Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• fabrication; the resulting composition seems to arise from Si and P supersaturation levels [3][4]. The formation of precipitates in supersaturated silicon has also been considered as a possible mechanism involved in the deactivation of dopants [5][6][7]. To date, Si3P4 compounds have not been experimentally

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• -emulsification or spontaneous emulsification [16]. Here, one component present in the oil phase diffuses into the aqueous phase, resulting in the formation of metastable oily droplets by local supersaturation produced near the interface followed by oil nucleation. The ouzo effect is an example of this phenomenon

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• precipitates into the outer layer. The latter process may be enhanced as a result of hydrate accumulation into supersaturation close to the surface. As the immersion continues, the friction coefficient of the outer layer increases sublinearly with immersion time in phosphate buffer (Figure 5c). The corrosion

• into the outer layer [30][31][42]. This supersaturation leads to the enhanced growth of the outer layer during polarization. When we combine these observations with those on adhesion, we conclude that the whole process depicted in Figure 5d is diffusion-controlled after polarization. Figure 5e

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• , the nucleation step can occur only in supersaturated solutions, when the probability of encounters between monomers is high. After the formation of the first nucleus, the monomer concentration falls below supersaturation and new nuclei cannot be formed. Phase III is the further growth of the particles

• same way, ideally by a machine, to exclude time variations that will affect the local concentration (supersaturation) and therefore the rates of nucleation and growth processes. Reaction temperature. Temperature affects the rates of nucleation and growth processes (which follow the Arrhenius law) [77

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• crystal structure alteration occurred using this polishing protocol. Bubble formation could not be observed in the TEM images. The impurity concentration is likely not high enough for the required supersaturation and subsequent bubble formation. Furthermore, the reduced range of Ne ions at glancing angles

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• the silica surface area, either nickel hydroxide or nickel phyllosilicate can be obtained [34]. Nickel hydroxide is formed when precipitation takes place due to supersaturation [32]. In contrast, precipitation of nickel phyllosilicate occurs only due to the interaction between the nickel(II) species

Analysis of catalyst surface wetting: the early stage of epitaxial germanium nanowire growth

• Owen C. Ernst,
• Felix Lange,
• David Uebel,
• Thomas Teubner and
• Torsten Boeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1371–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.121

• rates of 0.005 nm·s−1. Since the solubility of germanium in gold is high, a supersaturated mixture will form. To reduce the supersaturation, germanium precipitates at the bottom of the gold droplet. This way, germanium nanowires may grow. This process is known as vapour–liquid–solid process (VLS

Transition from freestanding SnO₂ nanowires to laterally aligned nanowires with a simulation-based experimental design

• Jasmin-Clara Bürger,
• Sebastian Gutsch and
• Margit Zacharias

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 843–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.69

• influenced by the NW diameters [33][34]. Due to the reduced volume of the smaller Au droplets, the footprint of these droplets is reduced in comparison to larger Au droplets. Therefore, for the required supersaturation and formation of one lattice plane of the smaller catalyst droplets, less material (tin

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• formation of new micelles [23]. Ding et al. linked these considerations to the theory of LaMer [36]. According to the LaMer theory, heterogeneous nucleation occurs when the supersaturation of the growth species is below the homogeneous nucleation threshold but above the heterogeneous nucleation threshold

• , while a higher supersaturation (above the homogeneous nucleation threshold) leads to simultaneous heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation. In general, the processes leading to homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation and growth in such reverse microemulsion systems are complex and depend on numerous

Preservation of rutin nanosuspensions without the use of preservatives

• Pascal L. Stahr and
• Cornelia M. Keck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1902–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.185

• “supersaturation” is hazardous, because due to the reduction in temperature, re-crystallization of dissolved active ingredients can easily occur. Nevertheless, the data obtained from this study indicate that it is possible to freeze–thaw nanosuspensions with good steric and/or electrostatic stabilization, without

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

•  15) [237][238][239]. Fullerene molecules, such as C60 and C70, are dissolved in a liquid phase (good solvent) that contacts an immiscible liquid phase in which the molecules are poorly soluble (poor solvent). The formation of crystalline assemblies of fullerene molecules is induced by supersaturation

Structural and optical properties of penicillamine-protected gold nanocluster fractions separated by sequential size-selective fractionation

• Xiupei Yang,
• Zhengli Yang,
• Fenglin Tang,
• Jing Xu,
• Maoxue Zhang and
• Martin M. F. Choi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 955–966, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.96

• centrifugation, and the smaller clusters are still dispersed in the solvent. Herein, we performed SSSP for the polydisperse penicillamine-coated water-soluble AuNCs from aqueous medium using acetone as a nonsolvent. When acetone was gradually added to the aqueous solution of AuNCs to achieve supersaturation of

Process-specific mechanisms of vertically oriented graphene growth in plasmas

• Subrata Ghosh,
• Shyamal R. Polaki,
• Niranjan Kumar,
• Sankarakumar Amirthapandian,
• Mohamed Kamruddin and
• Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1658–1670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.166

• along with supersaturation of the carbon source and a simultaneous etching process by nascent hydrogen [21][22][23][24][25]. Based on the experimental observations, a phenomenological four-stage model was proposed [24]. In the plasma-assisted growth of carbon nanostructures, the hydrocarbon precursor

Bio-inspired micro-to-nanoporous polymers with tunable stiffness

• Julia Syurik,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Prerna Sudera,
• Stephan Weyand,
• Siegbert Johnsen,
• Gabriele Wiegand and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 906–914, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.92

• result of supersaturation, as the solubility of CO2 in PMMA drops together with the pressure. The further growth of nuclei during the step (iii) is caused by diffusion of CO2 from the polymer matrix. The gradient in pore size was achieved by combining two ideas, namely to limit the penetration of CO2

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• intermediate compound was formed in the subsurface layer of a catalytic particle as a result of the decomposition of hydrocarbon. The decomposition of intermediate carbide led to the supersaturation of metal by carbon. Indeed, the degradation of iron carbide Fe3C results in the mixture of carbon and iron with

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• energetic particles with existing technologies. Depending on the creation of supersaturation, distinctions are made between cooling, evaporation, vacuum cooling, drowning-out and reaction crystallization. The study of the solubility of the compound is the key to determine which crystallization process can

• stirring. Achieving a high level of supersaturation results in a higher nucleation rate, but aggregation increases rapidly. For this solvent/compound system, they produced smaller particles and reduced the agglomeration by sonication and the particles were finally obtained by drying. This method may be

• regarding the influence of solvents. For instance, one work [21] has studied the importance of temperature and supersaturation for the crystallization for HMX in γ-butyrolactone, revealing that low temperature and highly supersaturated solutions tend to increase the defects in HMX crystals. Solvent

Self-assembly of silicon nanowires studied by advanced transmission electron microscopy

• Marta Agati,
• Guillaume Amiard,
• Vincent Le Borgne,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Richard Dolbec,
• Maurizio De Crescenzi,
• My Alì El Khakani and
• Simona Boninelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 440–445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.47

• substrate where the growth occurs. Indeed, the Fe nanoparticles are expected to form at the outer surface of the larger SiNSs formed during the spheroidization process. Once the Fe nanoparticles are present at the SiNS surface, the SiNW synthesis can occur via supersaturation of the Si vapor in the

Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

• Sylwia Kuśnieruk,
• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Agnieszka Chodara,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1586–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.153

• quantity needed for producing HAp or that the speed of batching the reagents was greater than the speed of reaction of obtaining HAp at a given temperature. This resulting supersaturation of the suspension with calcium and phosphate ions was the primary reason for the formation of ACP [61]. The

Three-gradient regular solution model for simple liquids wetting complex surface topologies

• Sabine Akerboom,
• Marleen Kamperman and
• Frans A. M. Leermakers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1377–1396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.129

• metastability, namely between the local binodal and the first turning point. This spinodal point is found in the region of supersaturation. The other metastable region is found between the turning point in the sub-saturated region and the local binodal in the top region of the isotherm. In the isotherm the

Development of highly faceted reduced graphene oxide-coated copper oxide and copper nanoparticles on a copper foil surface

• Rebeca Ortega-Amaya,
• Yasuhiro Matsumoto,
• Andrés M. Espinoza-Rivas,
• Manuel A. Pérez-Guzmán and
• Mauricio Ortega-López

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1010–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.93

• sheets rearrange at the nanoparticle surface to produce a hermetic rGO coating for Cu2O or CuNPs (Figure 3). It is thought that, at 800–1000 °C, carbonaceous species produced during coalescence could establish carbon supersaturation conditions at the partially melted particle surface, and then to promote

• carbon supersaturation on the facet surface, and then nucleation and growth. The FE-SEM image (Figure 6) shows the faceted morphology of the core–shell Cu-rGO particle of the sample prepared at 1000 °C, and the corresponding three-dimensional equilibrium crystal shape created using the Wulffman freeware

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• nanocrystals and large single crystals. By assembling nanocrystals on a Langmuir trough, large areas could be covered by monolayers consisting of randomly arranged nanocrystals. Alternatively, we used a method based on local supersaturation to grow large area single crystals of the precisely side-branched

• flowing towards the contact line and provided the molecules needed for growing crystals. The mechanism which led to local supersaturation and crystallization is rather similar to convective assembly techniques which are frequently applied to create ordered mono- or multilayers of colloidal particles [30

• supersaturation: A CPE45 solution with a concentration between 0.001 and 0.01 wt % was heated in a tightly sealed vial to a temperature well above the normal pressure boiling point. In the next step, the vial was placed in a heated metal block where it was cooled to the desired crystallization temperature, which

Inorganic Janus particles for biomedical applications

• Isabel Schick,
• Steffen Lorenz,
• Dominik Gehrig,
• Stefan Tenzer,
• Wiebke Storck,
• Karl Fischer,
• Dennis Strand,
• Frédéric Laquai and
• Wolfgang Tremel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.244

• theory of heterogeneous nucleation, this can be achieved by decreasing the concentration of the precursor below supersaturation, at which the homogeneous nucleation would be favourable [61]. Furthermore, the additional term of Gibbs free energy for the adhesive energy at the interface between the seeds

Review of nanostructured devices for thermoelectric applications

• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1268–1284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.141

• (SiH4) flux (or others silicon-based gases). A precise calibration of silane flux and reaction temperature gives a supersaturation of the melt and induces a transformation from the liquid alloy phase to solid Si that crystallizes under the metal nanoparticle. In this way, crystalline silicon

Direct nanoscale observations of the coupled dissolution of calcite and dolomite and the precipitation of gypsum

• Francesco G. Offeddu,
• Jordi Cama,
• Josep M. Soler and
• Christine V. Putnis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1245–1253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.138

• supersaturation of another phase in the fluid at the mineral-fluid interface and the new phase can precipitate, are well-documented [6][7][8]. AMD treatment becomes ineffective as soon as the precipitated hydroxides and/or gypsum fully coat the limestone surface and impede further dissolution of calcite. This

• acute and obtuse steps do not show a linear dependence on supersaturation. In addition, several studies have shown that the velocities of acute and obtuse step spreading have different sensitivities to the solute activity ratios in the solution [32][36][47]. Calcite dissolution continuously took place

Plasma-assisted synthesis and high-resolution characterization of anisotropic elemental and bimetallic core–shell magnetic nanoparticles

• M. Hennes,
• A. Lotnyk and
• S. G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 466–475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.54

• supersaturation, the growth of small nuclei occurs. Following classical nucleation theory, these nuclei have to overcome a critical size to become thermodynamically stable and then further grow while moving through the condensation chamber towards the nozzle. The NPs can additionally get covered by a

• supplementary coating layer in chamber B, while traveling through the metallic vapor generated by SG2, which is carefully kept below supersaturation. Finally, particles are extracted in C, where they are deposited onto a Si substrate or TEM grids for further analysis. Gas dynamics and NP transport Particle

• wet-chemistry synthesis of NPs that the degree of supersaturation can be used to tune particle sizes and size distribution. At high supersaturation ratios, fast nucleation rates are attained and the ensuing rapid consumption of the elemental species (nucleation burst) results in a high number of seeds