Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• support matrix for these composites, stabilizing the photocatalyst and enhancing its interaction with MPs [78]. Another novel strategy is the use of multifunctional nanomaterials, such as ZnO–CuO composites, which have both antibacterial and strong photocatalytic activity. These substances provide long

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• study is the first to investigate the cytotoxic effects of these NCs on human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colon cancer cell lines (HT-29), and fibroblast cell lines (L929). Additionally, the antibacterial properties of the NCs against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and

• , particularly on cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HT-29), in a dose-dependent manner over a 24 h period. These findings highlight the potential of the NCs as anticancer agents. Furthermore, the synthesized NCs demonstrated potent antibacterial properties against the tested microorganisms and notable antioxidant

• ; antibacterial activity; antioxidant activity; cytotoxic activity; Introduction Nanoscience serves as a unique platform to reveal new properties of substances through collaborative efforts with other fields (e.g., molecular chemistry, pharmaceutical science, applied health sciences, and engineering). In recent

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• -mediated AgNPs and ZnO-NPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans biofilms [8][9][43], whereas in endodontics, their integration into irrigants and sealers improved disinfection efficiency against Enterococcus faecalis [44]. These findings underscore the translational

• [45][46]. Besides silver, zinc, copper, and nickel, other metals have been used to a lesser extent. The significant representation of ZnO-NPs, known for their biocompatibility, UV-blocking capacity, and antibacterial efficacy, aligns with their growing use in restorative and preventive dentistry

• development of antimicrobial compounds such as oral antiseptics and toothpastes with prolonged antimicrobial action, restorative materials (including composite resins and cements) with antibacterial properties, nanoparticle-reinforced sealants and fluoride varnishes for caries prevention, and antibiofilm

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• primarily natural sources [160]. The compound and its derivatives have shown antimalarial, trypanocidal, antibacterial, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and anticancer activities [161]. BER acts against cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, suppressing

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• from aquatic systems. MXenes have emerged as promising materials for antibacterial applications and have shown strong potential for the use in water purification membranes due to their excellent film-forming ability and enhanced mechanical strength. These properties also support their application in

• emerged as a promising approach. Materials such as silver, ZnO, TiO2, and iron oxide are frequently used in membrane construction due to their high reactivity and effective catalytic behaviour. These membranes are not only simple to engineer but also exhibit strong antibacterial activity. Additionally

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• well-suited for orthopedic implants. Likewise, the addition of silver nanoparticles provides antibacterial properties for the material. This action is helping to prevent infection during the recovery time [28][29]. One of the major advantages of using nanomaterials in tissue engineering is that they

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• for Ag nanoparticles. Various characterizations confirm the successful introduction of Ag nanoparticles onto the surface of the PDA-modified CTA (PCTA) membrane and the preservation of CTA microstructures. Antibacterial testing demonstrates that the Ag@PCTA membrane exhibited excellent antibacterial

• properties. Antibacterial ring experiments revealed significant bactericidal activity against five different bacterial strains, namely, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus, Lysinibacillus lparviboronicapiens and Burkholderia ambifaria. Moreover, water flux and salt rejection

• rates of the Ag@PCTA membrane were comparable to those of the parent CTA membrane. Keywords: antibacterial properties; cellulose triacetate; nanosilver; seawater desalination; Introduction As the global population continues to grow at a rapid pace, the demand for freshwater resources is escalating

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• as a strategy to discover new antibiotic drugs [13]. In this context, the gold(I) antirheumatic drug Auranofin (RidauraTM) [14] was evaluated for its antibacterial activity, exerting potent antimicrobial effect against multiresistant strains [15]. The promising antibacterial profile of auranofin

• interact with upregulated mannose receptors on macrophage surfaces during inflammation. Mannosylated polymeric ligands have been developed for targeted delivery of antibacterial drugs to macrophages, leveraging the high-affinity interaction with mannose receptors on these immune cells [52]. Additionally

• instance, liposomal formulations of antibiotics such as polymyxin B, cefepime, and vancomycin have demonstrated superior antibacterial effects compared to their free drug counterparts [64][65][66]. Liposomes enhance drug stability, increase drug concentration at the target site, and facilitate drug uptake

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• exhibits good heat-resistance, mechanical, and water-barrier properties. At an emulsion concentration as low as 10% (v/w) in the casting solution, high UV absorbance capacity (up to 100% UVC), high antibacterial activity (92.4% Escherichia coli inhibition), and good antioxidative properties (up to 43% DPPH

• %): This can be due to the presence of hydroxy groups in PVA, which can disrupt hydrogen bonds and dissolve the peptidoglycan membranes of the bacteria [51]. CBP showed a drastic time-kill effect of more than 90% for both types of bacteria, attributed to the potent antibacterial functional groups in CEO

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• . (2017), the authors developed an innovative hydrogel that can be directly injected into the injured skin. The benefits associated with wound healing stand out: self-regeneration potential, antibacterial activity, neutralization of free radicals, high adhesion to the skin, and biocompatibility. These

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• substrate prepared by sulfonation (Figure 16). The material, which exhibits a bifunctional system of antioxidants and antibacterial properties on its surface, was employed as a model implant to effectively treat diabetic bone defects and restore the integration and remodeling of the implant and surrounding

• gentamicin sulfate through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding in a mixture of gentamicin sulfate and Pluronic F127. The prepared material demonstrated sustained antibacterial activity and facilitated osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) differentiation, which is essential for bone formation. Moreover, the

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• structures, elemental compositions, aqueous dispersibility, and antibacterial activities. Hydration shells on graphene-based nanosheets in the hydrogel increase intersheet distances to prevent the stacking of the nanostructures. Hydration layers in the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel was also lubricative for direct brush

• coating on polymer substrates, typically polylactide films. Interfacial adhesion of graphene-based nanosheets on polylactide substrates made the antibacterial coating stable for several application purposes. In general, supramolecular graphene-based hydrogels are bioinspired hydration structures to

• advance nanoscale properties and nanotechnology applications. Keywords: antibacterial coating; bioinspired hydration; density functional theory; graphene-based hydrogel; supramolecular structure; Introduction Biological cells are assemblies of biomolecules that are hydrated with water molecules. The

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• greater intracellular uptake and increased cytotoxicity on rat C6 glioma cells [36]. Laser-generated nanoscale cinnamon was also synthesized and showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria after particle size reduction compared to the unirradiated educt [37

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• applications without affecting the structure or bioactivity. The effective encapsulation of STZ was confirmed by FTIR, and the nanofibers showed high cytocompatibility in cell viability tests. STZ was released from nanofibers over 6 h, and its antibacterial activity was demonstrated through the formation of a

• . developed a micro–nanofiber dressing by electrospinning a blend of SF, chitosan, and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) loaded with the antibacterial agent chlorhexidine digluconate (CHD). The addition of HNTs considerably altered the nanofiber structure, and increased the material’s thermal stability and

• neuronal development and embryonic stem cell culturing [161]. For biological applications, electrospun PU nanofibers including antibacterial substances such as silver nanoparticles, 4-vinylpyridine, or streptomycin sulfate were also created. These researches combined the use of wound dressings with the

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• formation of S. mutans. In summary, BerNPs demonstrated a potent inhibitory effect on the activities of S. mutans at selectively applied concentrations. Keywords: antibacterial; berberine nanoparticles; BerNPs; biofilm; FE-SEM; Streptococcus mutans; Introduction According to the Global Burden of Disease

• -resistant bacteria and the associated adverse effects, such as allergies, have increased the prevalence of using natural compounds to treat bacterial diseases. Among these, berberine, a plant-based alkaloid traditionally used in medicine, has been recognized for its antibacterial, antiviral, and anti

• -inflammatory properties [9]. With its antibacterial activity, berberine can accumulate in bacterial cells and bind to single- and double-stranded DNA, causing DNA damage. According to evaluations, berberine has a stronger antibacterial effect against gram-positive bacteria than against gram-negative bacteria

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• materials, are designed to enhance the functionality and properties of the fibers, thereby broadening their applications in areas such as antibacterial treatments, water purification, and biomedical engineering [75][76][77]. Fabrication of multicomponent polymer nanofibers like chitosan/PVA can be carried

• unique properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activity, which are considered effective in promoting wound healing. The presence of chemical structures like glycosaminoglycans in chitosan mimics the ECM and provides a hemostatic effect, thereby accelerating the healing

• with excellent antibacterial efficiency, when compared to commercial wound dressings [202]. Challenges and future perspectives Despite new technologies being discovered every day, the current mechanical performance of electrospun nanofibers remains limited. For biomedical materials, single modification

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• vitro antibacterial experiments, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of AuAgCu2O NS (808 nm, 0.75 W·cm−2, 10 min) and AgCu2O-EDTA (808 nm, 0.25 W·cm−2, 5 min) were similar. However, AgCu2O-EDTA required a lower laser energy density and shorter irradiation times, resulting in a milder photothermal

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• for their potential as antibacterial hybrid pigments. The bentonite clay modified with niobium was prepared by a solution containing swelling clay mixed with niobium oxide (NbOx) and niobium phosphate (NbPh) in a water solution; after that, the suspension was calcinated. X-ray diffractometry, X-ray

• cereus (ATCC 10876) and Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 35649). The analysis revealed remarkable antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis, suggesting a preferential selectivity for Gram-negative bacteria. Keywords: adsorption; bentonite; hybrid pigment; niobium; photocatalysis; water remediation

• space as a pigment in the powder form and dispersed in colorless paint. The novel-developed pigments, specifically the smectite clay modified with niobium-containing adsorbed dye, were investigated as antibacterial pigments. Experimental Materials The bentonite clay from the Guarapuava region in the

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• potential of −60 mV. Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles displayed significant antibacterial activity against selected human pathogens, with the biggest inhibition zone observed against Staphylococcus aureus (22 ± 0.57 mm) and the smallest inhibition zone observed against Salmonella enterica serovar

• characterization using UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurements, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, photocatalytic studies, electrochemical analysis, and determination of antibacterial and anticancer activity. The

• frequency (ω), Y, and n. The obtained results suggest robust electron transfer and enhanced electrocatalytic efficiency in dextrose oxidation [19][20][21] (Figure 5). Antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs The biogenic ZnO NPs presented a good dispersion and exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• amphiphilic nanoparticles and ROS-responsive poly(α-l-lysine) nanoparticles, which are developed and used to encapsulate antibiotics, achieving both antibacterial and antioxidant functionalities [79][80]. Conclusion Biomimetic nanocarriers represent a promising strategy for the treatment of several clinically

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• the agents were administered after being passed through antibacterial membrane filters (pore diameter 0.45 μm). All interventions were performed in accordance with the principles of laboratory animal care of the Ethics Committee of Yerevan State Medical University (Yerevan, Armenia) and in accordance

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• extensively used in livestock and aquaculture as an antibacterial agent, showing high activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria [1][2]. ENR, like other fluoroquinolones, is used to treat susceptible bacteria responsible for infections of the skin and soft tissue. The overuse of ENR causes

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• strong antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, and photocatalytic activities [7][8][9]. Besides the medical field, they are also commonly used in commercial products such as fuel cells and plastics, and environmental applications such as analysis, sensing, remediation, and