Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• conventionally synthesized through oxidation of graphite by chemical methods such as the Hummers' method or its modifications, which involve strong acids (e.g., H2SO4 or H3PO4), oxidants (e.g., KMnO4), and occasionally NaNO3 to facilitate exfoliation and oxidation of the graphite layers [6][7][8][9][10]. While

• presence of vacancy-type defects and highly disordered carbon domains. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples are shown in Figure 7. GO exhibits an intense peak at 2θ ≈ 11.7°, assigned to the (001) reflection of GO and associated with an expanded interlayer spacing (d ≈ 0.76 nm) due to the presence of

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• of impurities, see [6][7][8][9][10] for an overview. Specifically, low-energy ion implantation [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] can be employed to directly create impurities in 2D materials. Alternatively, due to the 2D geometry, impurities can be introduced through filling the vacancies previously

• papers have been published. The findings have been summarized in several review articles [2][3][6][7][8][9][10]. However, the challenges and open questions that still remain in the field have received relatively little attention. In May 2025, these topics were addressed at the symposium “Defect-mediated

• (CrM) [120], and vanadium (VM) [123] at the transition metal site, as well as annealing or ion bombardment-induced chalcogen vacancies (VacX) [124][125][126][127]. In Figure 7, STM topographies of common defects in TMDs recorded close to the conduction band edge are shown. These reference data can be

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• tailored to the requirements of specific applications, such as the production of films intended to promote skin healing [7][8]. Although topical films can be an effective option for facilitating skin repair and wound healing, they must be carefully manufactured to maintain optimal moisture levels, which

First-principles study on elastic properties of Cu, (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn and interfacial mechanical properties of (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn/Cu in the lead-free solder joint

• Guomin Hua

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 428–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.29

• received considerable attention, and the Sn-Ag-Cu ternary alloy is considered as a promising candidate to substitute conventional lead-containing solder alloys [7]. Driven by the miniaturization of electronic devices and their widespread application in harsh environments such as high temperature and high

Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• in previous studies, demonstrating the power of ML in conjunction with periodic table descriptors to predict co-exposure effects [7]. Further extending the concept of experiment-independent periodic table descriptors, Kar and Yang introduced 3rd-generation periodic table descriptors (i.e., atomic

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• , nanoencapsulation strategies for PSs are being actively developed [7][8]. Encapsulation of hydrophobic PSs in nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, or micelles addresses solubility and stability, preventing aggregation [9]. Nanoparticles with sizes of 10–200 nm passively accumulate in tumor

• ) demonstrated that membrane-coated nanoparticles effectively evade phagocytosis. In three-dimensional MCF-7 cell spheroids, oxygen-saturated nanoparticles increased system cytotoxicity fourfold. In animal models (Balb/c-nu mice bearing MCF-7 tumors), combination treatment resulted in a significant reduction of

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• losses during dissolution [6][7][8][9]; also, more than 30% of their total weight is water, which provides additional moisture during hot and dry periods. These characteristics make zeolites potentially applicable in agriculture for the development of modern fertilizers with controlled release and

• vibrations associated with the asymmetric bending of the urea amino group. In the case of HEU from the Tasajeras deposit, a slightly larger displacement (12 cm−1) was observed compared to the 7 cm−1 shift observed for this natural zeolite (a mixture of MOR and HEU) from the San Andrés deposit under study

• zeolitic channels [9][39], mainly in MOR with its channels of larger dimensions. Occluded urea should be retained more firmly than urea adsorbed in mesopores and on the outer surface of crystals; consequently, its release process will be slower and more limited [7][40]. It is important to note in the

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• thin, expandable struts. However, bare SS 316L stents exhibit limited hemocompatibility and are susceptible to in-stent restenosis and thrombosis [6][7]. Early and complete endothelialization plays a crucial protective role in preventing these complications, as endothelial cells restore vascular

• values obtained with MTT test exceed 70%. Our results (Figure 7) show that in our case, all extracts regardless of extraction time were nontoxic, meaning that none of the tested coating extracts had a negative effect on cell viability. Human dermal fibroblasts adhesion Microscopic images in Figure 8

• indicate typical healthy fibroblast morphology, for example, spindle-shaped cells. After 7 d, the cells formed thick layers covering the most of materials surface, with the largest percentage of cell-covered surfaces for nanocoated SS-PTYR 30 min (86.82%) and SS-PTYR 24 h (89.25%). As shown in Figure 8b,c

Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• [7][8][9][10][11]. In reservoir computing, a high-dimensional, nonlinear dynamical system, called the reservoir, transforms input signals into a rich temporal multiplexed feature space, from which a linear readout extracts the target output for further neuromorphic processing. In recent years

• logic-function-based designs [38][39], enabling dynamic computation within a neuromorphic reservoir framework. Such physically grounded bistable elements correspond to the neurons in traditional recurrent neural networks or echo state networks [7][42], offering energy-efficient, scalable, and high-speed

• interaction with the ferroelectric reservoir without physical wiring, expanding integration possibilities with optical platforms, scanning probe tools, and flexible electronics. In the implementations illustrated in Figure 7, the ferroelectric reservoir is operated using contactless methods for data input and

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• conditions [1][2]. Novel alternative materials including conducting polymers [3], nanocarbon-based materials like carbon fibres [4], carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their composites [5][6][7], and more recently graphene [8][9] have been the focus of extensive research. Above materials fulfil the requirements of

• space. The response registered from the untreated CNS shows a gain of 7 dBm; directly after ethanol treatment, the gain improved to 10 dBm, and to 13 dBm after 5 min. This result validates the S11-derived efficiency enhancements found. The trend was confirmed for the distance of (7.0 ± 0.1) × 10−1 m in

• free space (Figure 6b), for which we observed a gain of 2 dBm for the untreated sample, a 7 dBm gain directly after ethanol treatment, and a 10 dBm gain after 5 min. The power density at 4.8 GHz was calculated for a resonant dipole antenna with a gain of 2.15 dB, accounting for a 0.7 dB cable loss

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• ) [1][2][3][4][5] is an increasingly employed nanoparticle synthesis technique, first established in the 1990s [6][7]. This method involves focusing high-energy laser pulses onto a solid target submerged in a liquid medium [8]. As the laser interacts with the target, it triggers rapid ionisation

• 1.2 mJ pulse energy, the fabrication of Ag nanoribbons longer than 0.6 µm were synthesised (Figure 7). External elements for spatial beam shaping. The spatial profile of a beam plays a crucial role in laser–matter interaction, influencing the efficiency, precision, and morphology of the ablated

Calculation of the dynamic stiffness of a cantilever under torsional oscillation

• Keita Nishida,
• Yuuki Yasui and
• Yoshiaki Sugimoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 303–308, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.21

• detailed mechanisms remain not fully understood [5]. Non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) is widely employed to investigate non-contact friction through its dissipation channel. Common techniques include pendulum AFM, bimodal AFM, and quartz tuning fork AFM [6][7][8]. Pendulum AFM uses cantilevers

• the lateral interactions [7][12][13][14]. The torsional oscillation modes of AFM cantilevers are sensitive to in-plane interaction [15][16][17]. This method enabled highly accurate imaging of the in-plane crystalline orientation by utilizing friction information [14]. Quartz tuning fork AFM is useful

• cantilever. The resonance angular frequencies calculated with are consistent with the values defined for Equation 7. For the fundamental mode, the resonance frequency is only minimally affected by attaching the tip with small moment of inertia near the free end of the cantilever. It becomes lower with the

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• superconducting coherence. This phenomenon, known as flux-flow instability (FFI), depends on several factors such as structural disorder and defects [3], pinning mechanisms [4][5], thermal effects [6], and sample geometry [7]. FFI is effectively described by the Larkin–Ovchinnikov (LO) model [8], which relates

• bilayers cannot be ascribed to the different thicknesses of the NbRe layers since NbRe films of the same thickness exhibit nearly identical superconducting critical temperatures (around 7 K, ΔTc ≈ 0.1 K) and low-temperature resistivities, of the order of ρ = 140 μΩ·cm [19]. In contrast, the capping layers

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• ] and thermal scanning probe lithography [5], each catering to unique fabrication requirements. Among the bias-driven techniques, local anodic oxidation (LAO) stands out due to its precise, resist-free process and the compatibility with a wide range of materials [6][7][8][9]. LAO uniquely provides

Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• are currently explored for various biomedical applications, including disease prevention, diagnosis, and the improvement of antiviral drug delivery systems [5][6]. In some cases, the antimicrobial properties of NPs lead to creation of new “nano-antimicrobial” materials [7]. The mechanism by which

• exhibited no fiber degradation after washing, and the presence of nanoparticles was still observed. However, the micrographs revealed different degrees of nanomaterial aggregation after each washing cycle. SEM-EDS analysis detected Ag, Cu, and Zn only after the first washing cycle (Figure 7). However, the

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• layered Ag/TiO2 and determined via spectroscopy that its ENZ point laid within the visible spectrum [7]. Since then, a wide array of layered metal–dielectric configurations have been demonstrated, including silver-based combinations such as Ag/SiO2 [1], Ag/Al2O3 [6], Ag/LiF [8], Ag/TiO2 [9], Ag/Ge [10

• characteristic time. Almost every application exploits the electronic contribution of the nonlinear response; hence, we must study and define the nature of the response measured. Using the modification of the z-scan technique proposed in [30], we studied the samples ML740, ML800, and ML860. Figure 7 shows the

• nonlinear refractive index of the electronic contribution ; from the frequency νchopper ≈ 0, we obtain the value for both electronic and thermal contribution . From Figure 7, we were able to differentiate the electronic and thermal contributions to the nonlinear response. In Table 3, we present the values

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• moves between adjacent fibers and tracheids. Pits are distinguished between simple pits and bordered pits, which are surrounded by a thickened rim of wall material [6][7]. Several plants, such as conifers, have a torus–margo structure with a thin, porous mesh-like region (margo) and a thickened central

• part of the membrane (torus) that is slightly larger than the pit aperture [4][7]. Similar to other plant cells, fibers and tracheids have a primary wall (P) composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin that are formed during cell growth [8][9]. Once fully grown, they develop two secondary walls

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• tunability, making AuNPs highly versatile in catalytic applications [5][6]. Traditional ligands such as thiols and citrates are commonly used in the synthesis of AuNPs due to their ability to control particle size, prevent aggregation, and enhance stability in solution [7]. Also, polyoxometalates (POMs) have

• distribution histograms (Figure 7). The Au-SiW9/AC composite had already been synthesized by Xia et al. [13] and our results of particle size and distribution closely match their outcomes, confirming the successful deposition and comparable dispersion of gold nanoparticles on the activated carbon support

• is evident that the AuNPs are less dense and less discernible than those obtained with the RD method (cf. Figure 7a). The average particle size is 5 nm in a range between 2 and 7 nm, as determined from their corresponding distribution histograms (Figure 8c). There are also strongly aggregated AuNPs

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• ][6][7], functions of animal surfaces [2][8], and timely reviews on bioinspired nanotechnology [9][10][11], it was decided to continue with a second thematic issue. This second thematic issue was initiated to address the great interest across readers and authors that took note of the previous issue as

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• ]. While nanocomposites incorporating graphene are expected to be disruptive in their own right [5][6], it is the potential for large area, single crystal graphene sheets, which CVD growth can realise [7][8][9][10] which may have the greatest impact. Such sheets are expected to harness the full potential

• remove the top surface layer of the foil and reduce surface roughness (EP) or a wet back side oxidation process to introduce oxygen into the Cu foil prior to growth (BO). The electro-polishing solution was prepared by mixing H3PO4 (85 wt % in H2O, Sigma Aldrich) in a 7:3 ratio with DI water. The cathode

• , nitrate, and phosphite species on the surface of the sample, with the immediate surface localisation of these confirmed by the depth profiles. Figure 7 explores the variation in the composition of these species in more detail for the BO sample, with Figure 7a corresponding to the same region shown in

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• isomerization leads to various effects, including molecular orientation, formation of surface relief structures, and photomechanical deformations. Consequently, azo polymers have been intensively studied as interesting photoresponsive materials [7][8][9][10][11]. One of the widely studied azo polymers is the

• the PAZO polymer with a relatively accurate but computationally expensive method (DFT calculations), models of a fragment of the polymer main chain with four side chains were considered (Figure 7). PAZO is a polymer with ionized end groups and the orientation of PAZO chromophores is highly dependent

• on the presence of counterions. A comb-like structure of PAZO is observed in the presence of positively charged sodium ions close to –COO− groups, while in the absence of counterions, the side chains do not form an ordered structure (Figure 7). It can be concluded that counterions need to be taken

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• , high-strength materials for advanced armour systems and protective gear. For example, nanostructured ceramics and nanocomposites enhance ballistic protection while reducing weight, improving mobility for soldiers [7]. Additionally, nanosensors can detect chemical and biological threats in real time

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy modalities that enable more precise and personalized cancer management [7]. In parallel, complementary strategies such as photodynamic therapy and hyperthermia further enhance treatment effectiveness, collectively reflecting the ongoing evolution of cancer

• and melatonin to MCF-7 breast cancer cells, achieved efficient cellular uptake and significant cytotoxicity, which led to cell apoptosis in acidic conditions [82]. Guo et al. designed dual-pH-responsive, CRNs DMMA-P-DOX/LAP for co-delivering doxorubicin and lapatinib to breast cancer cells, enabling

• effective tumour penetration and notable reduction in MCF-7 tumours, with excellent biosafety in vivo [83]. 3.4 Improved cellular uptake Upon exposure to mildly acidic conditions of the tumour microenvironment (around pH 6.5–6.8), ionizable groups such as amines, imidazoles, or carboxyl-based moieties, CRNs

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• lipid structure of NLs, leading to AC leakage, while plasma protein adsorption may cause particle aggregation [7]. In this sense, the presence of proteins in the tissue environment can alter cellular uptake of both cationic and anionic carriers [8]. In short, our understanding of how nanodelivery

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• continuous ground plane [4][5] and other primitive geometries [6]. A variety of two-dimensional (2D) programs for inductance extraction were proposed in the period of 1990–2000 (see, for example, [7][8]), which allow one to estimate self- and mutual inductances per unit length of a system of infinitely long

• dimensions) at ah = 4 μm and ahb = 0.5 μm. As the scale factor increases, the result tends to values of about 3–7 fH, which agrees with the measured values by an order of magnitude. That is why “full-screen” points in the lower inset in Figure 6b lie much closer to the divergence angle. The measured Msq

• experiment for all investigated structures was mainly achieved by the consideration of the in-plane coordinate dependence of the metal layer heights, which is implemented in the current version of the program as a “nonplanar” option. Figure 7 presents a comparison of experimental data with simulation results