Regulation of integrin and growth factor signaling in biomaterials for osteodifferentiation

• Qiang Wei,
• Theresa L. M. Pohl,
• Anja Seckinger,
• Joachim P. Spatz and
• Elisabetta A. Cavalcanti-Adam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 773–783, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.87

• . (Figure 5a) [58][59]. This cystine knot, which is highly resistant to heat, denaturants, and extreme acidic pH, defines the three dimensional structure of the protein and thus determines the unique properties of BMPs [47][61][62]. Although homodimers are considered to be the standard form, heterodimers

• , which determine the three dimensional structure of the protein [59]. (b) Smad dependent and independent BMP signaling pathways. Smad-dependent signaling cascades are induced upon binding of the ligand to a preformed complex (PFC) of BMPR-I and BMPR-II and subsequent internalization via clathrin-mediated

Highly selective generation of vanillin by anodic degradation of lignin: a combined approach of electrochemistry and product isolation by adsorption

• Dominik Schmitt,
• Carolin Regenbrecht,
• Marius Hartmer,
• Florian Stecker and
• Siegfried R. Waldvogel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 473–480, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.53

• to long electrolysis times. Three-dimensional electrodes are a suitable way to increase the effective anodic area leading to an improved space–time yield. For this reason 3D materials composed of different Ni-based materials were employed as electrode materials for the electrochemical process (Figure

Redox active dendronized polystyrenes equipped with peripheral triarylamines

• Toshiki Nokami,
• Naoki Musya,
• Tatsuya Morofuji,
• Keiji Takeda,
• Masahiro Takumi,
• Akihiro Shimizu and
• Jun-ichi Yoshida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3097–3103, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.326

• polymers [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] as scaffolds serves as a useful method for synthesizing organic functional materials having nanosize three-dimensional structures. Although there are many examples of redox-active dendrimers, including those equipped with ferrocene [9][10], triarylamines [11][12][13][14], and

Nucleic acid chemistry

• Hans-Achim Wagenknecht

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2928–2929, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.311

• biological functionality, DNA and RNA are considered as increasingly important architectures and scaffolds for two- and three-dimensional objects, networks and materials for nanosciences. In conclusion, nucleic acid chemistry continues to maintain its appeal and affords good reason to focus on in this

Thermal and oxidative stability of the Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil/β-cyclodextrin supramolecular system

• Daniel I. Hădărugă,
• Nicoleta G. Hădărugă,
• Corina I. Costescu,
• Ioan David and
• Alexandra T. Gruia

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2809–2820, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.298

• properties (e.g., aqueous solubility) [37][38]. The three-dimensional molecular structure of CDs looks like a truncated cone or cylinder, having a hydrophobic inner cavity and hydrophilic exterior bearing hydroxy groups [30][32]. This particular structure allows CDs to molecularly encapsulate relatively

Inherently chiral calix[4]arenes via oxazoline directed ortholithiation: synthesis and probe of chiral space

• Simon A. Herbert,
• Laura J. van Laeren,
• Dominic C. Castell and
• Gareth E. Arnott

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2751–2755, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.291

• ; Introduction Calix[4]arenes form an important class of supramolecules that have been widely studied since the seminal work of Gutsche in the 1970’s [1]. The reason for this interest stems from the calix[4]arene’s three dimensional bowl-shaped structure which imparts them with a number of interesting attributes

Anomalous diffusion of Ibuprofen in cyclodextrin nanosponge hydrogels: an HRMAS NMR study

• Monica Ferro,
• Franca Castiglione,
• Carlo Punta,
• Lucio Melone,
• Walter Panzeri,
• Barbara Rossi,
• Francesco Trotta and
• Andrea Mele

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2715–2723, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.286

• -linked polymers; cyclodextrin nanosponges; diffusion; HRMAS NMR spectroscopy; TEM; Introduction Cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNS) are a novel, promising class of nanoporous, three-dimensional polymers with interesting properties of sorption of both organic and inorganic species [1][2][3]. Indeed, several

• growth of the polycondensation products leads to a statistic three-dimensional network characterized by different types of cavities, namely the apolar cavity of the CD units and the pores of the growing polymer. As previously stressed, CDNS are, in the majority of cases, completely – or almost completely

• spectroscopies [14][15][16]. CDNS are per se not soluble, due to the extended three-dimensional covalent network. However, in many cases they showed interesting swelling properties when contacted with water or water solution only, affording hydrogels. The swelling ability of CDNS depends on different factors

Molecular recognition of AT-DNA sequences by the induced CD pattern of dibenzotetraaza[14]annulene (DBTAA)–adenine derivatives

• Marijana Radić Stojković,
• Marko Škugor,
• Łukasz Dudek,
• Jarosław Grolik,
• Julita Eilmes and
• Ivo Piantanida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2175–2185, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.225

• . Nevertheless, the dynamic nature of nucleic acids, combined with structural differences between various DNA/RNA sequences, offer numerous highly interesting targets. Within the last two decades, the design of small binding molecules has mostly relied on the three-dimensional recognition of various targeted DNA

Five-membered ring annelation in [2.2]paracyclophanes by aldol condensation

• Henning Hopf,
• Swaminathan Vijay Narayanan and
• Peter G. Jones

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2021–2026, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.210

• deuteriochloroform) that combine to form a complex three-dimensional pattern (Table 1). Several attempts to obtain crystals of the major isomer 15 suitable for X-ray analysis failed. The anti-orientation of the carbonyl groups of compound 15 was proved by the X-ray structural analysis of the product resulting from a

Chemical templates

• Sigurd Höger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1670–1671, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.174

• planar substrate with a specific structure and composition, determines the respective pattern formation on its surface. And three-dimensional templates are a unique and versatile tool for providing well-designed volume structures, often decorated with useful functionality. Not surprisingly, the annual

Synthesis and solvodynamic diameter measurements of closely related mannodendrimers for the study of multivalent carbohydrate–protein interactions

• Yoann M. Chabre,
• Alex Papadopoulos,
• Alexandre A. Arnold and
• René Roy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1524–1535, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.157

• moieties and an aromatic central core but the introduction of distinct functionalized linkers may change the overall hydrophobic/hydrophilic balances of the structures. As such, they could engage supplementary intramolecular hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions that could mediate their three

• -dimensional arrangement in aqueous media. Moreover, it is also reported that the relative spatial distribution of the branches around the C=O-centered BTAs strongly depends on the nature of the substituents [40]. This hypothesis can partly explain the discrepancy observed for the calculated diameter of 21

Pd/C-catalyzed aerobic oxidative esterification of alcohols and aldehydes: a highly efficient microwave-assisted green protocol

• Marina Caporaso,
• Giancarlo Cravotto,
• Spyros Georgakopoulos,
• George Heropoulos,
• Katia Martina and
• Silvia Tagliapietra

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1454–1461, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.149

• different bases on reaction conversion and selectivity when the reaction was catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2, Pd(OAc)2/C, and Pd/C. The three-dimensional array in Figure 1A highlights that high conversion was generally achieved under different conditions. Good results were obtained with Pd (OAc)2 under homogenous and

Stereoselective synthesis of carbocyclic analogues of the nucleoside Q precursor (PreQ₀)

• Sabin Llona-Minguez and
• Simon P. Mackay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1333–1338, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.135

• -substituted analogues with interesting three-dimensional character, including chiral cyclopentane-1,2-diol and -1,2,3-triol derivatives. This unusual substitution pattern provides a useful starting point for the discovery of novel bioactive molecules. Keywords: diol synthesis; nucleoside; PreQ0

•  2), an IκB kinase inhibitor with antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity [26][27], we decided to investigate a synthetic route that would allow for the incorporation of carbocyclic systems with interesting three-dimensional character at the 4-position of PreQ0 as part of our fragment-based kinase

Automated solid-phase peptide synthesis to obtain therapeutic peptides

• Veronika Mäde,
• Sylvia Els-Heindl and
• Annette G. Beck-Sickinger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1197–1212, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.118

• generally no tertiary, three-dimensional structure compared to proteins [1]. In nature, the oligomers or polymers are assembled at ribosomes by aminoacyl-tRNAs (transfer ribonucleic acid) [2]. Basically, a condensation reaction of a carboxylic acid moiety with a functional amine of trifunctional α-amino

A new building block for DNA network formation by self-assembly and polymerase chain reaction

• Holger Bußkamp,
• Sascha Keller,
• Marta Robotta,
• Malte Drescher and
• Andreas Marx

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1037–1046, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.104

• , the formed DNA networks are remarkably stabilized (up to 95 °C) compared to the non-branched counterparts. We previously reported an approach to construct three dimensional DNA networks that were generated and amplified by DNA polymerase chain reactions (PCR). In order to construct the network we

• findings correlate well with the decreased mobility of the structures in the agarose gel electrophoresis (Figure 3) demonstrating one covalently connected migrating DNA molecule. The irregular shapes of the DNA networks might result from the collapse of three-dimensional structures forced by ionic

Site-selective covalent functionalization at interior carbon atoms and on the rim of circumtrindene, a C₃₆H₁₂ open geodesic polyarene

• Hee Yeon Cho,
• Ronald B. M. Ansems and
• Lawrence T. Scott

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 956–968, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.94

• ]. Whereas fullerenes comprising complete three-dimensional polyhedra can be classified as “closed” geodesic polyarenes, curved subunits of fullerenes are regarded as “open” geodesic polyarenes [4]. The fullerenes constitute one family of geodesic polyarenes, and bowl-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Molecular architecture with carbohydrate functionalized β-peptides adopting 3₁₄-helical conformation

• Nitin J. Pawar,
• Navdeep S. Sidhu,
• George M. Sheldrick,
• Dilip D. Dhavale and
• Ulf Diederichsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 948–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.93

• ; sugar amino acid; Introduction Synthetic biomimetic macromolecules, which are capable to fold into well-defined three-dimensional structures in analogy to natural peptides and proteins, have been extensively studied to increase the understanding of complex biomolecules [1][2][3]. In this respect, β

N-Alkylated dinitrones from isosorbide as cross-linkers for unsaturated bio-based polyesters

• Oliver Goerz and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 902–909, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.88

• to dissolve byproducts and catalyst. The pure compounds were obtained by additionally washing with diethyl ether. In order to proof the ability of dinitrones to form three-dimensional networks with itaconate moieties containing polyesters, the bio-based unsaturated polyester 13 was synthesized from

Addition of H-phosphonates to quinine-derived carbonyl compounds. An unexpected C9 phosphonate–phosphate rearrangement and tandem intramolecular piperidine elimination

• Łukasz Górecki,
• Artur Mucha and
• Paweł Kafarski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 883–889, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.85

• ; Introduction Medicinal, organocatalytic and stereoselective properties of quinine make it the most prominent representative of Cinchona alkaloids [1], a group of natural compounds of a unique three-dimensional structure. The structure involves a particular arrangement of two rigid heterocyclic fragments

Intermediates in monensin biosynthesis: A late step in biosynthesis of the polyether ionophore monensin is crucial for the integrity of cation binding

• Wolfgang Hüttel,
• Jonathan B. Spencer and
• Peter F. Leadlay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 361–368, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.34

• a decisive effect on the three-dimensional structure of the ionophore-cation complex, as revealed by X-ray crystal structure analysis of both dehydroxymonensin A and demethylmonensin A, each in complex with a sodium ion. Results and Discussion PCR-targetted in-frame deletions using the ReDirect [21

Synthesis of enantiopure sugar-decorated six-armed triptycene derivatives

• Paola Bonaccorsi,
• Maria Luisa Di Gioia,
• Antonella Leggio,
• Lucio Minuti,
• Teresa Papalia,
• Carlo Siciliano,
• Andrea Temperini and
• Anna Barattucci

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2410–2416, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.278

• geometric features of its skeleton with a D3h symmetry have attracted a lot of attention and its derivatives have been used for applications in supramolecular chemistry, material chemistry, and as molecular machines [1][2]. The interest in this three-dimensional rigid platform is also due to the easy

Crystal design using multipolar electrostatic interactions: A concept study for organic electronics

• Peer Kirsch,
• Qiong Tong and
• Harald Untenecker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2367–2373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.272

• and H∙∙∙O contacts. The calculation of transfer integrals based on the crystal structure indicates that in spite of the brickwall-structure, due to a slight asymmetry of the “layering”, the hole conductivity is rather anisotropic (1D), whereas the electron conductivity is three-dimensional (3D

Cascade radical reaction of substrates with a carbon–carbon triple bond as a radical acceptor

• Hideto Miyabe,
• Ryuta Asada and
• Yoshiji Takemoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1148–1155, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.128

• was assumed by similarity between the present reaction and the previously reported reaction of substrates having the carbon–carbon double bond [39][42]. In these reactions, a ternary complex of ligand, Lewis acid and substrate would control the three-dimensional arrangement of two radical acceptors. A

Camera-enabled techniques for organic synthesis

• Steven V. Ley,
• Richard J. Ingham,
• Matthew O’Brien and
• Duncan L. Browne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1051–1072, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.118

• mixing was constant for the required time. Supporting Information File 2 shows the device in operation. Cronin and co-workers have recently reported the use of three-dimensional design software and an open-hardware 3D printing device to produce low-cost bespoke reactionware for applications in both

3D-printed devices for continuous-flow organic chemistry

• Vincenza Dragone,
• Victor Sans,
• Mali H. Rosnes,
• Philip J. Kitson and
• Leroy Cronin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 951–959, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.109

• reported [4][5]. 3D printing consists of the fabrication of three-dimensional physical objects from a digital model [6]. The 3D printer takes the virtual design from computer-aided design (CAD) software and reproduces it layer-by-layer until the physical definition of the layers gives the designed object