Absence of free carriers in silicon nanocrystals grown from phosphorus- and boron-doped silicon-rich oxide and oxynitride

• Daniel Hiller,
• Julian López-Vidrier,
• Keita Nomoto,
• Michael Wahl,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Tomáš Chlouba,
• František Trojánek,
• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Margit Zacharias,
• Dirk König,
• Petr Malý and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1501–1511, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.141

• considered. From Figure 3a and 3b, however, it is obvious that neither a spectral shift nor an efficient PL-quenching by P-incorporation takes place. In contrast, the PL remains very intense up to a P-concentration in SRO beyond >1 atom % P, i.e., vastly exceeding the solubility limit of P in Si. An almost

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• azomethine with the triphenylamine and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene moieties was 11%, whereas the PCE value for 2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) was 11.9% [28]. The total cost of this azomethine, with known solubility and energy levels, is $10 per gram, which

Cyclodextrin-assisted synthesis of tailored mesoporous silica nanoparticles

• Fuat Topuz and
• Tamer Uyar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 693–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.64

• functionalization-induced changes in the CD structure. The solubility of CD molecules greatly varies depending on the CD structure. Pristine CDs are poorly soluble molecules due to the presence of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystal state (e.g., the solubility of β-CD in water is 18.5 g/L) [22

• ], while HP-functionalized CDs are highly water-soluble (according to the manufacturer “Wacker Chemie AG”, the solubility of HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD is, respectively, 2300 g/L and 800 g/L). In water, pristine CDs form aggregates in the size range of 200–300 nm depending on the number of glucose units in the

• , the particle morphology changed to spherical with an increase of the CD content. At higher CD concentrations, the formation of single particles was apparent. This might be attributed to high water solubility of HP-γ-CDs. These moieties might shield the particle surface from fusion with other particles

Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from spices for in vitro imaging and tumour cell growth inhibition

• Nagamalai Vasimalai,
• Vânia Vilas-Boas,
• Juan Gallo,
• María de Fátima Cerqueira,
• Mario Menéndez-Miranda,
• José Manuel Costa-Fernández,
• Lorena Diéguez,
• Begoña Espiña and
• María Teresa Fernández-Argüelles

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 530–544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.51

• environmental hazard concerns [2]. Furthermore, due to their ultra-small size, the Brownian motion provides enough energy to prevent nanoparticle aggregation, giving rise to an excellent solubility and stability in aqueous media [3][4]. Their excitation wavelength-dependent emission, their environmental

• compatibility and water solubility without the need of performing surface chemistry after their synthesis make them the perfect candidates for optical bioimaging and other biomedical applications [5][6][7]. The fluorescence mechanism of C-dots is not fully understood and there is an ongoing debate on the origin

Ultralight super-hydrophobic carbon aerogels based on cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide (CNFs/PVA/GO) for highly effective oil–water separation

• Zhaoyang Xu,
• Huan Zhou,
• Sicong Tan,
• Xiangdong Jiang,
• Weibing Wu,
• Jiangtao Shi and
• Peng Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 508–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.49

• consequence, we report a CNF-based aerogel (CNFs/PVA/GO aerogel) composed of a CNF skeleton combined with PVA and GO, which could conquer these drawbacks. PVA is a polymer that has many excellent properties such as biodegradability, low cost, biocompatibility and water solubility [25]. Additionally, GO was

Kinetics of solvent supported tubule formation of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) wax on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) investigated by atomic force microscopy

• Sujit Kumar Dora,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 468–481, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.45

• in four different types of chloroform based solutions: i) pure chloroform containing different wax concentrations (0.2, 0.8, 1.0, 10 mg/mL); ii) a solution of 0.8 mg/mL of wax in water saturated chloroform (solubility of water in chloroform 0.56% at 20 °C); iii) a solution of 0.8 mg/mL of wax in

• may suggest that salts like ammonium-nitrate or -sulfate do not seem to interact with wax molecules at all and, hence, have no effect on tubule growth rate or orientation. But a too low solubility of these two salts in chloroform (dipole moment 1.15 D) in order to expect any influence cannot be

Temperature-tunable lasing from dye-doped chiral microdroplets encapsulated in a thin polymeric film

• Gia Petriashvili,
• Mauro Daniel Luigi Bruno,
• Maria Penelope De Santo and
• Riccardo Barberi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 379–383, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.37

• film. Here, we report on the possibility to tune the laser emission as a function of temperature. Using a chiral dopant with temperature dependent solubility, the emitted laser wavelength can be tuned in a range of 40 nm by a temperature variation of 18 °C. The proposed device can have applications in

• systems [6][7][8]. Further, since the PBG spectral position can be shifted, also the laser emission wavelength can be tuned by using external factors as the temperature variations. CLCs are often mixtures of nematic liquid crystal and chiral dopant. A chiral dopant with temperature dependent solubility

• that the laser emission tuning can be obtained preparing the CLC mixture by using a chiral dopant with temperature-dependent solubility. For both emulsion and thin film form, the laser emission wavelength can be tuned. In particular, laser emission from the thin film is tuned over a range of about 40

Sugarcane juice derived carbon dot–graphitic carbon nitride composites for bisphenol A degradation under sunlight irradiation

• Lan Ching Sim,
• Jing Lin Wong,
• Chen Hong Hak,
• Jun Yan Tai,
• Kah Hon Leong and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 353–363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.35

• drawn the attention of researchers. Such green CDs are widely applied in bioimaging [6][12], sensing [13] and solar cells [14]. However, the obtained CDs showed superior water solubility, limiting their down-to-earth applicability for photocatalysis in aqueous solution. It is well-known that the organic

• mediator and acceptor and increasing adsorption [33][34]. Therefore, g-C3N4 could be combined with CDs to overcome the solubility problem of CDs and to boost the performance of g-C3N4. Besides, the CDs can also act as photosensitizers to harvest a wide spectrum of solar light to achieve efficient daylight

Dopant-stimulated growth of GaN nanotube-like nanostructures on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy

• Alexey D. Bolshakov,
• Alexey M. Mozharov,
• Georgiy A. Sapunov,
• Igor V. Shtrom,
• Nickolay V. Sibirev,
• Vladimir V. Fedorov,
• Evgeniy V. Ubyivovk,
• Maria Tchernycheva,
• George E. Cirlin and
• Ivan S. Mukhin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 146–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.17

• be noted that the dopant concentration in the heavily doped shell may significantly exceed the solubility limit of Si atoms in planar GaN layers (which is about 5∙1019 cm−3 [31]). In the case of 2D layers, such a high doping level leads to an increase of the elastic stress and massive emergence of

• threading dislocations [32][33][34] followed by transition to three-dimensional growth of nanoislands [33][35]. The phenomenon of the Si solubility limit elevation in GaN NWs is usually explained again through effective stress relaxation due to the large surface area of these nanostructures. This work is

• magnitude higher than in the bulk [43]. A similar effect of doping level elevation (which value may even exceed the Si solubility limit in bulk GaN) was observed in the surface layer of GaN NWs [27][28]. The preferential incorporation of Si in the outer part (shell) of the NW leads to formation of point

Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• stoichiometry of ZrFe2O5, the synthesis of ZrFe2O5 has not been convincingly completed. Instead, one can believe that the solubility of iron oxide in zirconia is rather low and, in addition, it requires rather aggressive heat treatments. No crystallographic traces of ternary ZrFe2O5 have been registered, and

Facile synthesis of silver/silver thiocyanate (Ag@AgSCN) plasmonic nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic performance

• Xinfu Zhao,
• Dairong Chen,
• Abdul Qayum,
• Bo Chen and
• Xiuling Jiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2781–2789, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.277

• solubility product constant (Ksp) of AgSCN (Figure 3a). These nanoplates rapidly aggregated due to the high surface energy, and the crystal growth occurred simultaneously (Figure 3b). At this time, the dropwise addition of the AgNO3 solution finished. The oriented-aggregates with a size of ≈1.5 µm were

L-Lysine-grafted graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue and metal ions

• Yan Yan,
• Jie Li,
• Fangbei Kong,
• Kuankuan Jia,
• Shiyu He and
• Baorong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2680–2688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.268

• graphene oxide (GO) with malononitrile can increase the solubility in either organic or aqueous environments [21]. However, no practical application for the malononitrile-modified GO was described. Interestingly, Ma et al. reported an polyethyleneimine-functionalized ultra-light graphene aerogel (PFGA

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• synthesized using Ni/Mo, Co/Mo, and Fe/Mo catalysts are 0.9, 1.5, and 2.3 atom %, respectively. The obtained concentrations correlate with nitrogen solubility in liquid nickel and binary nickel-containing alloys [30]. The XPS N 1s spectra of the three hybrid materials are compared in Figure 5a. The spectra

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• ligands are employed during synthesis to determine geometry [2][8], to control colloidal stability [5][26][27][28], to expand the solubility range through end-functionalization [29], or to influence the electro-optical features [26][30] of the resulting nanoparticles (NPs). They can act as cross-linkers

• modified nanoparticles exhibited resistivities that were six and ten orders of magnitude below that of films prepared from the original oleylamine-stabilized Au NPs [102]. The commonly used CTAB forms insulating layers, too, and has limited solubility even in water that makes ink formulation challenging

Synthesis of [{AgO₂CCH₂OMe(PPh₃)}_n] and theoretical study of its use in focused electron beam induced deposition

• Jelena Tamuliene,
• Julian Noll,
• Peter Frenzel,
• Tobias Rüffer,
• Alexander Jakob,
• Bernhard Walfort and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2615–2624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.262

• carboxylate 2 shows, in comparison to 1, an enhanced solubility in polar organic solvents such as dichloromethane and tetrahydrofuran, which is traced to the PPh3 ligand in 2. In addition, this coordination compound possesses excellent light stability, since it can be stored under sun light for months

Surfactant-induced enhancement of droplet adhesion in superhydrophobic soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves

• Oliver Hagedorn,
• Ingo Fleute-Schlachter,
• Hans Georg Mainx,
• Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2345–2356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.234

• group [30]. Surfactants are characterized by their hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB). In general, if they have a high HLB (>10) they enhance the penetration of herbicides with high-water solubility, while lipophilic surfactants with a low HLB (<10) effectively enhance the uptake of poorly water

• expected to increase to over 300 million tons per year by 2020 [35]. It is known that different wax structures are based on different chemical compositions with different solubility in different solvents [36]. Thus the solubility of the epicuticular waxes in chloroform was studied by using a time-dependent

• different times into chloroform (Figure 2), demonstrates the solubility of the epicuticular waxes. The data show that a total wax extraction time of 10 s dissolves most of the epicuticular wax. It can be seen that the highest amount of wax (1.4 ± 0.3 µg/cm2) was extracted after 1 s of dipping time (Figure 2

Tailoring the nanoscale morphology of HKUST-1 thin films via codeposition and seeded growth

• Landon J. Brower,
• Lauren K. Gentry,
• Amanda L. Napier and
• Mary E. Anderson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2307–2314, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.230

• increase the film thickness. However, the solubility of the reagents within the solution was prohibitive to investigating higher concentration. Additionally, preliminary work found that significant film formation neither occurred when copper acetate was used as the metal ion source, nor when ethanol was

Vapor-based polymers: from films to nanostructures

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2219–2220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.221

• deposition enables coatings of polymers that have only low levels of solubility in solvents. This highlights the importance of vapor deposition techniques in the field of conductive polymers, which are often insoluble and hard to process. Smolin et al. report the deposition of polyaniline using oxidative

• chemical vapor deposition [13]. A variation of the process parameters influences the quality of the deposited film as the oligomer content or the oxidation state. Another example of polymers with low solubility are fluoropolymers. Christian and Coclite investigated the deposition of fluoroacrylate polymer

Ester formation at the liquid–solid interface

• Nguyen T. N. Ha,
• Thiruvancheril G. Gopakumar,
• Nguyen D. C. Yen,
• Carola Mende,
• Lars Smykalla,
• Maik Schlesinger,
• Roy Buschbeck,
• Tobias Rüffer,
• Heinrich Lang,
• Michael Mehring and
• Michael Hietschold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2139–2150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.213

• is, the most favorable structure expected for TMA coadsorbed from an untreated solution in undecanol is LP0 without any external triggers. The solubility of TMA in undecanol increases upon sonication. From this solution, TMA molecules will be repelled more easily when exposed to a clean surface (HOPG

Substrate and Mg doping effects in GaAs nanowires

• Perumal Kannappan,
• Nabiha Ben Sedrine,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Maria R. Soares,
• Bruno P. Falcão,
• Maria R. Correia,
• Nestor Cifuentes,
• Emilson R. Viana,
• Marcus V. B. Moreira,
• Geraldo M. Ribeiro,
• Alfredo G. de Oliveira,
• Juan C. González and
• Joaquim P. Leitão

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2126–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.212

• research for alternatives [29][30][31][32]. Mg is another dopant impurity [25][33][34][35][36][37][38] used for p-type doping with a low diffusion coefficient, which has a solid solubility of 1 × 1019 cm−3 and a low sticking coefficient (10−2–10−5) in the substrate temperature range of 725–850 K [34]. The

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• -supported graphene transfer laborious and time consuming [35][36][37]. The standard catalyst and growth substrate used to synthesize graphene by chemical vapor deposition is copper due its effective decomposition of hydrocarbons and its low carbon solubility as compared to the use of nickel as a substrate

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• easily precipitated by Cl− ions. The solubility product is 10−10 mol2/L2. Urine contains approximately 0.1 M of Cl−. Silver and silver ions can only be used because urine also contains urease and urea, which generate ammonia, NH3. Ammonia is responsible for a successful application of the antibacterial

• ]). Physiological sodium salt solution, for example, never passes the limit of the solubility product at concentrations that are typical for these drug-release systems. Release rate: The coated substrates [two catheter pieces (outer diameter: 5.3 mm) with a length of 2 cm (13% of the length of a normal balloon

• inverted (as in the derivation of the solubility product, Equation 5): Because PPX is a solid with an activity of 1, it is integrated into the equilibrium constant Kp yielding Equation 6, which expresses diffusion control The condensation is followed by a chemical reaction (enlargement of the polymeric

Self-assembly of chiral fluorescent nanoparticles based on water-soluble L-tryptophan derivatives of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene

• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Irina A. Khripunova,
• Olga A. Mostovaya,
• Timur A. Mukhametzyanov,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Vyacheslav V. Vorobev,
• Yuri N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1825–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.184

• -tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene in cone conformation capable of recognizing peptides [35]. Similar compounds in cone and 1,3-alternate conformations containing peptide fragments as substituents were able to form complexes with DNA [36]. In both cases, solubility in water was achieved by introducing

Luminescent supramolecular hydrogels from a tripeptide and nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots

• Maria C. Cringoli,
• Slavko Kralj,
• Marina Kurbasic,
• Massimo Urban and
• Silvia Marchesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1553–1562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.157

• excellent water solubility, ease of functionalization, high chemical stability and resistance to photo-bleaching. In particular, CNDs have attracted particular interest in light of their biocompatibility, combined with their fascinating fluorescence properties, such as excitation-dependent emission range

• concentration up to nearly its solubility limit (i.e., for a final peptide concentration of 15 mM in the hydrogel) progressively increased the amount of NCND that could be tolerated by the peptide to achieve self-assembly, up to a maximum of 1 mg/mL or 15% w/w relative to DLeu-Phe-Phe (highlighted in Table 1

A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• modified the chitosan with catechol groups, in order to obtain adhesive properties and improve solubility. Dispersions of rGO–Pt in ethylene glycol were admixed with an aqueous solution of modified chitosan to yield an ink that is suitable for non-contact piezoelectric printing using a commercial

• ]. However, we first chemically modify the chitosan to add catechol pendant groups to the chitosan polymer chains [9], in order to improve water solubility, as well as provide adhesive properties to a variety of substrates [10]. The ink is formed by admixing rGO–Pt dispersions in ethylene glycol with the

• ]. Additionally, we modified the chitosan with catechol groups, in order to gain the additional adhesive properties of these groups and improve water solubility [9]. Following the methodology of Kim et al. [9], we used carbodiimide chemistry to couple hydrocaffeic acid (HCA) to the amine groups of chitosan. Based