High photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites prepared by photodeposition for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

• Shu Chin Lee,
• Hendrik O. Lintang and
• Leny Yuliati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 915–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.93

• %) were firstly dissolved in mixed solvents of water and ethanol (20 mL) by ultrasonication for few minutes. Then, the commercial Hombikat UV100 TiO2 (1 g) was dispersed in the Fe(III) acetylacetonate solution by ultrasonic mixing for 10 min. The mixture was then stirred and irradiated under a 200 W Hg−Xe

Formation and shape-control of hierarchical cobalt nanostructures using quaternary ammonium salts in aqueous media

• Ruchi Deshmukh,
• Anurag Mehra and
• Rochish Thaokar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 494–505, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.53

• mixture, followed by magnetic decantation and ultrasonication in the presence of either TMAH, TEAH, TBAH or NH4OH. A detailed description can be found in Supporting Information File 1. Figure S1 (Supporting Information File 1) shows the presence of cobalt in the energy dispersive X-ray spectrum. The high

• misleading conclusions and often SEM micrographs may be required for more accurate interpretation. As discussed above, the nanoplates here were formed by aging the Co-TMAH sample under zero shear. A controlled experiment was performed by allowing the growth of seeds treated with TMAH in an ultrasonication

• bath held at a temperature of 30 °C. The ultrasonication reduces the interlocking of the nanoplates (Figure 4). The typical size of the nanoplates is 260 ± 5 diameter and 34 ± 5 nm thickness. The reduced interlocking can be explained by the efficient dispersion of the nanoplates under sonication. The

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• four times by cooling from 60 to 0 °C. Pant et al. [12] used all standard techniques available to recrystallize RDX into sub-micrometer crystals in a beaker. The smallest size was obtained when the antisolvent was added to a cooled, highly supersaturated solution, while applying ultrasonication and

Nanocrystalline ZrO₂ and Pt-doped ZrO₂ catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation

• Amit Singhania and
• Shipra Mital Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 264–271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.29

• on Tecnai G2-20 Twin (FEI) transmission electron microscope operated at 200 kV. The prepared samples were dispersed in ethanol, and after 30 min of ultrasonication they were deposited and dried on carbon-coated Cu grids. The FTIR spectra of the ZrO2 samples were recorded on a Nicolet iS50 FT-IR

From iron coordination compounds to metal oxide nanoparticles

• Mihail Iacob,
• Carmen Racles,
• Codrin Tugui,
• George Stiubianu,
• Adrian Bele,
• Liviu Sacarescu,
• Daniel Timpu and
• Maria Cazacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2074–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.198

• . The bands detected in the spectra at 223, 290, 406, 609 and 659 cm−1 are similar for all samples NPM0–NPM2 and were assigned to α-Fe2O3 (hematite) [30]. Ultrasonication Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPU1–NPU2) were obtained using a similar reaction mixture as for preparation of the NPM series but

• ultrasonication. Taking into consideration the scientific and industrial interest in controlling the morphology of nanoparticles, the influence of reaction parameters on the final products was studied. With the use of thermal decomposition, we show the possibility to obtain nanoparticles of desired shape (cubic

• shown that the microwave irradiation and ultrasonication times of μ3-oxo trinuclear iron(III) acetate influences both the crystallinity and shape of nanoparticles. As a result of this apparently wide and heterogeneous investigation, we are able to design and prepare nanoparticles with well-defined shape

A dioxaborine cyanine dye as a photoluminescence probe for sensing carbon nanotubes

• Mohammed Al Araimi,
• Petro Lutsyk,
• Anatoly Verbitsky,
• Yuri Piryatinski,
• Mykola Shandura and
• Aleksey Rozhin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1991–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.190

• ) water in the presence of 6.5 mg sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS). We selected SDBS among other ionic surfactants because of its high efficiency in dispersing SWNTs [27][28]. The above dispersions were exposed to ultrasonication (NanoRuptor, Diagenode) for 1 h at 21 kHz and 250 W. Then, the

Role of RGO support and irradiation source on the photocatalytic activity of CdS–ZnO semiconductor nanostructures

• Suneel Kumar,
• Rahul Sharma,
• Vipul Sharma,
• Gurunarayanan Harith,
• Vaidyanathan Sivakumar and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1684–1697, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.161

• washed with 10% HCl and then with deionized water until pH value of the filtrate was neutral. Obtained graphite oxide was subjected to ultrasonication for its exfoliation followed by centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 15 min. The final product was obtained by drying with rotary evaporator at 40 °C followed

• nanocomposite For the synthesis of the CdS–ZnO–RGO ternary nanocomposite, about 0.01 g of as prepared GO was dispersed in ethanol by ultrasonication. Then, 0.2 g of previously prepared CdS–ZnO was added to the GO solution under vigorous stirring for 2 h to obtain homogenous suspension. Once homogenization is

Graphene-enhanced plasmonic nanohole arrays for environmental sensing in aqueous samples

• Christa Genslein,
• Peter Hausler,
• Eva-Maria Kirchner,
• Rudolf Bierl,
• Antje J. Baeumner and
• Thomas Hirsch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1564–1573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.150

• ) ratio for 60 min in an ultrasonication bath. Between treatments the glass slides were rinsed with water and sonicated three times in water for 15 min. Each time the water was exchanged. The fabrication of nanohole arrays consists of several steps [39][40]. First a sphere mask of a hexagonal, closed

Ammonia gas sensors based on In₂O₃/PANI hetero-nanofibers operating at room temperature

• Qingxin Nie,
• Zengyuan Pang,
• Hangyi Lu,
• Yibing Cai and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1312–1321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.122

• been ground in an agate mortar, were added into 200 mL 1.2 mol/L HCl solution with ultrasonication treatment. Then a certain amount of aniline in HCl solution was added to the above suspension. After that, 30 mL 1.2 mol/L HCl solution containing APS was slowly dripped into the suspension to initiate

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• sequence: sonication of oMWCNT with Fe(acac)3 in ethanol, solvent evaporation, partial reduction of Fe(acac)3 to Fe3O4 with hydrazine by ultrasonication for 10 min and irradiation by microwave at 100 °C for 20 min. PM-b-PEG/SPIO@oMWCNT#Liu hybrids were obtained by non-covalent decoration with the

Photocurrent generation in carbon nanotube/cubic-phase HfO₂ nanoparticle hybrid nanocomposites

• Protima Rauwel,
• Augustinas Galeckas,
• Martin Salumaa,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Erwan Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1075–1085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.101

• these regions [28]. In another approach, chemical functionalization is usually combined with ultrasonication. In fact, the latter tends to create defects on the walls of the CNT along with C dangling bonds along with a change in the carbon hybridization from sp2 to sp3 [29]. Nevertheless, studies have

• been conducted where ultrasonication without functionalizing agents has been used for successfully debundling CNTs with minimal damage to the tube walls [23]. CNTs produced via CVD methods typically contain various imperfections, such as residual impurities of metal catalysts, graphene sheets

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• semiconducting molecules. Results Nanocrystal analysis by AFM The model of an ideal CPE45 nanocrystal Nanocrystal dispersions were prepared via nanoprecipitation with the impact of shear forces generated by ultrasonication. By cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies on the dispersions, a thickness of

• heating and ultrasonication was required. Upon cooling, the solution became turbid, indicating the onset of crystallization. To re-dissolve the polymer, heating without ultrasonication was sufficient. In order to grow crystals from the homogeneous CPE45 solution, we applied a method based on local

Impact of ultrasonic dispersion on the photocatalytic activity of titania aggregates

• Hoai Nga Le,
• Frank Babick,
• Klaus Kühn,
• Minh Tan Nguyen,
• Michael Stintz and
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2423–2430, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.250

• required for significant changes in the size distribution). Equation 5 implies that to halve the TiO2 P25 size requires an energy density change by a factor of 170 (corresponding to a time modification of a factor of 30 when generating a 100 W ultrasonication in a 1000 mL suspension). Consequently, this

• reaction rate constant when the material balance between the storage tank and the reactor is established. The proposed calculation scheme was experimentally verified. In addition, the study took a closer look at the dispersion procedures for the TiO2 suspensions. Focus was placed on ultrasonication, which

• absorbance increases with further dispersion. Obviously, the maximum reaction rate is already achieved after short ultrasonication time, which disperses the large micrometer-sized agglomerates into submicron aggregates. This outcome is explained by the limited UV penetration depth into the concentrated

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

Self-assembly mechanism of Ni nanowires prepared with an external magnetic field

• Xiaoyu Li,
• Hu Wang,
• Kenan Xie,
• Qin Long,
• Xuefei Lai and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2123–2128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.217

• diameter of about 95 nm and a length of about 26 μm are composed of spherical-like particles that are connected with each other and form straight chains. Notably, the Ni samples remain chain-like after ultrasonication for 30 min, which implies that the Ni particles grow together and do not simply aggregate

Temperature-dependent breakdown of hydrogen peroxide-treated ZnO and TiO₂ nanoparticle agglomerates

• Sinan Sabuncu and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1897–1903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.193

• contaminate the NP suspension, which may limit the applications of the NPs. Their dispersion in aqueous media can also be physically achieved after long ultrasonication processes (up to 60 h [10]). However, the long sonication time may also cause erosion or dissolution and the formation of cavities on the

Preparation of Ni/Cu composite nanowires

• Hu Wang,
• Xiaoyu Li,
• Ming Li,
• Kenan Xie and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1268–1271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.130

• particles deposited on the surface of the Ni nanowires. Copper particles were nucleating and growing fast, while nickel decreased on the surface. Intensive ultrasonication for 30 min did not disintegrate the Ni/Cu composite nanowires and no dispersive particles could be observed, which implies the

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro effects of 7 nm alloyed silver–gold nanoparticles

• Simon Ristig,
• Svitlana Chernousova,
• Wolfgang Meyer-Zaika and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1212–1220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.124

• ablation was reported [25][26][27]. Alloying of presynthesized silver core/gold shell nanoparticles by refluxing with oleylamine [28] or ultrasonication of separate gold and silver nanoparticles [29] was also described. Here, an aqueous co-reduction of silver nitrate and tetrachloroauric acid with a

Patterning technique for gold nanoparticles on substrates using a focused electron beam

• Takahiro Noriki,
• Shogo Abe,
• Kotaro Kajikawa and
• Masayuki Shimojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1010–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.104

• particles Finally, the irradiated substrate was rinsed in water during ultrasonication with a commercially available surface-active agent for the amine-epoxy method. For the amino-undecanethiol method, an amino-1-undecanethiol in an ethanolic solution was used instead of water. This step removed the unfixed

Electrical properties of single CdTe nanowires

• Elena Matei,
• Camelia Florica,
• Andreea Costas,
• María Eugenia Toimil-Molares and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 444–450, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.45

• is in accordance with literature data at approximately 1.45–1.5 eV [18]. The nanowires were further harvested in chloroform by ultrasonication. Taking into account the brittleness of the semiconducting nanostructure, the ultrasonication step was performed for only a few seconds. Further, a droplet of

• wires were harvested by ultrasonication into a suspension in chloroform. A droplet of nanowire suspension in semiconductor-grade chloroform was placed on a n++ Si/SiO2 substrate with patterned, interdigitated contracts. These were obtained by photolithography and sequential deposition of 20 nm of Ti and

Liquid-phase exfoliated graphene: functionalization, characterization, and applications

• Mildred Quintana,
• Jesús Iván Tapia and
• Maurizio Prato

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2328–2338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.242

• of graphene into advanced functional materials forward. Keywords: applications; dispersions; graphene; organic functionalization; ultrasonication; Review Introduction Various methodologies for the production of graphene and chemically modified graphene have been described during the last years [1

• techniques, since this is a straightforward process for the production of clean graphene layers ready for organic functionalization. Importantly, the exfoliation of graphite by ultrasonication is a very versatile technique that has already demonstrated its effectiveness in dispersing graphene in solvents

• with different physical and chemical properties. This flexibility allows the incorporation of additives such as surfactants [8], antioxidants [9], and polymers [10] during the ultrasonication process, while increasing the affinity for the solvent, the quality of the resulting graphene layers, or their

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• form reactive bis-radicals [31]. After ultrasonication and heating of the CNOs and BODA in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) in a pressure vessel, a CNO–BODA copolymer was obtained. NMP suspensions of the CNO–BODA copolymer were found to be very stable, even at high concentrations of up to 0.67 mg·mL−1

• functional groups, such as bromides, benzoic acids, tert-butyl groups, nitro groups, methyl esters, and trimethylsilyl (TMS) acetylenes. For all reactions, the CNO starting material was suspended in DMF by ultrasonication and then the aniline derivative and isoamyl nitrite were subsequently added. After

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

Non-covalent and reversible functionalization of carbon nanotubes

• Antonello Di Crescenzo,
• Valeria Ettorre and
• Antonella Fontana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1675–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.178

• provided by magnetic stirring, reflux, shear mixing, or, most commonly, ultrasonication either mild sonication in a bath or high-power sonication using a tip [16]. Once exfoliated, the simplest stable CNTs dispersions have been achieved by using solvent molecules able to efficiently interact with CNTs such

Trade-offs in sensitivity and sampling depth in bimodal atomic force microscopy and comparison to the trimodal case

• Babak Eslami,
• Daniel Ebeling and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1144–1151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.125

• ). The product was received in H+ form and no further treatment was performed, except for a routine cleaning procedure. Sections of the membrane of the size of 1 × 1 cm2 were rinsed with DI-water followed by 5 min of ultrasonication in DI-water and a second rinse step prior to equilibration in a closed