Volume No. 12
2021
Pages 1 - 365
Table of Contents |
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| 22 | Full Research Paper |
| 6 | Review |
| 1 | Correction |
- Review
- Published 04 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: Annual (bars) and accumulated (blue line) numbers of publications on bio-imaging using the helium-i...
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Figure 2: When the ion beam of the HIM interacts with the sample, primary ions and secondary particles escape...
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Figure 3: Charge compensation in the HIM using the flood gun. An uncoated maize root was imaged with differen...
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Figure 4: HIM of two Pseudomonas putida biofilms grown on polyvinylchloride coverslips in parallel under exac...
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Figure 5: Rabbit cartilage collagen imaged by HIM. High resolution and depth of field reveal nanoscopic netwo...
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Figure 6: Helium-ion micrograph showing an immunogold-labelled (arrows) proximal tubule in a mouse kidney. Sc...
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Figure 7: HIM image of a Papilio ulysses butterfly black ground scale. Scale bar is 400 nm. Adapted from [12]. Co...
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Figure 8: Helium-ion micrographs of the T4 bacteriophage infecting Escherichia coli. (a) Three bacteria with ...
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Figure 9: Helium-ion micrograph of the predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus infecting Escherichia c...
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Figure 10: HIM of Toxoplasma gongii inside a vacuole of an infected Rhesus monkey kidney epithelial cell. The ...
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Figure 11: Microbial mat collected at the Himalayan hot springs at Manikaran imaged with the HIM. Unpublished ...
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Figure 12: A biofilm of Chlorella microalgae imaged using HIM. Charge compensation allowed for imaging the bio...
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Figure 13: Helium-ion micrograph of a twisted stalk produced by a microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacterium (...
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Figure 14: Helium-ion micrographs of the predatory nematode Pristionchus pacificus before (a) and after (b) th...
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Figure 15: Helium-ion micrographs of sectioned microbiological samples. (a) He-ion-milled cross section of a E...
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Figure 16: Helium-ion micrograph of a Ne-ion-milled section of a E. coli–nanopillared dragonfly wing interface...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 05 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: AFM topography image (10 µm × 10 µm) of an FTO substrate (left) and of an FTO substrate coated with...
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Figure 2: CVs of 0.5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] and 0.5 mM K4[Fe(CN)6] in 0.5 M KCl on FTO electrodes covered with Al2O3 ...
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Figure 3: CVs of 0.5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] and 0.5 mM K4[Fe(CN)6] in 0.5 M KCl demonstrating the blocking properties...
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Figure 4: CVs of 0.5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] and 0.5 mM K4[Fe(CN)6] in 0.5 M KCl demonstrating the blocking properties...
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Figure 5: Si wafer coated with an Al2O3 film (17 nm) after exposure to 1 M NaOH for 1h. (a) Optical microscop...
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Figure 6: CVs of 0.5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] and 0.5 mM K4[Fe(CN)6] in 0.5 M KCl demonstrating blocking properties of ...
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Figure 7: CVs in the presence of 0.5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] and 0.5 mM K4[Fe(CN)6] in 0.5 M KCl. Blocking properties ...
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Figure 8: Chronoamperometry in buffered solution (pH 7.2). Comparison of bare FTO (blue) and FTO covered with...
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Figure 9: XRD patterns of samples polarized at −1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl in buffer (pH 7.2) for 5 h. Red trace: FTO, ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 08 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: STEM image of (A) oleate-coated UCNPs (NaYF4: 18% Yb, 2% Er). (diameter = 33 ± 2 nm), (B) UC@thin (...
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Figure 2: MTT assay results of silica-coated UCNPs and SiO2 nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 cells.
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Figure 3: (A) SSC histograms of RAW 264.7 cells after particle exposure for 24 h at 37 °C. UC@thin_NH2 is mar...
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Figure 4: Effect of (A) UC@thin_NH2 (tSiO2 = 8 ± 2 nm) and (B) UC@thick_NH2 (tSiO2 = 21 ± 2 nm) on the cell c...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 18 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: (a) Representation of tip–sample interactions. (b) Schematic drawing of a FDC. (c) FDCs (approach, ...
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Figure 2: FDCs (averaged from at least 50 single curves) of bulk materials: boehmite (green), epoxy (brown), ...
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Figure 3: The property domain of FDCs (average of ≈100 single curves) of bulk materials: PC (blue), epoxy (br...
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Figure 4: (a) AFM tapping-mode topography. PC and epoxy phases can be distinguished by the height difference....
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Figure 5: (a) AFM tapping-mode topography. Epoxy and boehmite phases can be distinguished by features that va...
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Figure 6: AFM-IR measurements. (a) AFM height, (b) IR amplitude at 1512 cm−1, and (c) IR amplitude at 1070 cm...
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Figure 7: ImAFM ADFS (a) height, (b) kr, and (c) Fattr map (128 × 128 points). (d) Property domain of the kr ...
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Figure 8: (a) AFM tapping topography, the black line indicates the position of (b). (b) mPCA via ImAFM ADFS m...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 19 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: Size distribution of binary nanoparticles with the target composition of Cu3Au at a temperature of T...
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Figure 2: Size distribution of binary Cu–Au nanoparticles with different chemical compositions at T = 77 K.
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Figure 3: The percentage of copper atoms in binary Cu–Au nanoparticles with different chemical compositions o...
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Figure 4: Image of a Cu60Au40 nanoparticle obtained by MD modeling. Copper atoms are shown in green and gold ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 21 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a qPlus sensor with a long tilted tip.
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Figure 2: (a) Schematic diagram of the simulation model including tuning fork, Torr seal epoxy glue, and tung...
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Figure 3: (a) Two different eigenmodes in the simulation. In-phase mode: the tip and the tuning fork deflect ...
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Figure 4: The relations between fq, ftf, and ftip for the qPlus sensor with a tip diameter of 0.025 mm in the...
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Figure 5: Illustrations of Atfz (a–d) and output currents (e–h) as functions of the tip length for the four d...
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Figure 6: (a–d) Atip and (e–h) Ax/Az as functions of the tip length depicted for the four different tip diame...
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Figure 7: (a) SEM observation of a qPlus sensor with an attached tungsten tip with a length of about 0.942 mm...
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Figure 8: Equivalent stiffness keq of the qPlus sensor as a function of the tip length depicted for the four ...
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Figure 9: Q factor as a function of the tip length depicted for the four different tip diameters.
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 22 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: WT PM deposited on NBPT CNM using drop-casting and electrophoretic sedimentation: (a, b) initial dr...
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Figure 2: (a) Illustration of a hybrid structure consisting of an NTA CNM and a c-His PM. The c-His PM consis...
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Figure 3: (a–c) Large-area agglomerates of c-His PM forming an immobilized quasi-monolayer with only a few va...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 28 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: Optical images of the iridescent hind wing of the male damselfly Chalcopteryx rutilans (Rambur) (Od...
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Figure 2: SEM image of the cross section of a red region fragment of the Chalcopterix rutilans male rear wing...
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Figure 3: Capacitance model with tip, sample, conductive plate, and the parameters used in our calculations. R...
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Figure 4: Frequency shift as a function of the bias voltage for the gold surface that is the conductive subst...
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Figure 5: (a) Topographic map; (b) α coefficient map; and (c) relative permittivity map. The average of all l...
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Figure 6: Relative permittivity image of three color regions of the hind wings of Chalcopterix rutilans: (a) ...
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Figure 7: The black lines show the average profile of the relative permittivity of the cross sections of the ...
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Figure 8: Panels on the left show the refractive index profile used in the simulation and those on the right ...
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Figure 9: Thickness measurement of (a) the Al2O3 disk, (b) map of the α coefficient, and (c) dielectric const...
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- Review
- Published 01 Feb 2021
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Figure 1: P-TENGs and their applications.
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Figure 2: (a) Four working modes of TENGs [87]. Copyright © 2018 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Adap...
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Figure 3: The proposed electron-cloud potential-well model for electron transfer, which is the dominant mecha...
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Figure 4: Treatment methods for paper and P-TENGs. Schematic illustration of a simplified MCG composite obtai...
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Figure 5: (a) A general scheme for fabricating an electrode on paper substrates [102]. Copyright © 2010 WILEY‐VCH ...
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Figure 6: Geometry design of a P-TENG (1) origami: (a) Folded standard (top) and modified (bottom) unit cells...
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Figure 7: Geometry design of P-TENGs. (2) Kirigami. (a) The profile of the kirigami reflector [133]. Copyright © 2...
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Figure 8: 3D self-powered sensors based on P-TENGs. (a) The sensing mechanism of the self-powered GO paper-ba...
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Figure 9: Human–machine interactions based on a 3D P-TENG. Schematic showing a logic flowchart of the Yoshimu...
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Figure 10: Applications of 2D P-TENGs in a self-powered electrochemical system. (a) Schematic illustration of ...
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Figure 11: Sound wave energy harvesting by an ultrathin P-TENG. Adapted with permission from [103], Copyright © 201...
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Figure 12: Harvesting water wave energy with a hybrid generator [163] Copyright © 2019 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 02 Feb 2021
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Figure 1: Comparative HIM images of Vero E6 cells that were mock-infected and infected at MOI 1. (a1–4) Mock-...
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Figure 2: Effect of carbon deposition during HIM imaging. (a1) HIM image (FOV 20 µm) of a cell infected at MO...
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Figure 3: HIM images of cells infected at MOI 1 imaged with charge compensation. (a1–3) Different magnificati...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 11 Feb 2021
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Figure 1: (a) Schematic of the three-step process to obtain conformal graphene coatings on a variety of texti...
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Figure 2: Overview of the system prototype showing the detailed hardware-level schematic of the portable, bat...
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Figure 3: The first testing scenario shows the plot of induced EOG signals with inserted interpretations for ...
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Figure 4: Diagram showing the two possible cursor movement directions to go from letter “A” to “K” in a stand...
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Figure 5: Overview of the second technology demonstrator for the wearable graphene textile-based assistive de...
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Figure 6: Snapshots of the robot car at different instances and plot of the recorded EOG trace during steerin...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 16 Feb 2021
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Figure 1: STM images of the z’-TiOx phase grown on Pt3Ti(111): (a) An overview image (50 × 50 nm; UB = 1.57 V...
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Figure 2: STM images of the w’-TiOx phase grown on Pt3Ti(111): (a) An overview image (100 × 100 nm; UB = 2.50...
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Figure 3: High-resolution STM images (both 1.8 × 1.8 nm; UB = 0.50 V; IT = 62 pA) of a supramolecular assembl...
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Figure 4: Structural and electronic properties of simulated W3O9 and W3O8 clusters. (a) Relaxed structures wi...
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Figure 5: STM images of the initially W3O9-covered w’-TiOx phase grown on Pt3Ti(111) after annealing the samp...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 19 Feb 2021
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Figure 1: Finite element mesh: (a) one half of a microsphere with 11.5 µm radius; (b) one half of a microsphe...
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Figure 2: Loading and unloading curves for different indentation depths for E/σy = 10.
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Figure 3: Loading and unloading curves for different E/σy: (a) original curves at indentation depth 0.115 µm;...
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Figure 4: Normalized elastic modulus EOP/E as a function of the maximum indentation depth for different micro...
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Figure 5: Final depth as a function of maximum indentation depth over microsphere radius.
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Figure 6: Loading and unloading curves for E/σy = 10 and E/σy = 20 at an indentation depth of 1.15 µm: (a) or...
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Figure 7: Stress distribution inside a microsphere of 11.5 µm radius for an indentation depth of 1.15 µm at E...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 26 Feb 2021
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Figure 1: (a) Operating principle of the STIM dark-field detector. Thin foils or membranes are placed in the ...
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Figure 2: Comparison of HIM detection schemes. (a) SE and (b) dark-field STIM signal at an acceptance angle o...
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Figure 3: (a) SRIM scattering distribution of 30 keV He ions for single- and double-layer membranes, assuming...
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Figure 4: Dark-field STIM images of (a) a thin and (b) a thick membrane. The membrane in (a) shows a rupture ...
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Figure 5: Acceptance angle at which the maximum signal difference between a double layer and a single layer i...
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Figure 6: Thickness determination by dark-field STIM and Monte Carlo simulations. (a) The measured image grey...
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Figure 7: Alteration of a CNM by EFTEM at 60 keV beam energy. (a) The thickness decreases during EFTEM imagin...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 12 Mar 2021
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Figure 1: SICM analysis of a fixed MG-63 osteoblastic cell. (a) Overview morphology of the cell on glass afte...
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Figure 2: Living osteoblast cell adhered to glass after 24 h of culturing. (a, e) SICM topography images. The...
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Figure 3: Comparison of living and fixed MG-63 cells by SICM. (a) Osteoblast adhered to glass after fixation ...
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Figure 4: SICM analysis of a fixed cell adhered for 24 h to a 10 nm Au layer. (a) SICM topography of the peri...
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Figure 5: (a) Correlation plot of the relative excess surface (ordinate) and the total adhesion interface are...
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Figure 6: Other membrane features observed by SICM on fixed osteoblastic cells on glass (24 h). (a) Circular ...
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Figure 7: Further membrane features and apparently featureless regions observed by SICM. (a) Pseudo-3D view o...
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Figure 8: Scanning electron microscopy of an MG-63 osteoblast after 3 h of adhesion to titanium. The ruffles ...
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Figure 9: Edge height analysis. (a) Topography of a fixed osteoblast on a 10 nm Au layer on glass with indica...
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Figure 10: Membrane fluctuations of fixed and living MG-63 osteoblastic cells. (a) Local height variations as ...
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Figure 11: Power spectral density of vertical membrane fluctuations of a living osteoblastic cell. The exponen...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 17 Mar 2021
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Figure 1: Overview of previously reported FEBID gold precursors, Au(acac)Me2 [10,20-22], Au(tfac)Me2 [21,23-25], Au(hfac)Me2 [19], Au...
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Figure 2: Substrate heater and precursor supply system of the deposition setup. Only the conical hole in the ...
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Figure 3: The selected Au(NHC)X complexes studied and their molecular formulae.
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Scheme 1: Synthesis routes for 1–7.
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Figure 4: SEM images, tilted by 50°, of 250 × 250 nm2 square deposits made using a beam energy and current of...
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Figure 5: Possible fragmentations of (N,Et)AuCl (6), with the loss of Cl and a volatile fragment 6b, and the ...
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Figure 6: Typical SEM images, tilted by 50°, of pillar arrays deposited from all precursors. (a) 1 (Cl,Me)AuC...
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Figure 7: Calculated volume of pillars grown using a 5 kV, 40 pA beam, as a function of the electron dose giv...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 23 Mar 2021
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Figure 1: The effect of endocytic inhibitors on the internalization of BSA-SO-MNPs. MNPs – BSA-SO-MNPs (2 mM)...
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Figure 2: The effect of endocytic inhibitors on the internalization of PEG-SO-MNPs. MNPs – PEG-SO-MNPs (2 mM)...
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Figure 3: The effect of endocytic inhibitors or cytoskeleton dynamics inhibitors on RITC-BSA-SO-MNPs internal...
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Figure 4: Scheme of cell exposure to endocytic inhibitors and surface-modified MNPs. At 75% to 80% confluence...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 24 Mar 2021
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Figure 1: STEM images of 1000 µg·L−1 PVP-AgNPs and particle size distribution obtained from ImageJ. PVP-AgNPs...
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Figure 2: Behavior of PVP-AgNPs in RPMI medium during 24 h of exposure. UV–vis spectra of PVP-AgNPs in RPMI m...
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Figure 3: Dissolved and total Ag concentration in PVP-AgNPs and AgNO3. Dissolved Ag concentration measurement...
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Figure 4: Ag uptake (ng) in 2.5 × 105 cells. ICP-MS measurements of Ag that was adsorbed or attached to the c...
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Figure 5: Effects of PVP-AgNPs, AgNO3, AgNO3-PVP, and PVP on PBMCs. PBMCs were exposed for 24 h to different ...
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Figure 6: Pearson correlation between uptake and cytotoxicity (LDH assay) of Ag. Correlation between uptake a...
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- Published 31 Mar 2021
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Figure 1: (a) TEM image of monodispersed GNRs. (b) Histogram showing the aspect ratio of GNRs. (c) UV–vis abs...
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Figure 2: PSS-GNRs before and after 808 nm laser exposure, the LSPR peak shifted about 4 nm.
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Figure 3: In vitro DOX release profile from PSS-GNRs. (a) NIR-triggered DOX release at different pH values. F...
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Figure 4: (a) Relative viabilities of HepG2 and 3T3 cells after being incubated with different concentrations...
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Figure 5: (a) Percentage viabilities of HepG2 cells treated with free DOX and DOX-PSS-GNRs exposed to NIR lig...
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