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Search for "renewable feedstock" in Full Text gives 9 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
C2 to C6 biobased carbonyl platforms for fine chemistry
- Jingjing Jiang,
- Muhammad Noman Haider Tariq,
- Florence Popowycz,
- Yanlong Gu and
- Yves Queneau
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2103–2172, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.165
- impact while maintaining the efficiency of the chemical processes [1]. Green Chemistry principles outlined by Anastas and Warner in their work “Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice (2000)” [2] notably highlight atom economy, waste minimization and the use of renewable feedstock as pillars of sustainable
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: C2–C6 biobased carbonyl building blocks.
Scheme 1: Proposed (2 + 2) route to glycolaldehyde and glycolic acid from erythritol by Cu/AC catalyst (AC = ...
Scheme 2: Reductive amination of GCA.
Scheme 3: N-Formylation of secondary amines by reaction with GCA.
Scheme 4: Synthesis and conversion of hydroxy acetals to cyclic acetals.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of 3-(indol-3-yl)-2,3-dihydrofurans via three-component reaction of glycolaldehyde, indol...
Scheme 6: BiCl3-catalyzed synthesis of benzo[a]carbazoles from 2-arylindoles and α-bromoacetaldehyde ethylene...
Scheme 7: Cu/NCNSs-based conversion of glycerol to glycolic acid and other short biobased acids.
Scheme 8: E. coli-based biotransformation of C1 source molecules (CH4, CO2 and CO) towards C2 glycolic acid.
Scheme 9: N-Formylation of amines with C2 (a) or C3 (b) biomass-based feedstocks.
Scheme 10: Methods for the formation of propanoic acid (PA) from lactic acid (LA).
Scheme 11: Co-polymerization of biobased lactic acid and glycolic acid via a bicatalytic process.
Scheme 12: Oxidation of α-hydroxy acids by tetrachloroaurate(III) in acetic acid–sodium acetate buffer medium.
Figure 2: Selective catalytic pathways for the conversion of lactic acid (LA).
Scheme 13: Synthesis of 1,3-PDO via cross-aldol reaction between formaldehyde and acetaldehyde to 3-hydroxypro...
Scheme 14: Hydrothermal conversion of 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propane and 2,3-dihydroxypropanal to methylglyoxal.
Scheme 15: FLS-catalyzed formose reaction to synthesize GA and DHA.
Scheme 16: GCA and DHA oxidation products of glycerol and isomerization of GCA to DHA under flow conditions us...
Scheme 17: Acid-catalyzed reactions of DHA with alcohols.
Scheme 18: Synthesis of dihydroxyacetone phosphate from dihydroxyacetone.
Scheme 19: Bifunctional acid–base catalyst DHA conversion into lactic acid via pyruvaldehyde or fructose forma...
Scheme 20: Catalytic one-pot synthesis of GA and co-synthesis of formamides and formates from DHA.
Scheme 21: (a) Synthesis of furan derivatives and (b) synthesis of thiophene derivative by cascade [3 + 2] ann...
Scheme 22: Brønsted acidic ionic liquid catalyzed synthesis of benzo[a]carbazole from renewable acetol and 2-p...
Scheme 23: Asymmetric hydrogenation of α-hydroxy ketones to 1,2-diols.
Scheme 24: Synthesis of novel 6-(substituted benzylidene)-2-methylthiazolo [2,3-b]oxazol-5(6H)-one from 1-hydr...
Scheme 25: ʟ-Proline-catalyzed synthesis of anti-diols from hydroxyacetone and aldehydes.
Scheme 26: C–C-bond-formation reactions of a biomass-based feedstock aromatic aldehyde (C5) and hydroxyacetone...
Scheme 27: Ethanol upgrading to C4 bulk chemicals via the thiamine (VB1)-catalyzed acetoin condensation.
Scheme 28: One-pot sequential chemoenzymatic synthesis of 2-aminobutane-1,4-diol and 1,2,4-butanetriol via 1,4...
Scheme 29: Synthesis of 1,4-dihydroxybutan-2-one by microbial transformation.
Scheme 30: Conversion of polyols by [neocuproine)Pd(OAc)]2(OTf)2] to α-hydroxy ketones.
Scheme 31: Chemoselective oxidation of alcohols with chiral palladium-based catalyst 2.
Scheme 32: Electrochemical transformation of furfural to 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (HFO).
Scheme 33: Selective hydrodeoxygenation of HFO and oxidation to γ-butyrolactone (GBL).
Scheme 34: Photosensitized oxygenation of furan towards HFO via ozonide intermediates.
Scheme 35: Conversion of furfural to HFO and MAN by using mesoporous carbon nitride (SGCN) as photocatalyst.
Scheme 36: Synthesis of HFO from furan derivatives.
Scheme 37: Photooxidation of furfural to 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (HFO).
Scheme 38: Synthesis of Friedel–Crafts indole adduct from HFO.
Scheme 39: Conversion of HFO to α,γ-substituted chiral γ-lactones.
Scheme 40: Tautomeric transformation of HFO to formylacrylic acid.
Scheme 41: Hydrolysis of HFO to succinic acid in aqueous solution.
Scheme 42: Substitution and condensation reactions of 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (HFO).
Scheme 43: (a) Conversion of HFO towards valuable C4 chemicals and (b) anodic oxidation of 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-fur...
Figure 3: Conversion of HFO towards other natural and synthetic substances.
Scheme 44: Conversion of furfural to maleic anhydride (reaction a: VOx/Al2O3; reaction b: VPO).
Scheme 45: Conversion of furfural into succinic acid.
Scheme 46: Electro‑, photo‑, and biocatalysis for one-pot selective conversions of furfural into C4 chemicals.
Scheme 47: Production route of furfural from hemicellulose.
Scheme 48: Mechanism for xylose dehydration to furfural through a choline xyloside intermediate.
Scheme 49: Conversion of furfural to furfuryl alcohol and its derivatives.
Scheme 50: Conversion of furfural to furfuryl alcohol and 3-(2-furyl)acrolein.
Scheme 51: The aerobic oxidative condensation of biomass-derived furfural and linear alcohols.
Scheme 52: The single-step synthesis of 2-pentanone from furfural.
Scheme 53: Electrocatalytic coupling reaction of furfural and levulinic acid.
Scheme 54: Conversion of furfural to m-xylylenediamine.
Scheme 55: Conversion of furfural to tetrahydrofuran-derived amines.
Scheme 56: Formation of trans-4,5-diamino-cyclopent-2-enones from furfural.
Scheme 57: Production of pyrrole and proline from furfural.
Scheme 58: Synthesis of 1‑(trifluoromethyl)-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2-ones from furfural.
Scheme 59: Conversion of furfural to furfural-derived diacids.
Scheme 60: A telescope protocol derived from furfural and glycerol.
Scheme 61: A tandem cyclization of furfural and 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione.
Scheme 62: A Ugi four-component reaction to construct furfural-based polyamides.
Scheme 63: One-pot synthesis of γ-acyloxy-Cy7 from furfural.
Scheme 64: Dimerization–Piancatelli sequence toward humins precursors from furfural.
Scheme 65: Conversion of furfural to CPN.
Scheme 66: Synthesis of jet fuels range cycloalkanes from CPN and lignin-derived vanillin.
Scheme 67: Solar-energy-driven synthesis of high-density biofuels from CPN.
Scheme 68: Reductive amination of CPN to cyclopentylamine.
Scheme 69: Asymmetric hydrogenation of C=O bonds of exocyclic α,β-unsaturated cyclopentanones.
Scheme 70: Preparation of levulinic acid via the C5 route (route a) or C6 route (routes b1 and b2).
Scheme 71: Mechanism of the rehydration of HMF to levulinic acid and formic acid.
Scheme 72: Important levulinic acid-derived chemicals.
Scheme 73: Direct conversion of levulinic acid to pentanoic acid.
Scheme 74: Catalytic aerobic oxidation of levulinic acid to citramalic acid.
Scheme 75: Conversion of levulinic acid to 1,4-pentanediol (a) see ref. [236]; b) see ref. [237]; c) see ref. [238]; d) see r...
Scheme 76: Selective production of 2-butanol through hydrogenolysis of levulinic acid.
Scheme 77: General reaction pathways proposed for the formation of 5MPs from levulinic acid.
Scheme 78: Selective reductive amination of levulinic acid to N-substituted pyrroles.
Scheme 79: Reductive amination of levulinic acid to chiral pyrrolidinone.
Scheme 80: Reductive amination of levulinic acid to non-natural chiral γ-amino acid.
Scheme 81: Nitrogen-containing chemicals derived from levulinic acid.
Scheme 82: Preparation of GVL from levulinic acid by dehydration and hydrogenation.
Scheme 83: Ruthenium-catalyzed levulinic acid to chiral γ-valerolactone.
Scheme 84: Catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of levulinic acid to chiral GVL.
Scheme 85: Three steps synthesis of ε-caprolactam from GVL.
Scheme 86: Multistep synthesis of nylon 6,6 from GVL.
Scheme 87: Preparation of MeGVL by α-alkylation of GVL.
Scheme 88: Ring-opening polymerization of five-membered lactones.
Scheme 89: Synthesis of GVL-based ionic liquids.
Scheme 90: Preparation of butene isomers from GVL under Lewis acid conditions.
Scheme 91: Construction of C5–C12 fuels from GVL over nano-HZSM-5 catalysts.
Scheme 92: Preparation of alkyl valerate from GVL via ring opening/reduction/esterification sequence.
Scheme 93: Construction of 4-acyloxypentanoic acids from GVL.
Scheme 94: Synthesis of 1,4-pentanediol (PDO) from GVL.
Scheme 95: Construction of novel cyclic hemiketal platforms via self-Claisen condensation of GVL.
Scheme 96: Copper-catalyzed lactamization of GVL.
Figure 4: Main scaffolds obtained from HMF.
Scheme 97: Biginelli reactions towards HMF-containing dihydropyrimidinones.
Scheme 98: Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis involving HMF.
Scheme 99: The Kabachnik–Fields reaction involving HMF.
Scheme 100: Construction of oxazolidinone from HMF.
Scheme 101: Construction of rhodamine-furan hybrids from HMF.
Scheme 102: A Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction involving HMF.
Scheme 103: HMF-containing benzodiazepines by [4 + 2 + 1] cycloadditions.
Scheme 104: Synthesis of fluorinated analogues of α-aryl ketones.
Scheme 105: Synthesis of HMF derived disubstituted γ-butyrolactone.
Scheme 106: Functionalized aromatics from furfural and HMF.
Scheme 107: Diels–Alder adducts from HMF or furfural with N-methylmaleimide.
Scheme 108: Pathway of the one-pot conversion of HMF into phthalic anhydride.
Scheme 109: Photocatalyzed preparation of humins (L-H) from HMF mixed with spoiled HMF residues (LMW-H) and fur...
Scheme 110: Asymmetric dipolar cycloadditions on HMF.
Scheme 111: Dipolar cycloadditions of HMF based nitrones to 3,4- and 3,5-substituted isoxazolidines.
Scheme 112: Production of δ-lactone-fused cyclopenten-2-ones from HMF.
Scheme 113: Aza-Piancatelli access to aza-spirocycles from HMF-derived intermediates.
Scheme 114: Cross-condensation of furfural, acetone and HMF into C13, C14 and C15 products.
Scheme 115: Base-catalyzed aldol condensation/dehydration sequences from HMF.
Scheme 116: Condensation of HMF and active methylene nitrile.
Scheme 117: MBH reactions involving HMF.
Scheme 118: Synthesis of HMF-derived ionic liquids.
Scheme 119: Reductive amination/enzymatic acylation sequence towards HMF-based surfactants.
Scheme 120: The formation of 5-chloromethylfurfural (CMF).
Scheme 121: Conversion of CMF to HMF, levulinic acid, and alkyl levulinates.
Scheme 122: Conversion of CMF to CMFCC and FDCC.
Scheme 123: Conversion of CMF to BHMF.
Scheme 124: Conversion of CMF to DMF.
Scheme 125: CMF chlorine atom substitutions toward HMF ethers and esters.
Scheme 126: Introduction of carbon nucleophiles in CMF.
Scheme 127: NHC-catalyzed remote enantioselective Mannich-type reactions of CMF.
Scheme 128: Conversion of CMF to promising biomass-derived dyes.
Scheme 129: Radical transformation of CMF with styrenes.
Scheme 130: Synthesis of natural herbicide δ-aminolevulinic acid from CMF.
Scheme 131: Four step synthesis of the drug ranitidine from CMF.
Scheme 132: Pd/CO2 cooperative catalysis for the production of HHD and HXD.
Scheme 133: Different ruthenium (Ru) catalysts for the ring-opening of 5-HMF to HHD.
Scheme 134: Proposed pathways for preparing HXD from HMF.
Scheme 135: MCP formation and uses.
Scheme 136: Cu(I)-catalyzed highly selective oxidation of HHD to 2,5-dioxohexanal.
Scheme 137: Synthesis of N‑substituted 3‑hydroxypyridinium salts from 2,5-dioxohexanal.
Scheme 138: Ru catalyzed hydrogenations of HHD to 1,2,5-hexanetriol (a) see ref. [396]; b) see ref. [397]).
Scheme 139: Aviation fuel range quadricyclanes produced by HXD.
Scheme 140: Synthesis of HDGK from HXD and glycerol as a chain extender.
Scheme 141: Synthesis of serinol pyrrole from HXD and serinol.
Scheme 142: Synthesis of pyrroles from HXD and nitroarenes.
Scheme 143: Two-step production of PX from cellulose via HXD.
Scheme 144: Preparation of HCPN from HMF via hydrogenation and ring rearrangement.
Scheme 145: Suggested pathways from HMF to HCPN.
Scheme 146: α-Alkylation of HCPN with ethylene gas.
Scheme 147: Synthesis of 3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentylamine from HMF via reductive amination of HCPN.
Scheme 148: Production of LGO and Cyrene® from biomass.
Scheme 149: Synthesis of HBO from LGO and other applications.
Scheme 150: Construction of m-Cyrene® homopolymer.
Scheme 151: Conversion of Cyrene® to THFDM and 1,6-hexanediol.
Scheme 152: RAFT co-polymerization of LGO and butadienes.
Scheme 153: Polycondensation of HO-LGOL and diols with dimethyl adipate.
Scheme 154: Self-condensation of Cyrene® and Claisen–Schmidt reactions.
Scheme 155: Synthesis of 5-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran from Cyrene®.
Modular synthesis of 2-furyl carbinols from 3-benzyldimethylsilylfurfural platforms relying on oxygen-assisted C–Si bond functionalization
- Sebastien Curpanen,
- Per Reichert,
- Gabriele Lupidi,
- Giovanni Poli,
- Julie Oble and
- Alejandro Perez-Luna
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1256–1263, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.131
- carbinols from renewable feedstock. Keywords: biomass; copper; cyclic siloxanes; 2-furyl carbinols; silicon; Introduction Progress towards the use of nonedible renewable feedstock to replace fossil resources as starting material for high-value chemicals is an important endeavor of modern synthesis [1][2
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: C3–Si bond functionalization of biomass-derived 3-silylated furfural platforms.
Scheme 2: Preparation of 3-silylated 2-furyl carbinols.
Scheme 3: C–Si bond functionalization of 2,3-disubstituted furyl carbinols by 1,4-silyl migration.
Scheme 4: Attempts of C3–Si bond functionalization promoted by intramolecular activation via alkoxide.
Scheme 5: Alkoxide-promoted cyclic siloxane formation from 2-[(3-benzyldimethylsilyl)furyl] carbinol 4c.
Scheme 6: TBAF-promoted cyclic siloxane formation from 2-[(3-benzyldimethylsilyl)furyl] carbinol 4c.
Scheme 7: Pd-catalyzed arylation of 2-[(3-benzyldimethylsilyl)furyl] carbinol 4c.
Scheme 8: Cu-catalyzed allylation and methylation of 2-[(3-benzyldimethylsilyl)furyl] carbinols. aCuI⋅PPh3 (1...
Synthesis of a tyrosinase inhibitor by consecutive ethenolysis and cross-metathesis of crude cashew nutshell liquid
- Jacqueline Pollini,
- Valentina Bragoni and
- Lukas J. Gooßen
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2737–2744, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.252
- subsequent hydrogenation step. Overall, the target compound was obtained in an overall yield of 61% based on the unsaturated anacardic acid content and 34% based on the crude CNSL. Keywords: cashew nutshell liquid; cross-metathesis; renewable feedstock; sustainable chemistry; tyrosinase inhibitor
- ; Introduction Cashew nutshell liquid (Scheme 1) is an ideal renewable feedstock. This non-edible industrial waste product, derived from the cashew nut processing, is abundant available and cheap [1][2][3]. The annual production of cashew nuts with shell reached 4.9 million tons in 2016 [4], leading to an
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Targeted conversion of CNSL into a tyrosinase inhibitor.
Scheme 2: Previous synthesis of 2-hydroxy-6-tridecylbenzoic acid by Fu et al.
Scheme 3: Ethenolysis of the crude CNSL.
Figure 1: State-of-the-art metathesis catalysts.
Scheme 4: Overall process in a preparative scale.
Cobalt- and rhodium-catalyzed carboxylation using carbon dioxide as the C1 source
- Tetsuaki Fujihara and
- Yasushi Tsuji
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2435–2460, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.221
- [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of diynes and CO2 proceeds to afford pyrones. Keywords: carbon dioxide; carboxylation; cobalt; homogeneous catalysts; rhodium; Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most important materials as renewable feedstock [1][2][3][4]. However, the thermodynamic and
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Optimization of the Co-catalyzed carboxylation of 1a.
Scheme 2: Co-catalyzed carboxylation of propargyl acetates 1.
Scheme 3: Plausible reaction mechanism for the Co-catalyzed carboxylation of propargyl acetates 1.
Scheme 4: Optimization of the Co-catalyzed carboxylation of 3a.
Scheme 5: Co-catalyzed carboxylation of vinyl triflates 3.
Scheme 6: Co-catalyzed carboxylation of a sterically hindered aryl triflate 5.
Scheme 7: Optimization of the Co-catalyzed carboxylation of 7a.
Scheme 8: Scope of the reductive carboxylation of α,β-unsaturated nitriles 7.
Scheme 9: Scope of the carboxylation of α,β-unsaturated carboxamides 9.
Scheme 10: Optimization of the Co-catalyzed carboxylation of 11a.
Scheme 11: Scope of the carboxylation of allylarenes 11.
Scheme 12: Scope of the carboxylation of 1,4-diene derivatives 14.
Scheme 13: Plausible reaction mechanism for the Co-catalyzed C(sp3)–H carboxylation of allylarenes.
Scheme 14: Optimization of the Co-catalyzed carboxyzincation of 16a.
Scheme 15: Derivatization of the carboxyzincated product.
Scheme 16: Co-catalyzed carboxyzincation of alkynes 16.
Scheme 17: Plausible reaction mechanism for the Co-catalyzed carboxyzincation of alkynes 16.
Scheme 18: Co-catalyzed four-component coupling of alkynes 16, acrylates 18, CO2, and zinc.
Scheme 19: Proposed reaction mechanism for the Co-catalyzed four-component coupling.
Scheme 20: Visible-light-driven hydrocarboxylation of alkynes.
Scheme 21: Visible-light-driven synthesis of γ-hydroxybutenolides from ortho-ester-substituted aryl alkynes.
Scheme 22: One-pot synthesis of coumarines and 2-quinolones via hydrocarboxylation/alkyne isomerization/cycliz...
Scheme 23: Proposed reaction mechanism for the Co-catalyzed carboxylative cyclization of ortho-substituted aro...
Scheme 24: Rh-catalyzed carboxylation of arylboronic esters 25.
Scheme 25: Rh-catalyzed carboxylation of alkenylboronic esters 27.
Scheme 26: Plausible reaction mechanism for the Rh-catalyzed carboxylation of arylboronic esters 25.
Scheme 27: Ligand effect on the Rh-catalyzed carboxylation of 2-phenylpyridine 29a.
Scheme 28: Rh-catalyzed chelation-assisted C(sp2)–H bond carboxylation with CO2.
Scheme 29: Reaction mechanism for the Rh-catalyzed C(sp2)–H carboxylation of 2-pyridylarenes 29.
Scheme 30: Carboxylation of C(sp2)–H bond with CO2.
Scheme 31: Carboxylation of C(sp2)–H bond with CO2.
Scheme 32: Reaction mechanism for the Rh-catalyzed C(sp2)–H carboxylation of 2-arylphenols 34.
Scheme 33: Hydrocarboxylation of styrene derivatives with CO2.
Scheme 34: Hydrocarboxylation of α,β-unsaturated esters with CO2.
Scheme 35: Asymmetric hydrocarboxylation of α,β-unsaturated esters with CO2.
Scheme 36: Proposed reaction mechanism for the Rh-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of C–C double bonds with CO2.
Scheme 37: Visible-light-driven hydrocarboxylation with CO2.
Scheme 38: Visible-light-driven Rh-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of C–C double bonds with CO2.
Scheme 39: Optimization of reaction conditions on the Rh-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of diyne 42a and ...
Scheme 40: [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of diyne and CO2.
Scheme 41: Proposed reaction pathways for the Rh-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of diyne and CO2.
Sustainable synthesis of 3-substituted phthalides via a catalytic one-pot cascade strategy from 2-formylbenzoic acid with β-keto acids in glycerol
- Lina Jia and
- Fuzhong Han
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1425–1429, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.139
- efficient one-pot cascade aldol/cyclization methodology using the low-cost and renewable feedstock glycerol as the solvent. A broad substrate scope for β-keto acids is strongly compatible with this catalytic process, affording a wide variety of 3-substituted phthalides in good to excellent yields. Further
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of 3-substituted phthalides from substituted 2-formylbenzoic acids and β-keto acids.
Scheme 2: Substrate scope of the synthesis of 3-substituted phthalides. General reaction conditions: 1 (0.5 m...
Scheme 3: Possible mechanistic pathway.
Diels–Alder reactions of myrcene using intensified continuous-flow reactors
- Christian H. Hornung,
- Miguel Á. Álvarez-Diéguez,
- Thomas M. Kohl and
- John Tsanaktsidis
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 120–126, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.15
- continuous-flow approach provides a facile alternative scale-up route to conventional batch processing, and it helps to intensify the synthesis protocol by applying higher reaction temperatures and shorter reaction times. Keywords: continuous processing; flow chemistry; renewable feedstock; surfactant
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Diels–Alder reaction of myrcene (1), with various dienophiles 2.
Figure 1: Kinetic studies of the Diels–Alder reaction between myrcene (1) and acrylic acid (2b); a) for diffe...
Figure 2: Comparison of conversions in three different reactors for the Diels–Alder reaction of myrcene (1) w...
Experimental and theoretical insights in the alkene–arene intramolecular π-stacking interaction
- Valeria Corne,
- Ariel M. Sarotti,
- Carmen Ramirez de Arellano,
- Rolando A. Spanevello and
- Alejandra G. Suárez
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1616–1623, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.158
- 1). Saponification of adducts 11 and 12 provided the free 5-norbornenecarboxylic acid and the chiral auxiliaries 5a and 5b in excellent yields, which can be reused. Conclusion We have reported the synthesis of chiral acrylates derived from renewable feedstock as models to study arene–alkene π
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Intramolecular aryl–vinyl π-stacking interaction of a levoglucosenone derivative.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of acrylates 6a,b.
Figure 2: Vinyl region of the 1H NMR spectra of 6a–d in CDCl3 at 300 K.
Figure 3: Vinylic region of the low temperatures 1H NMR spectra of 6a in CDCl3.
Figure 4: M06-2X/6-31+G(d) Gibbs free energy profiles (in kcal/mol) computed for the conformational equilibri...
Scheme 2: Complexes between methyl acrylate (7) and representative anisole derivatives.
Figure 5: Comparison of the M06-2X/6-31+G(d) energy profiles (in kcal/mol) computed for 6d and 6b (in grey).
Figure 6: X-ray thermal ellipsoid plot of 6a (50% probability level) showing the labeling scheme (hydrogen an...
Biocatalysis for the application of CO2 as a chemical feedstock
- Apostolos Alissandratos and
- Christopher J. Easton
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2370–2387, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.259
- current oxidative technologies that rely on diminishing natural fossil-fuel deposits. Enzymes that catalyse CO2 fixation steps in carbon assimilation pathways are promising catalysts for the sustainable transformation of this safe and renewable feedstock into central metabolites. These may be further
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biocatalytic routes for conversion of CO2 into compounds with carbon in the reduced oxidation state...
Figure 2: Carbonic anhydrase-catalysed rapid interconversion of CO2 and HCO3− in living systems.
Scheme 1: The Calvin cycle for fixation of CO2 with RuBisCO.
Scheme 2: The reductive TCA cycle with CO2 fixation enzymes designated.
Scheme 3: The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway for generation of acetyl-CoA through reduction of CO2 to formate and CO....
Scheme 4: The acyl-CoA carboxylase pathways for autotrophic CO2 fixation. ACC: acetyl-CoA/propionyl-CoA carbo...
Figure 3: RuBisCO CO2-fixing bypass installed in E. coli and S. cerevisiae to increase carbon flux toward pro...
Scheme 5: Integrated biocatalytic system for carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (19), using PEPC and carbon...
Scheme 6: PEPC and pyruvate carboxylase catalysed carboxylation of pyruvate backbone for the generation of ox...
Scheme 7: Decarboxylase catalysed carboxylation of (a) phenol derivatives, (b) indole and (c) pyrrole.
Figure 4: Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) catalysed reversible reduction of CO2 to formate with electron donor re...
Figure 5: Sequential generation of formate, formaldehyde and methanol from CO2 using reducing equivalents sou...
Figure 6: Hydrogen storage as formic acid through biocatalytic hydrogenation of CO2 and subsequent on-demand ...
Figure 7: Schematic showing required flow of reducing equivalents for CO2 fixation through biotechnological a...
Highly selective generation of vanillin by anodic degradation of lignin: a combined approach of electrochemistry and product isolation by adsorption
- Dominik Schmitt,
- Carolin Regenbrecht,
- Marius Hartmer,
- Florian Stecker and
- Siegfried R. Waldvogel
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 473–480, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.53
- formation of vanillin (1) and a novel as well as viable work-up concept exploiting strongly basic anion exchange resins. As renewable feedstock we employed alkaline lignin solutions. Alloys of cobalt and nickel as anodic material are suitable forming in situ electrochemically active MO(OH) coatings. Despite
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Direct electrochemical degradation of lignin into low molecular weight phenolic compounds.
Figure 1: Crude product composition after electrochemical treatment of lignin at Ni-based electrodes by gasch...
Figure 2: Influence of the current density onto the yield of 1 using Ni or Stellite 21 anodes.
Figure 3: Influence of the current density on the yield of 1 using different geometries of anodic materials.
Figure 4: Influence of the reaction temperature onto anodic degradation of lignin using stainless steel elect...
Figure 5: Influence of the applied current onto the yield of 1 by electrochemical degradation of lignin using...
Figure 6: Amount of vanillin (1) removed by adsorption in a batch process at different strongly basic anion e...
Figure 7: Different attractive interactions between ion exchange resin and the vanillate anion.
Figure 8: Recovery of vanillin (1) by adsorption from lignin containing reaction solutions after electrochemi...
Figure 9: Adsorption of vanillin (1) on anion exchange resins and size exclusion of lignin particles by appli...
