Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• oxide nanoparticles in biomedicine requires in-depth studies of their structure and properties. It was well-established that different iron oxides (e.g., magnetite (Fe3O4), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), goethite (α-FeOOH), and wüstite (FeO)), have a divergent impact on biological objects [7]. In this regard

• -VI) and diphenyl (МТ-І). Electron diffraction patterns of (a) TMO-І, (b) TMU-IV, and (c) TMU-V samples. X-ray diffraction patterns of (1) Fe3O4 standard (JCPDS No. 88-315; mean crystallites size of 11 nm) [1], (2) TMU-V, (3) MT-VI, (4) TMO-І, and (5) γ-Fe2O3 standard (JCPDS No.00-039-1346) [36][37

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

• Joanna Kisała,
• Anna Tomaszewska and
• Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

• as the parameter x = Fe2+/Fe3+) can range from 0.5 (stoichiometric magnetite Fe(III)tet[Fe(II),Fe(III)]octO4) to 0 (completely oxidized; maghemite, γ-Fe2O3) [24]. A magnetite with x values in the range of 0 < x < 0.5 is defined as non-stoichiometric or partially oxidized magnetite. Stoichiometric

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• modification, intrinsic properties and the type of targeted microorganism [18]. A special category of metallic NPs is superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) (e.g., magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) NPs) whose antimicrobial activity increases upon the application of an external magnetic

• most known and studied SPIONs. Magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) are two crystalline phases of iron oxide that present superparamagnetic properties at the nanoscale (<20 nm). This superparamagnetism is generated due to the reduced size of these nanoparticles which allow for a higher surface-to

Transient coating of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with glutamate for its delivery to and removal from brain nerve terminals

• Konstantin Paliienko,
• Artem Pastukhov,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Olga Vasylchenko and
• Tatiana Borisova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1381–1393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.122

• trauma, and epilepsy. Also, glutamate is a potential tumor growth factor. Using radiolabeled ʟ-[14C]glutamate and magnetic fields, we developed an approach for monitoring the biomolecular coating (biocoating) with glutamate of the surface of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles decreased

• , that is, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and NaH2PO4, decreased the ability of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles to form a glutamate biocoating by about 50% and 90%, respectively. Only 15% of the amount of glutamate biocoating obtained in water was obtained in blood plasma. Albumin did

• not prevent the formation of a glutamate biocoating. It was shown that the glutamate biocoating is a temporal dynamic structure at the surface of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Also, components of the nerve terminal incubation medium and physiological fluids responsible for the desorption of glutamate were

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• reference sample (20–50 nm). It is well known that distinguishing between magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) only using the diffraction technique is not straightforward. However, these samples can be easily distinguished by Raman scattering, since Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3 and other iron oxides and hydroxides

Influence of the magnetic nanoparticle coating on the magnetic relaxation time

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1207–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.105

• generating heat. This heat increases the tumour cell temperature which leads to cell death [1][2][3][4]. Iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles, in particular magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), have been intensely studied in the context of magnetic hyperthermia applications. These nanoparticles can be

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• magnetite (Fe3O4), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) or hematite (α-Fe2O3) [60]. There are various geometric forms of SPIONs, which depend on the synthesis. The most extensively studied form are spherical SPIONs, followed by cubic, hexagonal, rod-like, octagonal, nanoworm, and octopod (star-shaped) SPIONs [61][62]. Non

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• ) are based on magnetite (Fe3O4) or maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) molecules encapsulated in polysaccharides, synthetic polymers or monomer coatings and have a size range from 1 to 100 nm [21][182]. SPIONs possess interesting magnetic properties and some formulations have already been approved as MRI contrast

Magnetic properties of biofunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

• Natalia E. Gervits,
• Andrey A. Gippius,
• Alexey V. Tkachev,
• Evgeniy I. Demikhov,
• Sergey S. Starchikov,
• Igor S. Lyubutin,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Vladimir P. Chekhonin,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Alevtina S. Semkina and
• Alexander G. Mazhuga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1964–1972, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.193

• a spherical shape of the nanoparticles with an average diameter of 5–8 nm and a cubic spinel-type crystal structure of space group Fd−3m. Raman, Mössbauer and NMR spectroscopy clearly indicate the presence of the maghemite γ-Fe2O3 phase. Moreover, a difference in the magnetic behavior of uncoated

• nanoparticles located inside and outside of each capsule [11] and integration of the nanoparticles in the matrix of HSA threads, as will be discussed in this paper. The problem of distinguishing between magnetite Fe3O4 and maghemite γ-Fe2O3, both of which usually appear as synthesis products of iron oxide

• of the structure due to the presence of both magnetite Fe3O4 and maghemite γ-Fe2O3. Another method to distinguish between Fe2+ and Fe3+ and their positions in the crystal structure is Mössbauer spectroscopy. However, the use of ionizing radiation and radioactive sources in this method limits the

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by phenolic compound-modified maghemite nanoparticles

• Małgorzata Świętek,
• Yi-Chin Lu,
• Rafał Konefał,
• Liliana P. Ferreira,
• M. Margarida Cruz,
• Yunn-Hwa Ma and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1073–1088, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.108

• Abstract Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles obtained through co-precipitation and oxidation were coated with heparin (Hep) to yield γ-Fe2O3@Hep, and subsequently with chitosan that was modified with different phenolic compounds, including gallic acid (CS-G), hydroquinone (CS-H), and phloroglucinol (CS-P

• ), to yield γ-Fe2O3@Hep-CS-G, γ-Fe2O3@Hep-CS-H, and γ-Fe2O3@Hep-CS-P particles, respectively. Surface modification of the particles was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric

• oxygen species (ROS) levels to 35–56%, which was associated with a 6–8-times higher cellular uptake in L-929 cells and a 21–31-times higher cellular uptake in LN-229 cells. In contrast, γ-Fe2O3@Hep particles induced a 3.8-times and 14.9-times higher cellular uptake without inducing antioxidant activity

Size-selected Fe₃O₄–Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics

• Maria V. Efremova,
• Yulia A. Nalench,
• Eirini Myrovali,
• Anastasiia S. Garanina,
• Ivan S. Grebennikov,
• Polina K. Gifer,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Marina Spasova,
• Makis Angelakeris,
• Alexander G. Savchenko,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia L. Klyachko,
• Alexander G. Majouga and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2684–2699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.251

• . Since magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) are structurally similar, XRD alone does not provide an accurate discrimination between the two phases. As listed in Table 1, the lattice parameter approaches bulk Fe3O4 (a = 0.8397 nm) rather than bulk γ-Fe2O3 (a = 0.8347 nm) with increasing NP size [31

• as partial oxidation to γ-Fe2O3, e.g., at the grain boundaries. The decrease of MS for small particles has been ascribed to these features [40][41][42] and considering the bulk MS values at 5 K (96.4 A·m2·kg−1 for magnetite) and 300 K (92.0 A·m2·kg−1 for magnetite and 76.0 A·m2·kg−1 for maghemite

• -dependent study of hybrid Fe3O4–Au NPs with Janus structure for application in theranostics where improvements in MRI and MPH were demonstrated. Increasing the magnetic NP diameter from 6 to 44 nm, we show the gradual transition of their lattice parameters from an intermediate value between maghemite γ

Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-modified γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles towards human tumor cells

• Zdeněk Plichta,
• Yulia Kozak,
• Rostyslav Panchuk,
• Viktoria Sokolova,
• Matthias Epple,
• Lesya Kobylinska,
• Pavla Jendelová and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2533–2545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.236

• of its actions. Novel approaches are therefore being developed to enhance the anticancer activity of Dox and decrease its side effects. Polymer-coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles conjugate to Dox seem to be the most promising candidate for the role of such agents to achieve a high specificity and low side

• activity of Dox-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-co-2-(N-methylmethacrylamido)acetate] [P(HPMA-MMAA)]-coated magnetic γ-Fe2O3 particles [γ-Fe2O3@P(HPMA-MMAA)-Dox] as a prospective vehicle for the transport of anticancer drug into cells. To the best of our knowledge, polymers based on

• undifferentiated cells, mesenchymal stem cells were utilized. Cellular uptake of agents was studied by fluorescence microscopy and induction of cell death was visualized by live/dead assay. Dox-conjugated γ-Fe2O3@P(HPMA-MMAA) particles showed enhanced cytotoxicity in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tumor cells

Anchoring Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in a reduced graphene oxide aerogel matrix via polydopamine coating

• Błażej Scheibe,
• Radosław Mrówczyński,
• Natalia Michalak,
• Karol Załęski,
• Michał Matczak,
• Mateusz Kempiński,
• Zuzanna Pietralik,
• Mikołaj Lewandowski,
• Stefan Jurga and
• Feliks Stobiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 591–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.55

• (Fe3O4) or maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), are common functional additives widely applied in many different branches of science [35][36]. This is mainly thanks to their low price, simplicity of production, biocompatibility and environmental friendliness. There are two commonly used methods of iron oxide MNPs

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• ][45], and characterisation are provided in Supporting Information File 1 (Figures S1–S13). Please note that the synthesis protocol employed for the iron oxide NPs has been reported to yield maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), but as no experimental verification was applied to exclude formation of magnetite (Fe3O4

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• nanomaterials, such as rattle-type magnetic carbon nanospheres (45.15 mg/g) [49], magnetic oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotube- κ-carrageenan-Fe3O4 nanocomposites (46.36 mg/g) [51], graphene (185.00 mg/g) [52], γ-Fe2O3 nanocrystal-anchored macro/mesoporous graphene (216.3 mg/g) [53], Fe3O4-graphene@mesoporous

• SiO2 (178.49 mg/g) [54], manganese-impregnated zinc sulphide nanoparticles deposited on activated carbon (191.57 mg/g) [55] and γ-Fe2O3 loaded active carbon (195.55 mg/g) [56]. We believe the efficient removal of MB is mainly attributed to the small pore size and the high specific surface area of CP6

Methionine-mediated synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles and functionalization with gold quantum dots for theranostic applications

• Arūnas Jagminas,
• Agnė Mikalauskaitė,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas and
• Jūrate Vaičiūnienė

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1734–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.174

• [11][12][13][14]. However, the direct-deposition protocols are mainly suitable for covering γ-Fe2O3 NPs. The formation of a gold shell on magnetite (Fe3O4) or ferrite surfaces through reduction of chloroauric acid by citrates or borohydride is usually problematic due to the formation of pure gold

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• (Figure 5). Chen et al. have prepared graphene/γ-Fe2O3 hybrid aerogels for the first time which are used for biocatalytic transformation [148]. Fe2O3 supported on a N-graphene hydrogel was prepared by a facial one-pot hydrothermal method by Ma et al. and is used as an advanced supercapacitor electrode

• @Fe2O3 core–shell NP–graphene hybrids which show good reversible lithium storage [160]. Another core–shell hollow nanomaterial, a γ-Fe2O3@graphene hybrid, was prepared through the Kirkendall process by Hu et al. and showed high performance as an anode material for LIBs [161]. The improved performance of

Photocatalysis applications of some hybrid polymeric composites incorporating TiO₂ nanoparticles and their combinations with SiO₂/Fe₂O₃

• Andreea Laura Chibac,
• Tinca Buruiana,
• Violeta Melinte and
• Emil C. Buruiana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 272–286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.30

• inorganic components (Si–O–Si or/and γ-Fe2O3) were prepared by the dispersion of premade NPs (nanocrystalline TiO2, TiO2/SiO2, TiO2/Fe2O3, TiO2/SiO2/Fe2O3) within a photopolymerizable urethane dimethacrylate (polytetrahydrofuran-urethane dimethacrylate, PTHF-UDMA). The physicochemical characterization of

• physicochemical characterization of nanoparticles Titania nanoparticles (TiO2) and titania nanoparticles mixed with Si–O–Si (TiO2/SiO2), γ-Fe2O3 (TiO2/Fe2O3) or Si–O–Si and γ-Fe2O3 (TiO2/SiO2/Fe2O3) were obtained by the sol–gel method, using titanium isopropoxide as precursor. The crystalline structures of the

• anatase TiO2. The intensity of the peaks corresponding to 1 wt % γ-Fe2O3 was too small in comparison to that of anatase. Still, the shape of the pattern indicated a good crystallinity and the average TiO2 crystallite size determined from the main (101) anatase peak was 20.2 nm. The TEM image (Figure 1c

From iron coordination compounds to metal oxide nanoparticles

• Mihail Iacob,
• Carmen Racles,
• Codrin Tugui,
• George Stiubianu,
• Adrian Bele,
• Liviu Sacarescu,
• Daniel Timpu and
• Maria Cazacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2074–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.198

• present any peaks, indicating that both samples are amorphous, while the diffractogram of sample NPT2 (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S9) shows diffraction peaks, which coincide with those from the JCPDS 04-0755 database and are characteristic for maghemite (γ-Fe2O3). The morphology of the

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• form (i.e., γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 in the hybrids with SPIO). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), supported again by TEM, were applied to monitor the effects of wrapping with organic moieties. Infrared spectroscopy has commonly been used to follow the

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• efficiency, cellular viability, cytotoxicity, behavior after labeling, and the mechanism of internalization was determined and compared. Results Characterization of the nanoparticle morphology To compare the morphology of PLL-γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with commercially available nanomag®-D-spio particles

• , transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used (Figure 1, Table 1). The average size of the PLL-γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (Figure 1A) was larger than that of nanomag®-D-spio nanoparticles (Figure 1B). The latter particles had a broader particle size distribution due to presence

• of tiny particles (Figure 1E,F). The smaller average particle size corresponded to low intensity diffraction rings (compare insets in Figure 1A,B). Moreover, TEM micrographs indicated different morphologies of the nanoparticles. While the PLL-γ-Fe2O3 were smooth and compact, the nanomag®-D-spio

Hemolysin coregulated protein 1 as a molecular gluing unit for the assembly of nanoparticle hybrid structures

• Tuan Anh Pham,
• Andreas Schreiber,
• Elena V. Sturm (née Rosseeva),
• Stefan Schiller and
• Helmut Cölfen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 351–363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.32

• γ-Fe2O3 NPs cores with increasing SiO2 shell thickness leads to increasing interparticle distance [38]. In our case, the increase of interparticle distance supports the theory that the Hcp1_cys3 is located between the NPs, as is visible in the HRTEM image (Figure S6, Supporting Information File 1

Surface coating affects behavior of metallic nanoparticles in a biological environment

• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Ivona Capjak,
• Tea Crnković,
• Marija Lovrić,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Ivana Vinković Vrček and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 246–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.23

• albumin (BSAAgNPs), Brij 35 (BrijAgNP) and Tween 20 (TweenAgNP). The SPIONs were prepared as uncoated γ-Fe2O3 NPs (UNSPIONs), and coated with D-mannose (MANSPIONs) or poly(L-lysine) (PLLSPIONs). Three media for NP dispersion were investigated: ultrapure water (UW), biological cell culture medium without

A facile method for the preparation of bifunctional Mn:ZnS/ZnS/Fe₃O₄ magnetic and fluorescent nanocrystals

• Houcine Labiadh,
• Tahar Ben Chaabane,
• Romain Sibille,
• Lavinia Balan and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1743–1751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.178

• from the contribution of the hematite (α-Fe2O3) impurity in the Mn:ZnS/ZnS/Fe3O4 (3) sample, as observed in the XRD pattern. Among bulk iron oxides (Fe3O4, α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3), hematite exhibits the lowest saturation magnetization of 0.3 emu/g with a relatively large coercivity of 0.17 T at room

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• ) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3). The increasing number of studies that report the successful use of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for industrial (e.g., as synthetic pigments or as catalyst), biomedical (in vivo and in vitro), environmental, and analytical applications, demonstrate their versatility. Since it is