Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• unique magnetic properties, small size, and biocompatibility, which enable them to be used in a wide range of biomedical applications. These applications include magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic separation, targeted drug delivery, and hyperthermia [1][2]. Magnetic hyperthermia has been extensively

• plate at 50 °C for 2 h to remove all solvent traces. The chemical compositions of both core and core–shell NPs were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Both spectra were recorded using a commercial Agilent FTIR 680 spectrometer in attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode. The

• magnetic properties of Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 and Zn0.4Fe2.6O4@MnFe2O4 NPs based on their size, four distinct sizes were selected as shown in Table 2. These sizes were achieved by adjusting the ratio of oleic acid used during the synthesis of Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 and Zn0.4Fe2.6O4@MnFe2O4 (see Table 1). The target average

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• ; microscopies; nanostructure; supramolecular hydrogel; Introduction Hydrogels, whether based on self-assembling molecules or cross-linked polymers, are useful in fields ranging from tissue engineering to drug delivery and biosensing [1][2][3][4][5]. Their high water content and soft, porous structure make them

• -limited, preventing direct visualization of nanoscale features [6][8]. Confocal fluorescence microscopy addresses some of these limitations by allowing hydrogels to be imaged in situ, fully hydrated, and often in real time when a fluorophore is incorporated into the colloidal network [2][9]. Through

• sphere. The fluorescence and fluorescence quantum yield measurements were carried out using quartz cuvettes of 1 and 10 mm path lengths, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging CLSM imaging was carried out on a Zeiss LSM 900 with AiryScan 2 detector (essential for observation here) on an

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• to it. This phenomenon, known as the proximity effect, enables normal material to support supercurrents and to exhibit a reduced density of states near the Fermi level, where a gap opens in the single-particle spectrum as electrons form into Cooper pairs [1][2][3][4]. At the same time, unpaired

• Tc, in the ballistic regime, the pair amplitude decays exponentially in a NM according to the expression where the characteristic decay length is given by in clean metals and K−1 = ξn in dirty metals. Here, vn is the Fermi velocity in the NM, and z is the distance from the NS interface [2][7][26][27

• spatial dimensionality of the system [33], taking values of α = 1 in 3D [7][29][32], α = 1/2 in 2D [34][35], and α = 0 in 1D [36]. This behavior holds for distances z smaller than both the thermal decay length and the mean free path l = vnτ, where τ is the impurity scattering time [32]. Beyond these

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• organisms are almost exclusively left-handed, while sugars are predominantly right-handed [1][2]. This creates a chiral environment in the human body, where chiral drug molecules can exhibit enantioselective chemical and pharmacological behavior [3]. One example is the drug thalidomide, which was prescribed

• the advances in the fabrication of cPNSs using CPL. Section 1 will present a brief background that summarizes representative fabrication technologies for cPNSs, which employ various strategies. Section 2 will explore the mechanisms by which CPL leads to the formation of cPNSs and summarize the

• the fabrication details and morphology of the CPL-enabled cPNSs in Section 2. In recent years, chiral assemblies of PNSs from mechanical forces via magnetic fields [60][61] or strain [62][63] have also been demonstrated. Although the cPNSs prepared via mechanical forces are relatively scarce, they

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• ; molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs); nanobiosensor; Introduction Micronutrients including vitamins and minerals play key roles in modulating body growth, preventing a wide range of diseases and disorders, and maintaining general health and wellness [1][2]. Apart from vitamin D, which the body can

• and cannot be absorbed through plant sources. This vitamin should be provided by consuming animal-derived products such as milk and dairy products, meat and meat products (e.g., liver, poultry, beef, pork, and ham), eggs, fish (e.g., tuna, trout, sardine, and salmon), and shellfish [2]. Recently, the

• presence of this vitamin in some plant sources such as microalgae (e.g., Spirulina and Chlorella) and mushrooms (e.g., shiitake, maitake, black trumpet, and golden chanterelle) species and Asian fermented soy products (e.g., tempeh and miso) has been reported [2][4][5]. Since these plant sources and their

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• ; metamaterial; split-ring resonator; Introduction Highly sensitive receivers with broadband antennas are of significant interest for advanced spectroscopic applications and various radioastronomy tasks [1][2][3][4][5]. In particular, broadband receiving systems are required for use with a Fourier-transform

• spectrometer based on the Martin–Paplett interferometer that is planned to be used in future missions such as BISOU (Balloon Interferometer for Spectral Observations of the Universe) [3][4] and Millimetron [2][5]. The use of cold-electron bolometers (CEBs) is particularly advantageous for such systems

• inner ring has an external diameter of dext,2 = 40 μm and an internal diameter of dint,2 = 30 μm. The period of the metamaterial array is P = 86 μm. The total size of the structure is 424 μm. A small-scale SRR is a scaled-down version with dext,1 = 40 μm, dint,1 = 35 μm; dext,2 = 20 μm, dint,2 = 15 μm

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• transmission of airborne viruses, such as influenza. Keywords: AFM; humidity; hydrophilicity; hydrophobicity; nanoparticles; sum frequency generation spectroscopy; viruses; water; wetting; Introduction Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been a staple in biomedical and biophysical research [1][2] for almost a

• carbohydrate display, which defines their biological function [10], a small globular core, and chemically well-defined composition. Proof-of-concept studies have demonstrated the vast potential of glyconanoparticles for glyconanotechnology in solution. However, potential changes of “glycoclusters” [2] in dry

• or humid environments are not well known, although there are many examples, for example, sensors that use antibodies (glycosylated proteins) linked to AuNPs, such as the now very established SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests [5]. While practical questions about storage conditions and lifetimes call for tests

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• the observables are not affected due to translational invariance. Hence, the HF field is a kind of “spectator” that defines the single-particle states and chemical potential but does not act on the pair formation and, thus, can be neglected, as in the standard formulation of the BCS model [2][3

• (Fibonacci approximant) Sn, with n being the characteristic sequence number [15]. This is a sequence of symbols “A” and “B”, which is the concatenation of sequences Sn−1 and Sn−2, that is, Sn = [Sn−1, Sn−2], where S1 = [B] and S2 = [A] include only one symbol [15]. Based on this Fibonacci rule, we have S3

• = [AB], S4 = [ABA], S5 = [ABAAB], S6 = [ABAABABA] and so on. The number of symbols in Sn is Fn, and {F1, F2, F3, F4, F5,…} = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5,…}, which are the Fibonacci numbers. We then map this sequence onto a physical lattice using the off-diagonal model. Each symbol A or B in the sequence defines the

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• utilized only within the last century. In fact, several remarkable works and historical examples are well documented and discussed in the literature [1][2][3]. But the true turning point for nanoscience came in 1959, when physicist Richard Feynman delivered his seminal lecture, “There’s Plenty of Room at

• , other 2D nanomaterials, such as elemental 2D materials (e.g., borophene, phosphorene, and silicene), transition metal dichalcogenides (e.g., MoS2, WS2, and NbSe2), transition metal oxides (e.g., MnO2, Fe2O3, and Ni(OH)2 nanosheets), MXenes (e.g., Ti3C2, Ti2C, and Ta4C3), 2D halides (e.g., CrI3, NiI2

• standardized toxicity assessment, environmental fate modeling, and lifecycle analysis to enable safe and scalable commercialization. (2) Strengthen industry engagement through public–private partnerships that integrate advanced nanomaterials such as graphene, MXenes, nanoporous catalysts, and quantum dots into

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• made them a target for environmental research [2]. Similarly, the Ramsar wetland Loktak Lake is renowned for floating vegetation and being a sanctuary for the endangered Sangai deer [3]. These alpine lakes are exposed to increasing environmental stresses due to human population, population increase

• urban runoff have resulted in plastic pollution increasing in Nainital Lake, a popular tourist destination, threatening aquatic biodiversity [2]. Nazir et al. state that MPs pollute water bodies by accumulating in food chains and bearing toxic contaminants such as heavy metals. This problem is

• Manasbal [2][9][13]. This review compiles recent evidence on MP contamination of Himalayan lakes and contrasts it with global high-altitude ecosystems. It will propose to identify special regional vulnerabilities, evaluate existing limitations in monitoring and remediation, and suggest strategies specific

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• [2], nanoscale electronics and electronic components [3], thermoelectric devices [4], and transparent films [5]. Graphene is a two-dimensional zero-bandgap semiconductor with excellent bulk conductivity. Its in-plane electron transport strongly depends on lattice order, lattice defects, and three

• slight numerical deviations; however, all trends were preserved. The conductance through a nanoscale device is described by the Landauer formula shown in Equation 2, where g is the conductance, e is the electron charge, h is Planck’s constant, and T is the transmission probability. The transmission

• ]. The difference between the computed bandgap in our work and the experimental results can be attributed to the well-known underestimation of the bandgap by pure DFT methods [30]. Figure 2 shows properties of graphite and h-BN with Stone–Wales defects, specifically, the unit cell of defective graphite

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• assays demonstrated high cell viability for ME at concentrations below 2 mg/mL in RAW 264.7 macrophages and 0.5 mg/mL in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Overall, this work presents a promising nanotechnology-based topical delivery platform for P. setacea seed oil, employing quality by design

• underexplored wild species, such as Passiflora setacea [2][3]. Notably, seed oil extracted from P. setacea (OPS) is particularly rich in unsaturated fatty acids, predominantly linoleic acid (ω-6) and oleic acid (ω-9). Compared to other wild Passiflora species, OPS exhibits a markedly higher antioxidant capacity

• (0.45 µm), and stored under refrigerated conditions (4 ± 2 °C) in amber glass bottles to preserve its quality and minimize oxidative degradation and microbiological contamination. The extraction yield aligns with values reported in the literature for the same species, which range from ≈32% with ethyl

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• therapeutic approaches [2]. Currently, the assessment of nanotechnology’s impact on the health of both humans and animals, along with its potential in therapy, has become an imperative scientific consideration. Nanotechnology, which is multidisciplinary, is the synthesis of materials and particles with

• , these materials have also been used in various imaging applications for the detection of cancer cells. Ag2Te and Ag2S nanocrystals (NCs) were used in cancer imaging studies by Nieves and colleagues. In this study, computed tomography contrasts changes of NCs injected into mice were examined at 2 and 24

• ]. NCs were dissolved in DMSO (10 mg/mL) stock and the DMSO concentration in the cell culture medium was not more than 0.1%. Cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 2 × 104 cells/well, and the plates were incubated in a humidified incubator (95% air and 5% CO2) at 37 °C for 24 h. Triplicate

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• energy sectors (Figure 1). NMs have seen use as antimicrobial agents [1], catalysts [2], bioimaging agents [3][4][5][6], magnetic particle imaging agents [7], nanofluids [8], antiviral agents [9], photothermal convertors [10], and in environmental remediation [11]. Topically, the biomedical applications

• Fund and the European Union [19]. Despite our understanding of preventable contributing factors, cancer remains a global burden, affecting over 10 million people annually. As of 2016, it is the leading cause of death in 55 countries (Figure 2), particularly those with high Human Development Index (HDI

• the incidence and severity of side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy (Table 2). There are several model anticancer therapeutics that are commonly used in nanocarrier design, such as doxorubicin or gemcitabine. By encapsulating or loading these therapeutics onto nanocarriers, researchers

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• ; Introduction Interferometric displacement detection stands as a cornerstone in high-precision techniques employed in cantilever-based atomic force microscopy (AFM), since its early days [1][2][3][4][5][6]. This method of cantilever displacement detection is specifically well suited for non-contact atomic force

• step. Figure 2 shows plots of A against the cantilever excitation voltage Vexc, where the data are fitted by straight lines. Note that all straight lines should coincide; however, they are shifted for each step along the Vexc axis for better clarity. The measurements presented in Figure 2a have been

• respective differences are smaller or close to the relevant standard deviations. We conclude that, in the latter case, the loop action provides the same conditions for each calibration measurement, allowing for a calibration with 2% relative uncertainty in this case. Above observations clearly demonstrate

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• nanoscale [1][2][3][4][5]. Among its various operating modes, tapping mode AFM is particularly prevalent due to lateral force minimization and its ability to give phase-contrast images of heterogeneous surfaces [6]. This mode involves oscillating the cantilever near its resonance frequency with the tip

• Figure 1, the probe is exposed to two excitation mechanisms: (i) The piezoelectric driver PD-I induces sinusoidal vibrations at a frequency significantly below the cantilever’s first eigenmode frequency, typically in the range of 0.5–2 kHz on our instrument. This action propels the probe to engage and

• aliquot was drop-cast onto a clean SiO2/Si substrate and allowed to dry under ambient conditions. Imaging parameters All critical imaging parameters for the data presented in the figures are summarized in Table 2. The free oscillation amplitudes for the higher eigenmodes were selected independently under

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• structures on their feet [1][2]. This bioadhesion mechanism has been studied extensively, especially for biomimetic adhesive applications [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Understanding these interactions presents a formidable challenge in biophysics and materials science due to the extremely small length and time

• around 1014 atoms for a single gecko seta. Coarse-graining [14][15] can improve the situation, but not by more than 1–2 orders of magnitude. Consequently, multiscale approaches combining continuum methods like the finite element method (FEM) [16][17][18] with particle-based molecular dynamics (MD) [19

• further branch into hundreds to thousands of spatulae [32][33][34][35]. Our seta geometry (Figure 2) was inspired by the branching geometry in Sauer et al. [21], which simplified the seta into distinct branching levels. While this captured key structural features, it did not fully represent the intricate

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• of a surface influences the stereoselectivity of the enantiomers at the surface. Despite the difference in the interaction enthalpies being only in the 1–2 kJ·mol−1 range, an ideal surface would exclusively interact with one enantiomer. However, the question of which selectivity is sufficient or

• chemistry; ESR spectroscopy; organic inorganic hybrids; porous materials; Introduction Chiral materials represent an evolving research field that focuses on materials whose structures lack mirror symmetry [1][2][3]. The materials exhibit chirality, and a good overview of important developments was given by

• reference systems (Figure 1, grey structures). One material is pure silica, referred to as SIL; the second material, named NHxSIL, contains amino groups (NH2), and the third is composed of thiophenyl-containing organosilica [HSC6H3(SiO1.5)2], referred to as SHoSIL. SILs are well known in the literature and

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• optimal core formulation (1% w/w HA, 2% w/w NE) and process parameters (17 kV applied voltage, 6.25 flow rate ratio (0.04 mL/h inner; 0.25 mL/h outer), 12 cm needle-to-collector distance). These conditions provided highly uniform fibers with an average diameter of 439 ± 100 nm, notably 37% larger than

• biomaterials, recent decades have seen intensive research into novel therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine [1][2][3][4]. Within this scenario, a pivotal current strategy in formulation development focuses on integrating nanocarriers with nanoscale three-dimensional biomaterials, enabling major

• , antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects [30][31]. It is also currently been evaluated as a candidate for skin regeneration due to its effect as a cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) ligand, with studies suggesting that CB2 activation by selective agonists can enhance re-epithelialization, reduce pain, and improve

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• material; Polychaeta; protein phosphorylation; Introduction Many invertebrate marine organisms have adhesive mechanisms that allow them to firmly attach to various substrates in a wet and salty environment [1][2]. This remarkable ability has raised the interest of scientists in developing bio-inspired

• only five, referred to as Pc-1 to -5, have been partially characterized [8][12][14][15][16]. Pc-1 and Pc-2 are basic proteins that contain glycine-rich peptide repeats [14][15]. A fraction of their tyrosine residues are post-translationally hydroxylated to form 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA

• existence of many others [18]. The proteins Sa-1, Sa-2, Sa-3A, and Sa-3B share the same physico-chemical characteristics as their homologues in P. californica [17]. In both species, the polyphosphorylated proteins appear to be segregated exclusively in the inclusions within the heterogeneous granules [9][17

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• . Combining both top-down and bottom-up strategies, laser-assisted methods are demonstrating the prospects to become a versatile nanoscale manufacturing strategy based on clean, sustainable, and large-scale approach applicable to a broad range of nanomaterials [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The current

• mechanism occurs from nano- or microsized droplets or solid fragments directly ejected from the target. The dominating mechanism of NP formation depends on the laser parameters, mainly laser pulse duration and laser fluence. For the nanosecond laser pulse of high energy density (in the range 108–1010 W·cm−2

• , Figure 2 demonstrates the correlation of the shape of laser-induced plasma generated in the electric field applied directly to a Zn target with NP structure. The plasma imaging (Figure 2b,c) demonstrates clear differences in shape depending on the applied field direction. In case of cathode ablation, the

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• Thomas Mathias Roland Bennewitz Philip Egberts Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1Y6, Canada INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.136 Abstract

• ); mechanical property measurements; surface science; Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become an indispensable tool for imaging the surface topography on a variety of surfaces [1]. Since the invention of the AFM [2], several other modes of AFM have been developed, including friction force

• and stored. Subsequently, for each window generated, the resonant peak of the first normal mode was fitted using Equation 1, where f is the frequency, T is the temperature, kB = 1.3806 × 10−23 m2·kg·s−2·K−1 is Boltzmann’s constant, Qn is the quality factor of the cantilever for the n-th mode, Dn is

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• deposition, chemical mechanical polishing, and laser nanopatterning, enable the creation of nanostructures and nanoscale devices. However, a major limitation of these methods is their inability to effectively produce high-resolution three-dimensional nanostructures [1][2][3][4]. In contrast, focused electron

• previously in CVD, and β-diketonates are the most common CVD precursors, yielding films of high purity up to 99 atom % [5][15][22][23][24][25][26]. In FEBID, silver(I) carboxylates, in contrast to β-diketonates, result in high metal content in the deposits. Recent research [5] using [Ag2(μ-O2CR)2], where R

• before deciding which compound is the most promising one. Therefore, we used in our studies copper(II) and silver(I) carboxylate complexes such as non-fluorinated pivalate [Cu2(μ-O2Ct-Bu)4]n [28][29], perfluorinated pentafluoropropionates [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] [30], [Ag2(μ-O2C2F5)2] [31] and the heteroligand

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• W·Hz−1/2. The receiver in a 3He cryostat with an optical window was mounted at the Nasmyth focus of the BTA and tested at a temperature of 260 mK with a IMPATT diode radiation source. Keywords: Big Telescope Alt-azimuthal; electron coolers; microwave detectors; micro- and nanotechnology; NIS tunnel

• devices are manufactured on their basis [1][2][3]. These extend from cryogenic thermometers [4][5][6] and electron coolers [7][8][9][10] to various detectors such as Andreev bolometers [11][12][13], cold electron bolometers [14][15], superconductor–insulator–normal metal–insulator–superconductor (SINIS

• nanostructure consisting of a T-shaped normal metal electrode (copper), an insulating tunnel layer (aluminum oxide), and a superconducting fork (aluminum), Figure 2a. Tunnel junction size is 0.2 × 0.2 µm, loop area 2, 4, 8, or 10 µm2. The transport characteristics of the fabricated interferometers were studied

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• components plays a specific role in maintaining the nanoparticles’ structure and enhancing their performance [2]. The remarkable success of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines has highlighted LNPs as a transformative nanomedicine, driving significant interest and innovation in this field [3]. As a key ingredient in

• LNPs, PEG lipids are widely used to provide the nanoparticles with a unique outer layer. The “stealth” properties of PEG chains can prevent nanoparticle aggregation, reduce nonspecific protein adsorption, and delay immune recognition, thereby extending LNP circulation half-life in the bloodstream [2][4

• permit partial protein adsorption [14][15][16][25]. The density of engrafted PEG lipids on the LNP surface can be quantified as the number of PEG chains per square nanometer surface area, denoted as ρPEG. As illustrated in Figure 2, serum protein adsorption inversely correlates with ρPEG; low-density