Thermal oxidation process on Si(113)-(3 × 2) investigated using high-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy

• Hiroya Tanaka,
• Shinya Ohno,
• Kazushi Miki and
• Masatoshi Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 172–181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.12

• important because the surface roughness is enhanced in this mode [17]. It is noted that the oxidation and transition modes are classified as passive oxidation, and the etching mode is classified as active oxidation. It has been shown that the oxide-covered surface is smoother on Si(113) than on Si(001

• time of a mobile SiO species is relatively shorter on Si(113), leading to the less effective formation of oxide islands to enhance surface roughness. It is plausible that the narrow feature of the transition region for Si(113) is related to the observed flatness of the oxidized surface on Si(113) [18

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• dissolved in DMF [44]. They have also reported that the humidity had an effect on the surface morphology of the fibers. The increase of surface roughness of the fibers due to pore formation has been observed with the increase of relative humidity. The increase of fiber diameter with relative humidity can

• application as an oil–water separators, owing to the high surface porosity, submicrometer pore sizes, high permeability, and the ability to control the membrane hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity effortlessly. The nanoscale surface roughness of the nanofibers of the membrane has a direct impact on the wetting

• flexible nanohybrid membrane of Pd NP-decorated polydopamine-SiO2/PVA, which can simultaneously remove organic dyes, chemicals, and oils [83]. (Figure 4 and Figure 5) Superhydrophilicity was found to be a synergistic effect of numerous hydroxy groups from SiO2 NPs and the nano/microscale surface roughness

Nanoscale friction and wear of a polymer coated with graphene

• Robin Vacher and
• Astrid S. de Wijn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 63–73, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.4

• . During sliding, we bin the individual polymer particles depending on their position in the reference frame of the tip. We then calculate the average of a specific property in each bin. We also compute the surface roughness. We first divide the box into bins of size σ0 in both x- and y-directions. Each

• bin is assigned the height of the monomer with the highest z-position. We compute the surface roughness as the root mean square height, where A is the surface area, and Z is the height of the particles on the surface. Results and Discussion Effect of graphene deposition After the deposition of

Alteration of nanomechanical properties of pancreatic cancer cells through anticancer drug treatment revealed by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoteng Liang,
• Shuai Liu,
• Xiuchao Wang,
• Dan Xia and
• Qiang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1372–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.101

• . The sharp contrast reduced the details of the cell surface microstructure of HDPE6-C7, AsPC-1, and MIA-PaCa-2 cell lines. The corresponding analyses of cell surface roughness is listed in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1, which shows that the surface roughness of MIA-PaCa-2, HDPE6-C7, and AsPC

• ratio, (c) cell spread areas and (d) the corresponding Young's modulus of MIA PaCa-2 cells with/without DOX treatment. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 96: Surface roughness, energy dissipation, point distribution of Young's modulus of AsPC-1, MIA-PaCa-2, BxPC-3, and HDPE6-C7 and

Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae)

• Venkata A. Surapaneni,
• Tobias Aust,
• Thomas Speck and
• Marc Thielen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1326–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.98

• imaging of young leaf surfaces [7][23]. By means of confocal microscopy experiments, we demonstrate that polarity in ridge development also occurs on leaves of S. calyptrata and that the surface roughness of the leaves increases as the leaves mature. Previous studies have found reduced insect adhesive

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• and varies with the external driving force. In addition, depending on whether there is a true slip length, the amplitude of surface roughness has different influences on the effective slip length. The composition of surface textures, including isotropic and anisotropic textures, can also affect the

• addition, as downsizing can result in an increased surface-to-volume ratio, the solid–liquid interfacial properties, such as wettability and surface roughness, become key factors in the determination of liquid properties near the interface of nanosized systems, and may dramatically affect the slip flow

• density can also lead to the enhancement of the electro-osmotic flow velocity, which indicates that there should be an optimum surface charge density in order to induce a maximum electro-osmotic flow velocity. 2.3 Surface roughness effects It is of great significance to investigate the effect of the

9.1% efficient zinc oxide/silicon solar cells on a 50 μm thick Si absorber

• Rafal Pietruszka,
• Bartlomiej S. Witkowski,
• Monika Ozga,
• Katarzyna Gwozdz,
• Ewa Placzek-Popko and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 766–774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.60

• nanorods showed increased surface roughness. The SEM images revealed grain/columnar-like structures for both cells. In sample A, the grains were larger than in sample B. We observed a significant impact of ZnONR on the size of grains/columns. The solar cell operation was compared. Because of the 3D

Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review

• Thies H. Büscher and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 725–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.57

• locust Locusta migratoria [129][132] adapt to the microscale roughness. However, the latter species has a lower adaptability to the surface roughness because of the much thicker superficial film than that of the previous species. In smooth pads, film terminating fibres, which are sometimes of an extreme

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• [42], control of surface roughness [43] and morphology of islands or nanowires [26][44][45][46][47], as well as control of adsorbate transfer to graphene [48]. Thus, the effects of EM induced by the presence of a potential difference on opposite sides of the substrate can significantly affect the

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• -crystalline gold constitute an ideal platform for plasmonic applications due to the lack of scattering losses at grain boundaries and surface roughness [56]. In nanostructured gold, collective excitations of the free electron gas may occur under the incidence of visible light [2]. These plasmon polaritons of

• round. Each monomer acts as a small dipole in our measurement configuration and its response is not very sensitive to its actual shape as long as surface roughness does not increase the scattering losses. Finite-difference time-domain modeling taking into account the slightly varying geometries led to

• the varying crystal orientations cause a variation in the local sputter rate due to ion channeling [24]. If one of the symmetry axes of the crystal lattice is oriented along the beam direction, the ion penetration depth is larger, which, in turn, reduces the sputter rate. The resulting surface

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• apical plasma membrane surface. Several other morphological and dynamic parameters are evaluated, for example, cell edge heights, membrane surface roughness, and membrane fluctuations, and discussed with respect to cellular functions. Results and Discussion In Figure 1 we show a typical overview SICM

Determination of elastic moduli of elastic–plastic microspherical materials using nanoindentation simulation without mechanical polishing

• Hongzhou Li and
• Jialian Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 213–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.17

• specimen is assumed to be a perfectly flat surface, thus ignoring the influences of surface roughness that might be encountered in experiment. For nanoindentation measurements, a flat surface is fabricated from curved specimens by mechanical polishing. However, the position of the polished curved surface

• influences of surface roughness that might be encountered in experiment. For nanoindentation measurements, a flat surface is fabricated from curved specimens by mechanical polishing. However, the position of the polished curved surface cannot be controlled [13]. Small-scale microplastics with curved

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• . Paper and other fiber-based materials are integral components of many objects that are used on a regular basis by the population, which are also available in different compositions, thickness and surface roughness. Most importantly, paper is biocompatible, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• modes including scanning under continuous contact wear and damage the sample and/or alter the surface roughness, the results of point CR measurements on bulk and thin films are presented. Though Young’s moduli of bulk polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) could be determined through the presented

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• (varying by a factor of up to ca. 7). This indicates that the specific local surface quality, for example, the surface roughness at the spot where the Raman scattering occurred, influences the intensity of the Raman modes. Hence, we cannot draw quantitative conclusions here. Nevertheless, we gain some

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• nanopores. Results and Discussion Fabrication of arrayed nanopores on the Mg surface Surface roughness and chemical composition have a strong influence on the intensity of Raman signals. PEO was employed to fabricate a porous oxide layer on a Mg alloy surface, which benefits from the increase of surface

• deposited on the surface. The parameters and duration of the PEO process should be carefully determined, as intensive energy input and longer treatment duration may create excessive surface roughness or even introduce unexpected defects on the surface. Thus, a set of moderate parameters was applied in this

• roughness and shows the potential for storing micro- or nanoparticles. During PEO treatment, the intrinsic passivation layer of the Mg alloy is disrupted in random positions through local melting during electrical breakdowns. After cooling by the electrolyte, a stable oxide layer containing arrayed pores is

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• catalytic metal that supports the wet etching of silicon. However, copper dissolves in the harsh HF/H2O2 solution too fast for the etching of high aspect ratio templates. On the other side, this metal can be used to increase surface roughness. The complete dissolution of copper leaves a clean metal-free

Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Marius van den Berg,
• Ardeshir Moeinian,
• Arne Kobald,
• Yu-Ting Chen,
• Anke Horneber,
• Steffen Strehle,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

• popular method to investigate structural properties of silicon samples [16][17]. Mizoguchi et al. [18] and Hopkins et al. [19] utilized it to show the influence of stress on the crystal lattice orientation angles and to determine the degree of surface roughness. Kolb et al. measured the lattice

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• consider here two distinct catalyst preparation methods. As a standard method used in the engineering context, we perform an acid etch of the titanium fibers (to generate surface roughness and thereby increase the specific surface area), followed by dip-coating of a noble metal salt precursor solution on

• porosities, which in the following we will call A and B) were pretreated in acid (12 M HCl at 85 °C) in order to generate surface roughness, then dip-coated with the catalyst precursor solution and dried. The dip-coating was repeated until the desired loading was achieved as determined by gravimetric methods

• etching. The surface roughness has increased, thereby increasing the specific surface area. The acid treatment also generates a homogeneously thin and stable TiO2 layer, which provides corrosion resistance while maintaining low transfer coefficients [24]. After coating with the catalyst layer (Figure 1c

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• temperature for 24 hours. SEM characterization and contact angle measurements of pPA-functionalized ALOX-membranes The analysis of the SEM results shows a significant change of morphology of the grafted polymer films (see Figure 4) due to the use of different solvent mixtures. The observed surface roughness

• wetted by the liquid. Equation 1 shows that the Young contact angle on smooth and hydrophobic surfaces (θ > 90°) is further increased by increasing the surface roughness ratio rf. If the fraction of the projected area of the outer surface (which is wetted by the water droplet) becomes about 100% (f = 1

Quantitative determination of the interaction potential between two surfaces using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Nicholas Chan,
• Carrie Lin,
• Tevis Jacobs,
• Robert W. Carpick and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 729–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.60

• high mechanical stiffness, chemical inertness and stability, and interest for tribological applications [38]. It also is a good representation for other hard engineering materials and coatings, including having a low but finite surface roughness, as specified below. Spectroscopy measurements were

• roughness analysis performed in Figure 3 showed no significant correlation with the localized Wadh or z0 values. This result may have arisen from the low grid resolution when performing Δf–d curve measurements, making direct comparisons of surface roughness and acquired values Wadh and z0 difficult. Thus

• , future studies should be performed over similar diamond surfaces with higher grid resolution in order to determine the experimental significance of surface roughness for the determination of adhesive parameters using FM-AFM. Additionally, one could use a material such as atomically flat highly oriented

Structural optical and electrical properties of a transparent conductive ITO/Al–Ag/ITO multilayer contact

• Aliyu Kabiru Isiyaku,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 695–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.57

• area of 1 μm × 1 μm as shown in Figure 3. A low surface roughness with increased root mean square (Rrms) and average roughness (Ra) values for both IAAI and ITO films after annealing were observed. As determined using the Nanoscope Analysis software, the average grain size increased from 53.53 nm (as

• this annealing temperature. The films surface roughness results obtained from FESEM and AFM are in good agreement. The optical characteristics of the as-deposited and annealed IAAI and ITO films measured by UV–vis spectrophotometry are shown in Figure 5. It can be seen, that the annealed IAAI and ITO

• properties of the IAAI film is attributed to the annealing treatment. The resulting larger grain sizes and lower surface roughness of the IAAI film lead to the enhanced optical and electrical properties. Experimental Materials A commercial In2O3/SnO3 (ITO) target of 90:10 weight ratio was used for the

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded composite nanofiber membranes

• Wei Fang,
• Liang Yu and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 631–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.50

• diameter distribution, thickness and surface roughness of the CNFMs can lead to the difference in hydrophobicity. Mechanical properties: Mechanical properties of the CNFMs with different PVDF/PAN weight ratios are exhibited in Figure 5. With the decrease of the weight ratio the breaking elongation of the

Formation of nanoripples on ZnO flat substrates and nanorods by gas cluster ion bombardment

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Bin Xing,
• Rakhim Rakhimov,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Chuansheng Liu,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 383–390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.29

• homogeneously dispersed all over the surface formed (Figure 2b and Figure 3b). These surface features can exhibit overlapped craters formed after collisions of the accelerated clusters with the surface. The surface roughness after normal cluster irradiation slightly decreases from initial 0.8 nm to 0.6 nm