Induced electric conductivity in organic polymers

• Konstantin Y. Arutyunov,
• Anatoli S. Gurski,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Azat R. Yusupov,
• Danfis D. Karamov and
• Alexei N. Lachinov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1551–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.128

• value [15][16]. In our samples, the critical temperature of lead electrodes varied from 7.8 K < Tc(Pbfilm) < 8.2 K. Submicron PDP films were prepared by centrifuging the polymer from a solution in cyclohexanone on a solid substrate. When preparing the solution, the polymer was first soaked in a small

• solution of specified concentration was applied onto the dielectric substrate fixed on a centrifuge holder. The rotation speed was typically 2000 rpm. The resulting polymer film was dried in air for about 45–60 min at room temperature. Then the final drying was carried out to remove solvent residues at a

• interface are completely or partially elongated. Also, film formation at such low concentrations strongly depends on the energy interaction of macromolecules with the substrate surface, which explains the weak dependence of the film thickness on the solution concentration. With an increase in concentration

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• and g-C3N4 onto the TNAs substrate, we examined the morphology of these heterostructures by using SEM (Figure 2). There are some small pieces that are randomly distributed on the surface of TNAs in Figure 2a, which were attributed to be MoS2. There is a similar result in the SEM image of g-C3N4/TNAs

• -triazine of g-C3N4. Vibrational peaks in the 3200 cm−1 region attributed to fluctuations of the C–N group also appeared [49]. Figure 3b shows the bonding states in the MoS2/TNAs and g-C3N4/TNAs heterostructures. The results show that, in addition to the typical bonding of the TNAs substrate such as Ti–O

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

• Joanna Kisała,
• Anna Tomaszewska and
• Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

• pHPZC for M1 (red) and M2 (blue). (a) Substrate decay rate of PhOH/O3 (blue), PhOH/M1 (orange), PhOH/M2 (green), and PhOH/photolysis (pink); (b) plot of ln(Ct/C0) vs irradiation time for phenol; (c) substrate decay rate of DBMP/O3 (yellow), DBMP/M1 (grey), DBMP/M2 (light blue), and DBMP/photolysis (red

• ); (d) plot of ln(Ct/C0) vs irradiation time for DBMP. Bromide ion production as a function of the time (circles – M1, crosses – M2, triangles – ozonation, squares – photolysis). Substrate removal efficiency of PhOH/O3 (dark blue), PhOH/M1 (red), PhOH/M2 (orange), PhOH/photolysis (black), DBMP/O3

Coherent amplification of radiation from two phase-locked Josephson junction arrays

• Mikhail A. Galin,
• Vladimir M. Krasnov,
• Ilya A. Shereshevsky,
• Nadezhda K. Vdovicheva and
• Vladislav V. Kurin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1445–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.119

• working similar to lasers is discussed in more detail in [8]. The resonator can be a cavity of the JJs itself [2], an electrode with embedded JJs [9], or the dielectric substrate on which the JJ array is arranged [10]. Coherent superradiant amplification of emitted power is caused by a constructive

• substrate with the thickness 0.38 mm. It contains three closely located straight strips with a separation of only 4 μm. Each strip has the length L = 5 mm and the width w = 14 μm and contains 332 JJs distributed uniformly along the strip. The junction area is 8 × 8 μm2. Contact electrodes are connected to

• nearby “array-b” is biased with a fixed current. Sample-1 and sample-2 were used for on-chip analysis where two linear arrays are placed on the same substrate. We also present data for off-chip synchronization. To this end, two linear arrays were stacked on top of each other. Radiation detection An InSb

Double-layer symmetric gratings with bound states in the continuum for dual-band high-Q optical sensing

• Chaoying Shi,
• Jinhua Hu,
• Xiuhong Liu,
• Junfang Liang,
• Jijun Zhao,
• Haiyan Han and
• Qiaofen Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1408–1417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.116

• substrate in an adhesive bonding process. Next, another bare SOI chip was bonded to the previously fabricated recipient substrate as a donor substrate, which is spin-coated using SU-8 on both the recipient and donor substrates. The silicon handle of the donor substrate is then removed by mechanical

• polishing and deep RIE, followed by removal of the BOX layer of the donor substrate by wet etching using hydrofluoric acid. Finally, the gratings are fabricated on the top layer with EBL and RIE, while the silicon handle and BOX layer on top are removed in the same way. It should be pointed out that the

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

• of the contact line) by returning back to its equilibrium position. (At the contact line, the gas/liquid interface touches the solid substrate.) Upon Taylor expansion of the Young–Laplace equation and the gas equation around a point of mechanical equilibrium, it can be shown that the quantity

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

• Roopakala Kottayi,
• Ilangovan Veerappan and
• Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

• 24 h with a MPA/acetonitrile solution 3:7 (v/v). This substrate was then immersed into the colloidal AZGSSe QD solution for 48 h to obtain the AZGSSe-sensitized TiO2 NF-based photoanode. Assembly of QDSCs Earlier reports revealed that Cu2S is a low-cost and efficient counter electrode (CE) for QDSCs

• glass. This substrate was then dried at 60 °C in vacuum for 12 h to obtain the Cu2S-based CE. CE and photoanode were sandwiched with a 60 µm hot melt spacer at 110 °C for 50 s and clipped together. After that, the electrolyte was injected between the electrodes through pre-drilled holes in the CE to get

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• ] demonstrated the synthesis of a new direct Z-scheme photocatalyst made of ultrathin Bi2O3 and Bi2MoO6 microspheres. For the effective production of Bi2O3/Bi2MoO6 nanocomposites, researchers adopted a simple in situ alkali treatment of Bi2MoO6 followed by calcination. As a substrate for the production of Bi2O3

Bending and punching characteristics of aluminum sheets using the quasi-continuum method

• Man-Ping Chang,
• Shang-Jui Lin and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.108

• -continuum (QC) method. Four variables (i.e., crystal orientation, workpiece thickness, clearance between the punch and the substrate, and the taper angle of punch) are used to explore their effect during the nano-punching process. The shear stress distribution is used to express the punching effect on the

• the punch should not be larger than 10°, otherwise, it might damage the workpiece and the substrate. Keywords: nano-punching; quasi-continuum method; single-crystalline aluminum; Introduction Nanotechnology has greatly improved the development of high-tech industries such as biomedicine

• simulation model. Besides, there is a clearance between the punch and the substrate during the nano-punching process, as shown in Figure 1b. The initial distance between the punch and the workpiece was set to 10 Å, in order to prevent internal adhesion of atoms in the equilibrium stage which may lead to

Growing up in a rough world: scaling of frictional adhesion and morphology of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko)

• Anthony J. Cobos and
• Timothy E. Higham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1292–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.107

• lower values than smooth surfaces. The safety factor went down with body mass and with surface roughness, suggesting that smaller animals may be more likely to occupy rough substrates in their natural habitat. Keywords: allometry; biomechanics; ecology; habitat; ontogeny; substrate; Introduction

• undulant tree bark [20][21][22][23][24][25] (Figure 1). Recent studies have begun to explore the role of surface roughness on frictional adhesion in geckos [1][21][25][26], and performance typically declines as roughness increases. For example, Vanhooydonck and colleagues examined the effects of substrate

• adhesive pads is the contact area between the setae and the surface. With increasingly rough surfaces, the area for contact decreases, leading to decreased adhesive performance. In a modeling framework, the force of adhesion can be related to surface energy of the substrate, the area of the adhering pad

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• bias-assisted electroreduced gold ions in mesoporous silica films on a conductive substrate. It works in the air with high relative humidity (RH) at room temperature and leads to the growth of fine wires attached to the tip with tens to hundreds of nanometers. Under room temperature conditions with

• high RH, the gold ions loaded in the specific substrate of the mesoporous silica layer are biased, and the gold ions therein migrate upward and accumulate at the tip site of the probe, forming gold nanowires. The length of the gold nanowires can be effectively tuned in the range of 10–100 nm with a

• extract vertically aligned carbon nanotubes based on the surface layer of the substrate. This method extracts single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on the substrate surface based on the observation of micromachined tips by first fabricating vertically aligned SWNT substrates with isolation effects

Role of titanium and organic precursors in molecular layer deposition of “titanicone” hybrid materials

• Arbresha Muriqi and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1240–1255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.103

• , known as “titanicones”. We investigate in detail the chemistry between the most common Ti precursors, namely titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium (Ti(DMA)4), and ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol (GL) as the organic precursors. We analyse the impact of the substrate on the

• substrate with 100 nm thermal oxide. In situ ellipsometry revealed for EG-based titanicones that the growth initiates but terminates after only 5 to 10 cycles, while for GL-based titanicones the growth proceeds and films have a GPC of 0.9 Å/cycle to 0.2 Å/cycle as the temperature increases. This is due to

• significant drawback [38]. Fumaric acid (FC) is another alcohol organic precursor that was used to deposit titanicone films using TiCl4 on an Si substrate in a temperature range of 180 °C to 350 °C. A temperature-dependent growth characteristic was observed with the growth rate decreasing from 1.10 Å/cycle at

Roll-to-roll fabrication of superhydrophobic pads covered with nanofur for the efficient clean-up of oil spills

• Patrick Weiser,
• Robin Kietz,
• Marc Schneider,
• Matthias Worgull and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1228–1239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.102

• with high aspect ratio. These needles render superhydrophobic properties to the surface. Such surfaces can either be prepared using a RIE process [12] or a laser-assisted etching process described by Mazur et al. [13], which requires expensive silicon wafers as substrate as well as a femtosecond laser

A super-oscillatory step-zoom metalens for visible light

• Yi Zhou,
• Chao Yan,
• Peng Tian,
• Zhu Li,
• Yu He,
• Bin Fan,
• Zhiyong Wang,
• Yao Deng and
• Dongliang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.101

• ) that enables super-resolution focusing with two working modes corresponding to different focal lengths. The designed SSL is composed of a fused silica substrate sandwiched by two metasurfaces based on the geometric phase principle. The optical powers with opposite sign of the front and back

• , and field of view (FOV) of the SSL are 20 μm, 632.8 nm, 20 or 40 μm and 3.2°, respectively. Essentially, the designed double-layer step-zoom metalens can be regarded as a metasurface doublet cemented by a glass substrate. As illustrated in Figure 1, based on the geometric phase principle, the double

• unchanged. With the geometric optics theory [27], one can get where and are the focal lengths of front and rear metasurfaces, d and n are the thickness and refractive index of the glass substrate, and M is the zoom ratio. Here, we choose fused silica glass (the refractive index is about 1.457 at a

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• that the induced spin polarization may affect enantiorecognition under an external field. They experimentally showed that the interaction of chiral molecules with a perpendicularly magnetized substrate was enantiospecific (Figure 12) [145]. The spin-specific interactions between magnetic metals and

• enantiospecific adsorption on a ferromagnetic Ni surface was proven to arise from the adsorption kinetics rather than from thermodynamic stabilization. The adsorption rate of ᴅ-Cys and ʟ-Cys onto a ferromagnetic substrate showed a significantly different behavior according to the magnetic field direction and

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• , the substrate, absorbing the laser beam, heats up and evaporates or sublimes, which yields engraved 3D patterns [150]. In the fused deposition modelling (FDM) method, the thermoplastic material is heated to its softening point, then extruded through a nozzle and applied layer by layer to the build

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• activity was increased. In addition, Alizarin red S staining tests detected the development of mineralized nodules [81]. On the Ti substrate, TiO2 nanotubes carrying a gentamicin drug mixture were deposited. Furthermore, a combination of alginate and chitosan was utilized to cover the TiO2–gentamicin

• approach has been used to create a graphene oxide with chitosan and hydroxyapatite nanocomposite film for a possible use in bone tissue regeneration. As per study results, the combined chitosan and hydroxyapatite nanocomposite film provides an excellent substrate for the growth of mouse mesenchymal stem

Analytical and numerical design of a hybrid Fabry–Perot plano-concave microcavity for hexagonal boron nitride

• Felipe Ortiz-Huerta and
• Karina Garay-Palmett

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1030–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.90

• of arbitrary solid-state SPEs [28]. Although novel approaches have been realized to diminish vibrations for open-access Fabry–Perot microcavities inside a cryostat system [29], in our design, the plano-concave microcavity is integrated directly to the substrate containing the SPE and, therefore

Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces

• Jānis Sniķeris,
• Vjačeslavs Gerbreders,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Ēriks Sļedevskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1004–1010, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.87

• . However, some studies suggest that this process may not always be so simple. Ueda and Yoshimura [27] reported the fabrication of free-standing nanowires on various metal surfaces (Al, Ag, Au, Cu, Pt, Ta, Ti, and W) via EBID with pump oil (hydrocarbons) as a precursor. It was observed that the substrate

• material greatly affects the growth rate of the nanowires, with the Cu surface providing the fastest growth. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) revealed the presence of both carbon and substrate materials in the nanowires. The effect of substrate material on nanowire growth rate could be attributed

• chamber, the growth rate of the nanostructures was cut by about a half and slowly recovered over time, as hydrocarbon concentrations returned to normal levels. The results from Figure 7 support the theory about EB-induced carbon diffusion within the metal substrate and may provide hints of the carbon

Influence of water contamination on the sputtering of silicon with low-energy argon ions investigated by molecular dynamics simulations

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 986–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.86

• simulation conditions used in this work, the adsorption of water favours the formation of defects in silicon by mixing hydrogen and oxygen atoms into the substrate. The sputtering yield of silicon is not significantly changed by the contamination, but the fraction of hydrogen and oxygen atoms that is

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• substrate material, a metal spring (springs with spring constants of 618 N/m and 539 N/m were used) and a fibre-optic sensor (Figure 3A). The piezo drive moves the spring down to load and up to unload the sample. A shortened glass capillary (5 µL micropipet Blaubrand® IntraEND, Brand GmbH & Co. KG, Wertheim

• the substrate and retracted from the surface as soon as the load force reached 5 mN. The load was chosen to resemble the force applied by bees when handling propolis. As no studies exist on mandibular forces and pressures of honeybees, pressures measured at the tip of mandibles of predacious

• of the mandible (N = 5–15 propolis samples and mandibles, n = 10 measurements on mandible per sample). After the adhesion experiments, the substrate material was examined under a binocular microscope (Leica M205 A) in order to find possible propolis residues/prints in the contact area. Adhesion tests

Design of a biomimetic, small-scale artificial leaf surface for the study of environmental interactions

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth,
• Lukas Schreiber and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 944–957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.83

• . However, after deposition of the lowest wax mass, almost no plates were formed, indicating that the polar and amorphous substrate prevents the formation of a platelet structure. In contrast, higher wax masses lead to a growth of the platelets on the wax deposited below. It was clearly visible that the

• individual plates were not formed directly on the substrate, but stood on a granular layer. Koch et al. [20] demonstrated that on non-polar substrates, such as highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, wax composed of primary alcohols recrystallize into platelets, as on the wheat leaves. Even though the

• recrystallized structures in the present study did not exactly match the native wax structures, the wetting properties of the artificial leaf surfaces were similar to those of the natural leaf. The glass substrate used here offers an easy-to-handle and inexpensive way to develop large numbers of wax-coated

Numerical modeling of a multi-frequency receiving system based on an array of dipole antennas for LSPE-SWIPE

• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 865–872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.77

• frequency channel (i.e., 145 GHz) we have a 45 GHz bandwidth. For the auxiliary frequency channels (i.e., 210 and 240 GHz) placed on the same substrate, we have bandwidths of 26 and 38 GHz, respectively. We performed some optimizations for cold-electron bolometers to achieve a photon noise-equivalent power

• 1 Ohm at the working point. In the present paper, we describe the problems of numerical modeling for double-frequency arrays of dipole antennas connected in parallel on a single substrate with radiation going through the back-to-back horn with predefined parameters. Results Calculation of the mode

• GHz, the second half is occupied by cells for 240 GHz. Receiving cells with integrated CEBs are located on a 260 µm thick silicon substrate with a silicon dioxide layer. The difficulty of the considered receiving system is the existing specific sample holder, which allows the receiving of the signal

Self-assembly of C₆₀ on a ZnTPP/Fe(001)–p(1 × 1)O substrate: observation of a quasi-freestanding C₆₀ monolayer

• Guglielmo Albani,
• Michele Capra,
• Alessandro Lodesani,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Franco Ciccacci,
• Alberto Brambilla,
• Lamberto Duò and
• Andrea Picone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.76

• Fullerene (C60) has been deposited in ultrahigh vacuum on top of a zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) monolayer self-assembled on a Fe(001)–p(1 × 1)O substrate. The nanoscale morphology and the electronic properties of the C60/ZnTPP/Fe(001)–p(1 × 1)O heterostructure have been investigated by scanning

• tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. C60 nucleates compact and well-ordered hexagonal domains on top of the ZnTPP buffer layer, suggesting a high surface diffusivity of C60 and a weak coupling between the overlayer and the substrate. Accordingly, work function

• measurements and for modeling by ab initio calculations. Periodic and compact films are generally obtained when the molecules possess enough surface mobility, that is, when the diffusion energy (Ed) is low compared to the thermal energy kBT, where T is the substrate temperature and kB is the Boltzmann constant

Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

• Yujin Han,
• Pierre-Marie Thebault,
• Corentin Audes,
• Xuelin Wang,
• Haiwoong Park,
• Jian-Zhong Jiang and
• Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

• drop is not disrupted during application onto a substrate. In contrast, when the oxide skin breaks, new oxide forms at the solid–liquid interface with a substrate, which results in adhesion. Also, the wetting of a liquid Ga–In alloy has been related to the adsorption energy of gallium on three

• different substrates (steel, gold, and Al) [13], with the wetting becoming better as the adsorption energy of gallium onto the substrate becomes more negative. In the case of Fe and Cu substrates, it was observed that liquid gallium reacts with the substrate to form an intermetallic layer at the gallium

• –substrate interfaces, which promotes the wetting of the gallium melt [14][15]. Similarly, room-temperature-liquid eutectic Ga–In and eutectic Ga–In–Sn alloys have been reported to reactively wet thin indium and tin foils [16]. Also in [16], the authors demonstrated that the wetting of the same liquid alloys