Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• ] and thermal scanning probe lithography [5], each catering to unique fabrication requirements. Among the bias-driven techniques, local anodic oxidation (LAO) stands out due to its precise, resist-free process and the compatibility with a wide range of materials [6][7][8][9]. LAO uniquely provides

Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• are currently explored for various biomedical applications, including disease prevention, diagnosis, and the improvement of antiviral drug delivery systems [5][6]. In some cases, the antimicrobial properties of NPs lead to creation of new “nano-antimicrobial” materials [7]. The mechanism by which

• exhibited no fiber degradation after washing, and the presence of nanoparticles was still observed. However, the micrographs revealed different degrees of nanomaterial aggregation after each washing cycle. SEM-EDS analysis detected Ag, Cu, and Zn only after the first washing cycle (Figure 7). However, the

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• layered Ag/TiO2 and determined via spectroscopy that its ENZ point laid within the visible spectrum [7]. Since then, a wide array of layered metal–dielectric configurations have been demonstrated, including silver-based combinations such as Ag/SiO2 [1], Ag/Al2O3 [6], Ag/LiF [8], Ag/TiO2 [9], Ag/Ge [10

• characteristic time. Almost every application exploits the electronic contribution of the nonlinear response; hence, we must study and define the nature of the response measured. Using the modification of the z-scan technique proposed in [30], we studied the samples ML740, ML800, and ML860. Figure 7 shows the

• nonlinear refractive index of the electronic contribution ; from the frequency νchopper ≈ 0, we obtain the value for both electronic and thermal contribution . From Figure 7, we were able to differentiate the electronic and thermal contributions to the nonlinear response. In Table 3, we present the values

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• moves between adjacent fibers and tracheids. Pits are distinguished between simple pits and bordered pits, which are surrounded by a thickened rim of wall material [6][7]. Several plants, such as conifers, have a torus–margo structure with a thin, porous mesh-like region (margo) and a thickened central

• part of the membrane (torus) that is slightly larger than the pit aperture [4][7]. Similar to other plant cells, fibers and tracheids have a primary wall (P) composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin that are formed during cell growth [8][9]. Once fully grown, they develop two secondary walls

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• tunability, making AuNPs highly versatile in catalytic applications [5][6]. Traditional ligands such as thiols and citrates are commonly used in the synthesis of AuNPs due to their ability to control particle size, prevent aggregation, and enhance stability in solution [7]. Also, polyoxometalates (POMs) have

• distribution histograms (Figure 7). The Au-SiW9/AC composite had already been synthesized by Xia et al. [13] and our results of particle size and distribution closely match their outcomes, confirming the successful deposition and comparable dispersion of gold nanoparticles on the activated carbon support

• is evident that the AuNPs are less dense and less discernible than those obtained with the RD method (cf. Figure 7a). The average particle size is 5 nm in a range between 2 and 7 nm, as determined from their corresponding distribution histograms (Figure 8c). There are also strongly aggregated AuNPs

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• ][6][7], functions of animal surfaces [2][8], and timely reviews on bioinspired nanotechnology [9][10][11], it was decided to continue with a second thematic issue. This second thematic issue was initiated to address the great interest across readers and authors that took note of the previous issue as

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• ]. While nanocomposites incorporating graphene are expected to be disruptive in their own right [5][6], it is the potential for large area, single crystal graphene sheets, which CVD growth can realise [7][8][9][10] which may have the greatest impact. Such sheets are expected to harness the full potential

• remove the top surface layer of the foil and reduce surface roughness (EP) or a wet back side oxidation process to introduce oxygen into the Cu foil prior to growth (BO). The electro-polishing solution was prepared by mixing H3PO4 (85 wt % in H2O, Sigma Aldrich) in a 7:3 ratio with DI water. The cathode

• , nitrate, and phosphite species on the surface of the sample, with the immediate surface localisation of these confirmed by the depth profiles. Figure 7 explores the variation in the composition of these species in more detail for the BO sample, with Figure 7a corresponding to the same region shown in

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• isomerization leads to various effects, including molecular orientation, formation of surface relief structures, and photomechanical deformations. Consequently, azo polymers have been intensively studied as interesting photoresponsive materials [7][8][9][10][11]. One of the widely studied azo polymers is the

• the PAZO polymer with a relatively accurate but computationally expensive method (DFT calculations), models of a fragment of the polymer main chain with four side chains were considered (Figure 7). PAZO is a polymer with ionized end groups and the orientation of PAZO chromophores is highly dependent

• on the presence of counterions. A comb-like structure of PAZO is observed in the presence of positively charged sodium ions close to –COO− groups, while in the absence of counterions, the side chains do not form an ordered structure (Figure 7). It can be concluded that counterions need to be taken

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• , high-strength materials for advanced armour systems and protective gear. For example, nanostructured ceramics and nanocomposites enhance ballistic protection while reducing weight, improving mobility for soldiers [7]. Additionally, nanosensors can detect chemical and biological threats in real time

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy modalities that enable more precise and personalized cancer management [7]. In parallel, complementary strategies such as photodynamic therapy and hyperthermia further enhance treatment effectiveness, collectively reflecting the ongoing evolution of cancer

• and melatonin to MCF-7 breast cancer cells, achieved efficient cellular uptake and significant cytotoxicity, which led to cell apoptosis in acidic conditions [82]. Guo et al. designed dual-pH-responsive, CRNs DMMA-P-DOX/LAP for co-delivering doxorubicin and lapatinib to breast cancer cells, enabling

• effective tumour penetration and notable reduction in MCF-7 tumours, with excellent biosafety in vivo [83]. 3.4 Improved cellular uptake Upon exposure to mildly acidic conditions of the tumour microenvironment (around pH 6.5–6.8), ionizable groups such as amines, imidazoles, or carboxyl-based moieties, CRNs

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• lipid structure of NLs, leading to AC leakage, while plasma protein adsorption may cause particle aggregation [7]. In this sense, the presence of proteins in the tissue environment can alter cellular uptake of both cationic and anionic carriers [8]. In short, our understanding of how nanodelivery

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• continuous ground plane [4][5] and other primitive geometries [6]. A variety of two-dimensional (2D) programs for inductance extraction were proposed in the period of 1990–2000 (see, for example, [7][8]), which allow one to estimate self- and mutual inductances per unit length of a system of infinitely long

• dimensions) at ah = 4 μm and ahb = 0.5 μm. As the scale factor increases, the result tends to values of about 3–7 fH, which agrees with the measured values by an order of magnitude. That is why “full-screen” points in the lower inset in Figure 6b lie much closer to the divergence angle. The measured Msq

• experiment for all investigated structures was mainly achieved by the consideration of the in-plane coordinate dependence of the metal layer heights, which is implemented in the current version of the program as a “nonplanar” option. Figure 7 presents a comparison of experimental data with simulation results

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• lipophilic substances. Furthermore, liposomes can also act as a protein delivery system, reducing enzymatic degradation of proteins and enhancing their stability and their permeability through cell membranes [7]. Immunoliposomes provide many advantages by surface functionalization with targeting biomolecules

• the molecules was determined as a percentage based on the mass of the liposomes obtained after lyophilization, according to Equation 2 [23]. In vitro release 2.3.4.1 In vitro release of 5-FU. To evaluate the drug release profile, 250 μL of each sample was diluted in 7 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4

• , consequently, cytotoxicity [29]. For this, the cells were plated onto 96-well plates with 7 × 104 cells per well at 37 °C in 5% CO2. After 24 h, the cells were treated with the formulations: liposome (HSPC/Chol/DSPE–PEG2000; 70:20:5; 50 mg of HSPC) and immunoliposome (HSPC/Chol/DOPE/DSPE–PEG–MAL; 64:10:22.2

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• non-destructive [7]. The papers discussing monitoring and the evaluation of the damages to monuments or landscapes, by means of topographic surveys and successive numerical simulations, are the most cited in this area [8][9][10][11][12]. Probably, one of the most detailed examples is represented by

• imparting long-lasting hydrophobicity, reducing water uptake, and maintaining dimensional and biological stability of wood, even under UV exposure and outdoor conditions (Figure 7). To do so, nano/sub-microlignin (NL), derived from beechwood via a one-step organosolv process, was used as a filler and

Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander V. Kalashnikov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin and
• Alexei Vagov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5

• complex, irregular patterns that cannot be attributed to type-I or type-II behavior [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. These patterns are referred to as intermediate mixed state (IMS) and are characterized by the coexistence of Meissner domains and vortex clusters, chains, or fragmented lattices

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• surfaces, either by employing dry adhesion via microstructures, or wet adhesion, which is additionally supported by secretions [1][2][3][4][5]. In lizards, subdigital adhesive microstructures facilitating dry adhesion evolved independently in anoles, some skinks, and multiple times in geckos [3][6][7][8

• this context, the proposed function of the mediolateral expansion and distoproximal shortening typical of lamellae and scansors is to achieve a limited range of stalk length upon each scale [7][49], promoting, through their regimented gradation, simultaneous attachment and detachment of all setae on

• explained less than 7% each. Although PCs with an eigenvalue smaller than 1 are generally considered to be non-relevant, a minimum of two components are necessary to properly visualise the results. Therefore, the first two PCs were used for subsequent visualization. For PC1, almost all traits except

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• specific surface area, and low bulk density [3][4]. The role of rGO in electrode materials can be considered in two ways. It can be applied as a conductive additive, improving transport properties and, as a result, enhancing capacity [5]. It can also be the active material itself [6][7]. To mention just a

• eV (0.1 eV step) pass energy in the analyzer and the photoelectron take-off angle at 45°. In order to maintain a constant sample surface potential, a dual beam charge compensation with 7 eV Ar+ ions and 1 eV electrons was used. The aliphatic carbon C 1s line at 285.0 eV was used as a charge reference

• D peak [45]. The peak denoted as B (also denoted as D') is said to be related to Stone–Wales defects (5-7-7-5 rings), 5-8-5 rings [21], and other irregularities in the carbon rings. The D+G peak is of graphene/graphitic origin [21]. Upon reduction, the A and D'' peaks increased, suggesting an

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• superconducting electronics [2][3][4]. So far, the superconducting diode effect has been reported in many different systems, including Josephson junctions [5][6][7][8][9][10][11], junction-free devices [12][13][14][15][16][17], superconducting microbridges [18][19], and other systems [20][21]. There have been

• comprises several equations, namely, the Usadel equations in the superconducting (S) and normal (N) parts (Equation 6 and Equation 7), two self-consistency equations (Equation 8) in each superconducting region S1 and S2, and the boundary conditions at the S1/N, N/S2 interfaces and at the free edges of the

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• [5] and physicochemical properties [6]. Among these properties, particle adhesion (which is determined by the interaction between the NP and the substrate) and the interface formed between NPs and substrate [7][8] play a decisive role. Particularly when the contact area between NPs and the substrate

• × 10−7 mbar. Ar was introduced as a sputtering gas, keeping a constant flow rate of 40 sccm. Sputtering was carried out at a constant current of 200 mA (≈70 W) applied to the target. The sputtered atoms start to form NPs and to grow in the aggregation zone, where the aggregation length was adjusted to

• NPs with desired masses. An AC voltage, V = ±250 V, with a frequency of 4.19 kHz, a DC voltage, U = +2.5 V, and a U/V ratio of 0.02 were used. In the filter mode, the QMF was set to a NP diameter of 7 nm. Then, the NPs pass through a mesh grid with +21.7 V grid bias voltage, enabling to determine the

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• from dysregulated metabolism (i.e., the Warburg effect) [3][4] and chaotic vasculature that impairs heat dissipation [5][6]. These factors can create thermal gradients of 0.5–2.0 °C between tumors and healthy tissue, with even greater differences at the subcellular level [7][8][9]. Consequently, the

• thin-film hydration method based on Rojas-Gutierrez’s procedure [52]. Based on the size distribution and concentration of the nanoparticles (10 mg·mL−1), a lipid layer was formed with DOPS, cholesterol, and DMPC at a molar ratio of 64:29:7. The three lipids were dispersed in chloroform and mixed with

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• Fedor V. Khan Lyudmila V. Filippenko Andrey B. Ermakov Mikhail Yu. Fominsky Valery P. Koshelets Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, 11/7 Mokhovaya st., Moscow, 125009, Russian Federation Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny

• constants, respectively, and f is the frequency of the incoming radiofrequency (RF) signal [4][5]. Such receivers are used as a sensitive element of the state-of-the-art terahertz (THz) range ground-based (ALMA [6], APEX [7]) and space-based (Hershel [8], Millimetron [9]) telescopes. The ground and space

• Vgap of the tunnel junctions (see Figure 4, where Vgap ≈ 2.7 mV, which corresponds to the gap frequency of niobium films ≈650 GHz). A possible solution to address this problem is the CPW with a smaller gap width Wgap (see the inset in Figure 7). As can be seen from Figure 7, with a decreasing Wgap the

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• properties of the nanoparticles [6]. A significant amount of research has focused on CoFe2O4 as a shell material to enhance the magnetic properties of core–shell nanoparticles due to its high coercivity and magnetic anisotropy [7]. The formation of CoFe2O4 shells on Fe3−δO4 cores has been shown to increase

• magnetic performance due to their reduced surface spin disorder [7]. Polyhedral NPs exhibit higher magnetic saturation, less spin canting, and higher SAR values than spherical NPs. For instance, Kasparis et al. demonstrated that polyhedral Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 NPs exhibited SAR values more than double those of

• mL) was added to precipitate the nanoparticles. The resulting black solid was collected by centrifugation (10,000 rpm, 10 min), washed twice with ethanol, and redispersed in toluene (10 mL) [7]. Synthesis of polyhedral core–shell nanoparticles The polyhedral Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 nanoparticles were coated

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• ideal for mimicking biological environments, yet these same properties pose major challenges for morphological characterization [6][7]. In particular, conventional electron microscopy often requires dehydration, which risks collapsing the delicate network, while optical methods are typically diffraction

• visualization of gel morphology (Figure 7). By contrast, the DPP-BC@Gel displayed a well-defined and highly resolved fibrous morphology using both CLSM and cryo-SEM. The strong fluorescence emission of DPP-BC enabled clear CLSM imaging without the need for sample compression, allowing for visualization of fibre

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• electrons from the normal side scatter into the superconductor, suppressing the superconducting order parameter near the interface [5][6][7]. In the normal region, the absence of intrinsic attractive electron–electron interaction causes Cooper pairs to break up beyond a characteristic length scale, namely

• superconducting correlations in the NM is a hallmark of the proximity effect [14][15][16]. The pair correlations continuously decrease from their bulk value deep inside the superconductor, leak into the normal material, and eventually vanish at a distance much larger than ξn far inside the NM [7][17][18]. The

• spatial dependence of the superconducting pair correlations is characterized by the pair amplitude F(z), which varies on both sides of the interface [7][8]. The proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor (NS) junctions has been thoroughly studied through experimental [19][20][21] and theoretical

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. One of its enantiomers was found to have sedative effects, while the other was identified as teratogenic, leading to tragic consequences, including over 10,000 severe birth defects in children [4][5][6][7][8]. Promoting the separation and detection of