Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• was slowly added into 20 mL of tert-butanol (Merck-Millipore) and mixed with an ultrasonic cleaner (Creworks Co., Ltd.) at 40 kHz for 1 min. The mixed solution was filtered by suction filtration using a 0.2 μm filter membrane (Merck KGaA). The filtered solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm (Kubota Co

Microneedle patches – the future of drug delivery and vaccination?

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 494–495, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.40

• applications [2]. Recent research has also revealed a growing interest in diagnostic testing using the interstitial fluid (ISF) transdermally extracted, for example using suction devices [3], and there is increasing recognition by doctors and biomedical scientists of the potential role of the ISF in medical

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

• transpiration ceases and the “suction force” within the conduits reduces. The reason is straightforward: An incompletely repaired conduit would not fill with water but would be sucked empty again and again because the pressure in the adjacent conduits is lower than in the still dysfunctional conduit. Therefore

Growing up in a rough world: scaling of frictional adhesion and morphology of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko)

• Anthony J. Cobos and
• Timothy E. Higham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1292–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.107

• Animals attach to surfaces in numerous ways, including claws, suction, and both wet and dry adhesion. In fact, some animals can utilize multiple attachment mechanisms [1][2], leading to multifunctionality across surfaces of varying roughness. Dry adhesion is found in many invertebrates and squamate

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• [55]. A hydroelectric conversion device prepared by suction filtration of 200 nm Al2O3 nanoparticles provided an instantaneous electrical output of 4 V and 18 μA (Figure 4a). The Ni–Al layered double hydroxide material has a high specific surface area and provided a constant electrical output with a

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• attacks. In this context, microneedle patches have the potential to save lives [43][44]. Several studies have shown that microneedles are capable of withdrawing blood and ISF by capillary action alone without the need for negative pressure (suction) [44][45]. The application of microneedle-based devices

Magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point on a Casson nanofluid flow over a radially stretching sheet

• Ganji Narender,
• Kamatam Govardhan and
• Gobburu Sreedhar Sarma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.114

• , subjected to suction/blowing was analyzed by Ullah et al. [31]. Moreover, various researchers have been investigating the Casson fluid model for different flow problems [32][33][34][35][36]. Motivated by the previous findings on non-Newtonian and Newtonian fluids, the study of the stagnation point MHD flow

Effect of magnetic field, heat generation and absorption on nanofluid flow over a nonlinear stretching sheet

• Santoshi Misra and
• Govardhan Kamatam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 976–990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.82

• expansion coefficient, ρp is the particle density, σ denotes the nanofluid electrical conductivity, B0 denotes the magnetic induction, vw denotes the suction/injection velocity and Q0 (Q) denotes the heat generation (absorption) coefficient. us in Equation 8 represents the slip velocity, given as which is

Pull-off and friction forces of micropatterned elastomers on soft substrates: the effects of pattern length scale and stiffness

• Peter van Assenbergh,
• Marike Fokker,
• Julian Langowski,
• Jan van Esch,
• Marleen Kamperman and
• Dimitra Dodou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 79–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.8

• between the adhesive and the substrate, in the form of intermolecular forces, capillary forces, and suction forces. To achieve intimate contact between the adhesive and the substrate, researchers have been designing micropatterned adhesives with a low effective elastic modulus Eeff [6]. For example, micro

• forces [14][15]. Heepe et al. investigated the significance of suction forces during detachment of mushroom-shaped micropillars [16], considering that the inside-towards-outside detachment mechanism gives rise to a low-pressure enclosed space in the center of the terminal disc during detachment. These

• authors empirically showed that suction forces are responsible for about 10% of the pull-off force mushroom micropatterns [16]. The presence of a terminal layer connecting neighboring micropillars at their tips has also shown to have a favorable effect on pull-off and friction forces on hard substrates

Perfusion double-channel micropipette probes for oxygen flux mapping with single-cell resolution

• Yang Gao,
• Bin Li,
• Riju Singhal,
• Adam Fontecchio,
• Ben Pelleg,
• Zulfiya Orynbayeva,
• Yury Gogotsi and
• Gary Friedman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 850–860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.79

• change in the tilt of the diffusion plume with increasing pressure applied to the injection channel. At lower injection pressures, the plume shape is dominated by the existing flow field near the tip, which develops due to the strong suction exerted by the extraction channel to support the applied flow

• rate and appears tilted away from the extraction channel. At higher injection pressures, the injection channel is able to contribute more fluid to the extraction channel. Thus, the suction exerted by the extraction channel is reduced and the resulting flow field near the tip (and the plume shape

• Era Pump Systems, Inc., Dual-NE-1000) was used to supply suction. To study the effects of perfusion flow on molecular diffusion around the tip of the theta pipette, the pipette tip was immersed at a 5° angle to the substrate into a large drop of water (0.3 mL) placed on a microscope slide, while

When the going gets rough – studying the effect of surface roughness on the adhesive abilities of tree frogs

• Niall Crawford,
• Thomas Endlein,
• Jonathan T. Pham,
• Mathis Riehle and
• W. Jon P. Barnes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.201

• forces was negligible. The frog was restrained in a petri dish by a foam cushion which surrounded the body, with one leg extending out from the dish. Light suction on the dorsal side of the toe allowed alignment of the pad with the force plate surface. The frog was then positioned so that the pad rested

The hydraulic mechanism in the hind wing veins of Cybister japonicus Sharp (order: Coleoptera)

• Jiyu Sun,
• Wei Wu,
• Mingze Ling,
• Bharat Bhushan and
• Jin Tong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 904–913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.82

• , levers simultaneously open or close the wing, and surely the muscles and the blood pressure must operate synergistically. The negative pressures in Figure 5 could be the result of the abrupt muscular unfolding of the wing tip applying “suction” to the system. Another possible reason for the negative

Single-molecule mechanics of protein-labelled DNA handles

• Vivek S. Jadhav,
• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Florian Wruck and
• Martin Hegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 138–148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.16

• micropipette via suction in a single optical trap arrangement [1]. The DNA strand either interacts with a protein or mechano-enzyme directly or it serves as a spacer and a handle to isolate and tether a single mechano-enzyme of interest at a distance from the second bead. We here focus on the latter case and

• protein modification (streptavidin or neutravidin) at the biotin end of the DNA handle) a biotin coated bead of 3.2 µm diameter (Spherotech, Lake Forest, USA) was held in a micropipette by suction (Figure 1a). An anti-DIG bead covered with the PDH constructs was injected and optically trapped. The protein

• beads covalently coupled to DIG-DNA-Thiol handles and tethered those in situ to anti-DIG beads (2.9 µm diameter) held in place through suction by a pipette (Figure 1b). In the configuration shown in Figure 1c we could test the protein-modified end of the PDHs when no short dsDNA linker molecules were

Radiation losses in the microwave K_u band in magneto-electric nanocomposites

• Talwinder Kaur,
• Sachin Kumar,
• Jyoti Sharma and
• A. K. Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1700–1707, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.173

• material (BaM) and aniline are mixed in the ratio of 1:1. The solution is stirred 3–4 h at very low temperature for micelle formation. To initiate the polymerization, ammonium persulfate is used as an initiator that initiates the reaction at 2 °C. The obtained product is filtered with a suction pump and

Exploiting the hierarchical morphology of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotube films for highly hydrophobic coatings

• Francesco De Nicola,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Manuela Scarselli,
• Francesca Nanni,
• Ilaria Cacciotti and
• Maurizio De Crescenzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 353–360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.34

• film [44] that enhances the wettability of the carbon nanotube surface, when the interaction with the liquid is lipophilic. Furthermore, we studied the stability of our carbon nanotube films over time by performing suction experiments. Figure 5 reports the variations of the contact angle value as a

• function of the elapsed time from dropping the liquid on the SWCNT, MWCNT, SWCNT/MWCNT, and MWCNT/SWCNT coatings. In such suction experiment, we show that although the samples are porous, the contact angle trend is quite constant. In particular, we demonstrated the stability over time of the hydrophobic

• Cassie–Baxter metastable state for the SWCNT/MWCNT sample. However, the slight linear decrease of the contact angle in time is both due to liquid evaporation and suction by the porous films. Our results are particularly remarkable, since the water contact angle of carbon nanotube films has been reported

Aquatic versus terrestrial attachment: Water makes a difference

• Petra Ditsche and
• Adam P. Summers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2424–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.252

• are of higher importance in an aquatic environment. Depending on the flow conditions, flow forces can reach much higher values than gravity and vary in magnitude and direction. For many of the attachment mechanisms (adhesion including glue, friction, suction and mechanical principles such as hook

• attachment mechanism of sessile aquatic animals and the aquatic realm presents many challenges to this mode of attachment. Viscous forces and the lack of surface tension under submerged conditions also affect frictional interactions in the aquatic environment. Moreover, the limitation of suction to the

• pressure difference at vacuum conditions can be ameliorated under water, due to the increasing pressure with water depth. Keywords: adhesion; biofilm; friction; hooks; suction; Introduction Attachment in animals, plants and microorganisms serves a variety of functions: the interconnection of body parts

From sticky to slippery: Biological and biologically-inspired adhesion and friction

• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1450–1451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.157

• interactions, mechanical interlocking, suction forces, diffusion of one surface material into the other contacting material, and electrostatic and magnetic forces. δ+ and δ− illustrate the instantaneous formation of dipoles, R the curvature of the meniscus, p the pressure, and N and S the north pole and south

Physical principles of fluid-mediated insect attachment - Shouldn’t insects slip?

• Jan-Henning Dirks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1160–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.127

• has fascinated scientists and the underlying mechanisms have been debated since the early days of light microscopy. From “gluten-filled sponges”, the interlocking of fine hairs, suction cups and adhesive secretions, many hypotheses about insect adhesion have been proposed over the last two centuries

Direct observation of microcavitation in underwater adhesion of mushroom-shaped adhesive microstructure

• Lars Heepe,
• Alexander E. Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 903–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.103

• separation occurs. This type of failure mode, further called mode II [21], suggests the formation of a low-pressure zone in the contact area giving rise to a suction effect [9]. However, such effect at a dry interface was shown to contribute only marginally (at most ≈10%) to the overall measured pull-off

• make each individual MSAMS to act as a passive suction device [19]. In the present study, we report on underwater adhesion experiments with individual MSAMSs. The visualisation of the MSAMS interface using the combination of high speed video recording and reflection contrast microscopy under applied

• effect of a suction contribution to the adhesion of MSAMS was tested by comparing pull-off forces obtained at atmospheric and reduced pressure at different retraction velocities. It was shown that at a sufficiently low retraction velocity (100 µm/s) no suction contribution was observed [17]. At higher

Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wiebke Garrels,
• Annette Barchanski,
• Svea Peterson,
• Laszlo Sajti,
• Andrea Lucas-Hahn,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Ulrich Baulain,
• Sabine Klein,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 677–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.80

• microscope (Zeiss Axiovert 35M) equipped with micromanipulators. NPs at a final concentration of 50 µg/mL in distilled water were backfilled in glass injection capillaries. Individual 2-cell embryos were fixed by suction to a holding pipette, while the injection capillary was pushed through the Zona

Hairy suckers: the surface microstructure and its possible functional significance in the Octopus vulgaris sucker

• Francesca Tramacere,
• Esther Appel,
• Barbara Mazzolai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 561–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.66

• may provide an additional adhesive mechanism that works in concert with suction. The discovered surface structures might be potentially interesting for biomimetics of novel technical suction cups with improved adhesion capabilities on non-smooth surfaces. Keywords: adhesion; attachment; Mollusca

• smooth surfaces but also to surfaces with a certain roughness [1], where technical suction cups usually fail [2][3]. This ability can be explained by the exceptional materials properties, i.e., softness, of the infundibulum [4]. However, it remains unclear how the octopus is able to remain attached to a

• ) [5]. Additionally, it has been hypothesised that this acetabular protuberance plays a crucial role in increasing the performance of the adhesive system [5]. The pressing of the acetabular protuberance against the orifice was suggested to close the orifice when the suction is active [5]. Thus, if the

Formation of SiC nanoparticles in an atmospheric microwave plasma

• Martin Vennekamp,
• Ingolf Bauer,
• Matthias Groh,
• Evgeni Sperling,
• Susanne Ueberlein,
• Maksym Myndyk,
• Gerrit Mäder and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 665–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.71

• = 27 mm; length = 1000 mm), which is open to atmosphere, but equipped with a suction system for the exhaust. The applicator has two tangential gas inlets for a swirl gas (“sheath”) and a central gas inlet for the reaction mixture (“core”); this setup realises a vortex-type mixing of the gases. The gas

Pore structure and surface area of silica SBA-15: influence of washing and scale-up

• Jörg P. Thielemann,
• Frank Girgsdies,
• Robert Schlögl and
• Christian Hess

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 110–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.13

• which are used for the washing experiments. The washing was always performed 15 times with a defined quantity of solvent which was poured on to the sample in the G4 frit at 25 °C and subsequently removed by suction during each washing cycle. Additionally, the sample was carefully stirred with a glass