Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• ) [63][73]. In this process, PI is first coated onto PMMA, followed by photolithographic patterning of the inorganic electronic materials. The PMMA layer is then dissolved, allowing the patterned structure, protected by the thin PI layer, to be transferred onto a desired target substrate. Since the

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• -organization [33] to second harmonic generation [11] and cavitation instability [23][50][51]. Despite numerous studies, the formation mechanism of HSFL and the reason for their shorter periodicity compared to the laser wavelength remain elusive. Our previous work addressed this gap by patterning a single line

• wavelengths and varied the scanning speed from 0.5 to 1.6 mm/s. The most important parameter for the formation of large-area LIPSS is the stepsize or line interval, which was optimized for each wavelength for the best ladder-like structures. This approach is more complex compared to single-line patterning as

• patterns. Perfect overlapping optimization becomes paramount in this process; any discrepancies in overlapping, whether excessive or insufficient, can lead to the destruction of LIPSS or incomplete patterning across the large surface area. From the correlation between wavelength and spot diameter, the spot

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• [35]. We discuss effects of adsorbate–substrate interactions in dynamics of adsorbate structures formation and their statistical properties. It will be shown, that an increase in the strength of adsorbate–substrate interactions can induce adsorbate patterning on the first growing layer and lead to

• condensation, an increase in the adsorption rate leads to pattern formation and change of the surface morphology [33]. We will focus onto the ability of elastic interactions between adsorbate and substrate to induce patterning at low-pressure condensation. The corresponding stability diagram δ(α) illustrating

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• other lithographic technique (laser-based or otherwise). However, the patterning of the target will influence the obtained NPs and NSs since the number of pulses incident on a particular surface area will vary with different scanning/writing conditions. Scanning parameters (e.g., speed of the stage or

• properties make Hf metal suitable for laser patterning of sub-wavelength-size structures, and the choice of the liquid for LAL enables the variation of feature size. We have used linearly polarised light in the present study. The orientation of the LIPSS depends on the polarization and rotates with the input

• potential material for sophisticated design patterning [66]. Conclusion The current study shows the successful single-step fabrication of HfO2 NPs and nanofibres in DW and HfC core–shell NPs with multilayered graphitic shells in toluene and anisole via LAL of Hf metal. The obtained NPs exhibit a broad size

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• any potential accumulative increase in local temperature. Being able to use a higher ion current in the nanoampere range in comparison with the previously suggested heat-reduced approach (where the beam current was reduced) addresses the issue of increased patterning times and cross sections with

• approach of unfeasibly long patterning times. The results suggest that an additional reduction in ion beam current and applying blur and reduced overlap, when using low ion energies, can further reduce the induced heat. Using that combination might be required for processing materials exhibiting an even

• set of experiments a 20% overlap and 50 nm blur were required to allow patterning with 29 pA and 70 pA to avoid an excessive amount of points which could not be computed by the Quanta 200 3D. The blur was chosen to be smaller than the width of the interaction volume, so that the latter remained the

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• primary electron energy and about 0.5 nA beam current. Rectangular patterns of 10 × 10 µm2 were scanned in an inward spiraling beam path with a 3 nm point-to-point pitch, a dwell time of 1 μs per point, and different numbers of passes using the Xenos Patterning software. A typical workflow involved the

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• the deposition are the precursor supply, the primary beam energy and current, and the patterning strategy. The deposits are built through consecutive electron beam spot exposures of the precursor molecules adsorbed on the substrate. The shape of the deposit is defined as an area containing an array of

• discrete exposure points. The distance between exposure points is the pitch, while the exposure time for each point is the dwell time. This pattern is repeated for a certain number of passes [1]. The shape and size of the deposits are defined using the TFS “rectangle” or “line” patterning tools. The main

• patterning parameters are the patterned area size, dwell time, primary beam energy and current, pitch, number of passes, and SEM chamber pressure during deposition or chamber pressure increase during deposition. The complete parameters for the deposits presented in this work are presented in Supporting

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• devices including Fresnel zone plates [4], X-ray lenses [5], optical tweezers [6], and plasmonic antennas [7]. The application of the FIB method is not limited to patterning single-component targets. This technique can also be employed for the modification of multilayer substrates. Depending on the task

• multilayer films [8], the patterning of 2D materials [9], or the direct introduction of dopants into a solid-state host through recoil implantation [10]. Examples that rely on ion milling include patterning of magnetic multilayers [11], fabrication of optical metamaterials [12], and modification of

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• using FEBIE with water [25], namely dodecane (C12H26) for the deposition of carbon and crystals of MgSO4·7H2O for etching with water. Both precursors were let into the chamber at room temperature. The base pressure in the specimen chamber was between 2 × 10−6 and 4 × 10−6 mbar. During patterning (both

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• electron microscopy; Introduction Scientific research varying from electronics to photonics, homeland security, high-resolution parallel patterning of magnetic media, biotechnology, and medicine are based upon nanotechnology. These applications require nanopatterning techniques to fabricate devices or

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• communication devices. All those future technologies will require high-precision lithography techniques with excellent lateral resolution, high throughput, and minimized possibility of material damage. In the last decade, several approaches have been made to provide the most suitable method for patterning

• be optimized to prevent unnecessary defects and reduce the detrimental impact on the underlying substrate. The optical microscope image of the graphene flake before the patterning process is shown in Figure 2A. The size of the etched lines, estimated based on SEM measurements, is usually smaller than

• monolayer, bilayer at triple-layer graphene. A) Optical microscope image of a graphene flake prior to patterning; B) SEM image of the same flake after the patterning process; C) Raman map according to the spectra in (D), revealing the substrate (red line), pristine (green line), and exposed regions (blue

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• a clean lift-off process. The larger undercut is realized by multi-dose exposure, which consists of two parts: The main exposure is for patterning the nominal structure, and an additional exposure is for patterning the outline of the nominal structure. This additional exposure is performed with a

• membrane also allows for high-resolution patterning since there is less electron scattering during exposure [26]. The purpose of applying two layers of resist is to create a large undercut by using a bottom layer that is more sensitive than the top layer. This prevents the unwanted deposition of metal that

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• photolithography for master mold preparation and soft lithography and solvent casting for PU film patterning. Challenges in the use of photoresist master molds for PDMS replica molding and microgroove formation were addressed using “reinforcement” strategies. Differentiation of PC12 cells on the PU substrates

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• (PBZT) and a 150 nm LNO as the top electrode were deposited. The wafer was patterned by a standard photolithographic process, starting with the application and patterning of the photoresist mask for defining the device areas. Subsequently, the excess PBZT and LNO were removed by a wet etching process

• finalized by etching circular holes from the backside of the wafer to obtain thin membranes. The sizes of these holes were defined by applying and patterning a photoresist on the backside of the wafer, which was then anisotropically etched by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) using SF6, O2, and C4F8 gases

Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• microoptic fabrication, grayscale lithography offers a solution to mitigate the staircase effect. Grayscale lithography is a novel approach in photolithography for 2.5D patterning (x,y,z) with ultrasmooth surfaces that exhibits improved shape accuracy [57][58]. In 2019, Nanoscribe GmbH & Co launched the

Ultralow-energy amorphization of contaminated silicon samples investigated by molecular dynamics

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 834–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.68

• , Luxembourg Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA 10.3762/bjnano.14.68 Abstract Ion beam processes related to focused ion beam milling, surface patterning, and secondary ion mass spectrometry require precision and control. Quality and cleanliness of the sample are also crucial factors

• years, the need to control what happens at the surface of the sample has risen sharply, specifically for semiconductors [3][4], microelectronics [5], and surface patterning [6][7]. Other applications of low-energy beams include the preparation of nanoholes [8][9]. Furthermore, deposition processes are

Thermal transport in kinked nanowires through simulation

• Alexander N. Robillard,
• Graham W. Gibson and
• Ralf Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 586–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.49

• PMC simulation the overall flux seems to be much more homogeneous. A careful eye might also note some faint patterning in the colours of the PMC results. As the colour scale for Figure 7 spans a large range, we can look to a more convenient visualization in Figure 8. Here we have clipped the colour

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• -off lithography; gap; self-assembled monolayer; sub-micrometer; surface patterning; Introduction The development of lithographic techniques is crucial to the advancement of the electronics and semiconductor industry, the backbones of modern technology. Advances in photolithography have pushed the

• be used to produce even smaller features with arbitrary shapes, but the serial nature of these practices forbids their suitableness for high volume productions [3][4]. Soft lithographic techniques are hybrid approaches which have been extensively studied as alternatives to achieve precise patterning

• to allow high-resolution patterning over a large area. In addition to standard lithographic operations using this approach, the CLL process can also be applied to create functional molecular patterns by backfilling post lift-off regions with various molecules [20][21][22]. Interestingly, the CLL

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• , patterning, and sensing, as a result of their advantageous characteristics [125]. Han and co-workers extracted cow milk-derived CDs (CM-CDs) from aqueous solution using ethyl acetate to create amphiphilic CM-CDs (ACMCDs). A unique ACMCD-Ag/polymethylmethacrylate antibacterial film was produced utilizing the

Influence of water contamination on the sputtering of silicon with low-energy argon ions investigated by molecular dynamics simulations

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 986–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.86

• , Luxembourg Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA 10.3762/bjnano.13.86 Abstract Focused ion beams (FIB) are a common tool in nanotechnology for surface analysis, sample preparation for electron microscopy and atom probe tomography, surface patterning, nanolithography, nanomachining, and

• probe tomography (APT) [5], and ion beam analysis used for life sciences applications [6][7]), surface patterning [8], nanolithography [9], nanomachining [10][11], and nanoprinting at room [12] and cryogenic temperatures [13]. The development of nanotechnology relies on lower ion beam energies and

Optimizing PMMA solutions to suppress contamination in the transfer of CVD graphene for batch production

• Chun-Da Liao,
• Andrea Capasso,
• Tiago Queirós,
• Telma Domingues,
• Fatima Cerqueira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Jérôme Borme,
• Paulo Freitas and
• Pedro Alpuim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 796–806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.70

• : C4 PMMA; Wafer 2: B2 PMMA). Both wafers started with the patterning of Cr/Au contacts (deposited by magnetron sputtering) using direct-write laser lithography and ion milling. The fabrication of the two wafers followed slightly different steps, as described below. Wafer 1: A stopping layer (Al2O3

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• was reproduced from [141], O. Dalstein et al., “Evaporation-Directed Crack-Patterning of Metal-Organic Framework Colloidal Films and Their Application as Photonic Sensors”, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, with permission from John Wiley and Sons. Copyright © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• ]. Although the results showed no appreciable difference between NMS and MS scaffolds in terms of inducing redifferentiation, nanoscale patterning of the microfibers influenced cell proliferation. In another study, similar results were obtained regarding the effect of poly(ʟ,ᴅ-lactide) (PLDLA) microfibers or