ω·cm−2, 2.2 mm thickness), and N719 industry standard dye (N719) were purchased from Dyesol (Australia). All

Ciprofloxacin-loaded dissolving polymeric microneedles as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of S. aureus skin infections

• Sharif Abdelghany,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Yazan Al Thaher,
• Maram Al Fawares,
• Amal G. Al-Bakri,
• Saja Zuriekat and
• Randa SH. Mansour

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 517–527, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.43

• column compartment. Data acquisition was performed via the LabSolutions LCGC software. The eluent was detected at 278 nm. Separation was carried out using a reversed-phase Interclone C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle ODS 100 Å size) (Phenomenex, California, USA) at 30 °C. The mobile phase had an

• hypothesis was considered when p < 0.05. Results and Discussion Microneedles characterization The polymeric microneedles were prepared using a mixture of PVA and PVP, or PVA alone. Size and shape were examined using a light microscope. The microneedles showed a pyramidal appearance with an average

Design and characterization of polymeric microneedles containing extracts of Brazilian green propolis

• Camila Felix Vecchi,
• Rafaela Said dos Santos,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 503–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.42

• ethanolic or glycolic extracts of Brazilian green PRP. A 32 full-factorial design was utilized to determine the influence of P407 and PRP extract on the morphology and mechanical characteristics of MNs. They were characterized macroscopically, microscopically, and regarding size and texture, yielding an

• being not formed at all (e.g., compare MNs E5 and G5, where the MNs in E5 are straight and without deformations, while the MNs in GE 5 have a malleable structure). All formulations were analyzed regarding size. Base and height of MNs were determined to confirm the complete formation of each needle

• considering the total entry into the mold and characterized the size of the obtaining MNs. The measurements were taken from one of the 36 needles present in the patch (as shown below in Figure 7). The results of measurements for all MNs are shown in Table 1. MNs containing EE were 1.78 ± 0.11 mm in height and

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), encapsulation efficiency percentage (EE%), and in vitro release. The best ETH formulation was used to prepare the ethosome-based gel (ETHG) by using Carbopol 980 as a gelling agent at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). The gel formulation was evaluated

• ) (Figure 2). As seen in Table 1, increasing particle size and particle size distribution were determined depending on the increasing lipid ratio and ethanol ratio. It is possible to say that ethanol gives a net negative charge to the ethosomal system and provides it with some degree of steric stabilization

• anthralin against psoriasis and reduce its side effects, various liposomal and ethosomal formulations were prepared with different compositions and characterized in terms of drug encapsulation efficiency, size, and morphology. The determined optima formulations were distributed on various gel bases and drug

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• nanotetrapods [26]. Size and shape of the ZnO NPs depend on the type of precursor salts used (e.g., chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, or perchlorates), the molar ratio between reagents, the reaction temperature, the pH value, the ionic concentration of the medium, and other reaction parameters. The main advantage

• size of the synthesized products, accompanied by a uniform granulomere distribution, relatively low reaction temperature, and a reaction time of the order of minutes. Also, the used polyols are environmentally harmless and biocompatible. The method has several particularities due to the involved

• . With increasing the glycol chain length, the average particle size of ZnO is also increased [27]. Employing ethylene glycol as a polyol led to assembled hollow sphere structures, while diethylene glycol resulted in elliptical nanorod structures [29]. The simplicity and environmentally friendly

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• Abstract Ultrathin membranes with subnanometer pores enabling molecular size-selective separation were generated on surfaces via electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The evolution of p-terphenylthiol (TPT) SAMs on Au(111) surfaces into cross-linked monolayers was observed

• independent of each other. In addition, their size distribution was plotted as a function of the area (0.288 nm2) occupied by individual molecules in the β-phase (Figure 3e). It is evident that the size of most spots lies within 1–5 molecules, but large spots can contain up to 43 molecules. The areal number

• via random dimerization (Figure S6 in Supporting Information File 1). The size distribution of reacted molecules within a cell of 29700 nm2 is plotted in comparison to that of the dark spots determined from STM (Figure 3e). The cross-linked areas, for the same area fraction of 3% of the STM data

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

• Sharali Malik and
• George E. Kostakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38

• it contains essentially only carbon atoms, its structure can be varied at all size levels.” More recently, S. Sharma in a review of glassy carbon materials concluded that “it has been confirmed by both theoretical and experimental investigation that the chemical composition of the polymer plays the

A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification

• Jiri Kroutil,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Ali Ahmad,
• Jan Voves,
• Vojtech Povolny,
• Ladislav Klimsa,
• Marina Davydova and
• Miroslav Husak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34

• Sn0.63Pb0.37. The sensor size array is 16.2 mm (width) × 16.2 mm (length) with the sensing layer size of 1.7 mm × 1.7 mm. A pin header connector is used for connection of the sensor array. Sensor arrays with PANI/nanocomposite (PANI/ZnO, PANI/WO3 (nanopowder), PANI/WO3 (nanowires), PANI/In2O3, PANI/C60, PANI