Self-assembly of C₆₀ on a ZnTPP/Fe(001)–p(1 × 1)O substrate: observation of a quasi-freestanding C₆₀ monolayer

• Guglielmo Albani,
• Michele Capra,
• Alessandro Lodesani,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Franco Ciccacci,
• Alberto Brambilla,
• Lamberto Duò and
• Andrea Picone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.76

• from the molecule, therefore the measured spectrum is not representative of the neutral but of the positively charged molecule. Similarly, when unoccupied states are probed, an electron is injected in the molecule and the system is negatively charged. For isolated C60 molecules, the charging energy is

• Us = Es − γ = 3.35 eV. In [57], Esper et al. measured γ by performing PES on C60 films highly doped with K. In this case, the LUMO orbitals were completely filled, therefore the charging energy was the same when HOMO and LUMO states were probed and the difference between the LUMO and HOMO energies

• term) with respect to that of the isolated molecule. In the case of the (111) surface of face-centered cubic bulk C60, the measured electronic gap is Eb = 3.50 eV [23]. Therefore, the charging energy is Ub = 1.90 eV. Defining ΔU as the variation of the Coulomb energy with respect to isolated C60, in

Reliable fabrication of transparent conducting films by cascade centrifugation and Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of electrochemically exfoliated graphene

• Teodora Vićentić,
• Stevan Andrić,
• Vladimir Rajić and
• Marko Spasenović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 666–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.58

• of the other three films, as SEM operation quickly leads to surface charging effects. Optoelectronic properties UV–vis spectra of the deposited graphene films at different centrifugation rates, redispersed in specified volumes of NMP, are given in Figure 5. The optical transmission spectra are

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• tear of the switches, especially for CNT [16] and GR [29] switches. Permanent adhesion caused by the dielectric charging [52][53] and chemical bonding [24] are the focus of the research on improving the life cycles. At present, it is mainly solved by reducing the electrode contact area [14] or

• charges, forming a dielectric charging effect. Molinero et al. [52][53] characterized the dielectric charging when the switch electrodes were contacted and proved that the surface dielectric charging caused by friction would lead to a shift of the switch voltage and shorten the life cycles of the switch

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• composition analysis was performed through EDX using the FESEM, equipped with a Bruker Quantax EDX setup capable of an energy resolution of 123 eV at Mn Kα. In order to prevent charging the samples were metalized with 20 nm of Cr using a Quorum Technologies Q150T ES sputter coater. All FTIR absorption spectra

Impact of electron–phonon coupling on electron transport through T-shaped arrangements of quantum dots in the Kondo regime

• Patryk Florków and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1209–1225, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.89

• l = 2, 3 with Results and Discussion Before we present numerical results, let us look at the energy scales we are going to discuss. Typical values of the bandwidths of the metallic organic wires are several hundreds of millielectronvolts [79][80]. The charging energy parametrized by U can be

• voltage (change of the dot single particle energy Ef) or by modification of electron–phonon coupling. Polaron-induced suppression of charging energies shifts the Coulomb blockade boundaries and narrows Coulomb valleys. Possible transitions are n = 1→n = 2, n = 0→n = 1→n = 2 and n = 0→n = 2. Let us first

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• discharge process and of Na2S4 into elemental sulfur in the charging process. Therefore, a complete conversion of polysulfides is achieved in both charge and discharge processes leading to an extraordinary high cycling stability (430 mAh·g−1 after 1000 cycles at 2 A·g−1 and 369 mAh·g−1 after 2000 cycles at

• safely in intermetallic anodes, from which Na ions are reversibly released during discharging and charging processes. Among the most common alloying elements in SiBs are tin [74], antimony [75], and to a lesser degree phosphorous [76]. These elements can be either directly sodiated to form Na alloys or

• . In a recent work, Liu et al. chemically pre-sodiated hard carbon using sodium biphenyl [86]. The SiB full cell showed a discharge capacity of 100 mAh·g−1 at 2C after 550 cycles (Figure 10E). Hard carbons can also be sodiated during the first charging cycle. Bloi et al. synthesized a porous Na2S

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• current density is associated with the charging of the electric double layer, a decrease in the concentration of electroactive species near the electrode surface, and an increase in the diffusion layer thickness. Stage II corresponds to the growth of Cu segments inside the AAO at near constant current

• diffusion layers results in the planar diffusion to the NEA surface. Thus, a decrease in the density of active electrodes could be more appropriate because of the decrease in electric double layer charging current and, as a consequence, the growth of the signal-to-noise ratio. A controlled decrease in the

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• such vertical tunneling through the interfacial layers can be undesirable since it prevents the current from flowing across electrode–molecule–electrode junctions [43] or leads to the charging of physisorbed molecules on top of such layers [18]. Hence, ultrathin insulating layers are often not

• . To a lesser extent, metal oxides have also been used, for which defects and charging often pose additional challenges [44][45][46]. On electronically insulating surfaces, non-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the method of choice to study molecular assemblies and individual molecules in real

• substrate. Hurdax et al. reported that both charged and neutral species of sexiphenyl can co-exist on thin dielectric MgO films on Ag(100) [89]. Due to the changed work function of the substrate, charging of the adsorbates is enabled by electron tunneling. The charge transfer strongly influences the

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• positive charging of the Ag surface. However, the SERS signal of CuTSPP4 is much weaker in that case than that of CuTMpyP4 after negatively charged surface modification. This is presumably not caused by different adsorption maxima of the analytes because they have very similar optical properties [33]. We

• same conditions, the CuTSPP4 SERS spectrum was absent (Figure 7, number 5). We suggest that Cu2+ ions are weakly adsorbed at the Ag surface and were mostly removed during the washing stage. Copper complexation with PEI and positive charging of the glass surface is expected in this case. This could also

• SERS intensity decrease up to complete spectrum disappearance. On the other hand, positive charging of the Ag surface enables the measurement of CuTSPP4 spectra, which is prevented for the surface modifications with negative charge. However, it remains relatively weak, revealing that the Ag surface has

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• substrate can lead to a charging of the surface induced by the deposition of charged species. This can have a strong influence on the surface local charge and, eventually, on island formation [15] during HV-ESD. To improve scan conditions, imaging was performed a few hours after HV-ESD to reduce the

• charging effects [39]. A low coverage of C60 on KBr(001) obtained after HV-ESD is shown in the topography image of Figure 3b. The KBr(001) surface presents similar large terraces and step edges as clean KBr(001). The C60 molecules are forming small cluster visible as many small dots dispersed on the

• limited for the NiO(001) surface. No major impact, similar to KBr, is observed. Also, neither a solvent layer nor the charging of the sample because of deposited ions are observed. Therefore, the observation of single C60 molecules on the NiO(001) surface is the major outcome of HV-ESD. The presence of

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• carbon tape. To improve the contrast and to reduce the potential charging effect, the samples were sputter-coated with platinum (Pt) with a coating thickness of 4 nm. The SEM imaging was performed with a field-emission scanning electron microscope (Sigma VP, Carl Zeiss AG, Jena, Germany) at an

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• and 9.5 μA, respectively. The S-TENG with good stretchability (300%) can be produced in different shapes and placed on various parts of the body to harvest mechanical energy for charging capacitors and powering LED lights or scientific calculators. In addition, the good robustness of the S-TENG

• 33 μF) as function of the charging time with the rectified S-TENG output. The voltage reaches a saturation value of 14 V for charging a 2.2 μF capacitor. Reliability is a key parameter considering the practical application of the S-TENG. As depicted in Figure 4b, the ISC values of the device do not

• between sheet resistance and tensile strain have different shapes, the resistance value before and after stretching is of the same order, exhibiting the excellent flexibility and mechanical robustness of the S-TENG. Applications of S-TENG Charging performance and monitoring human motion The electrical

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• large-area removal of the surrounding gold. Figure 7b,c depicts the corresponding scanning electron beam micrographs. The limited image quality of the lithographically defined tetramer is caused by the fact that the isolated structures are located on a glass substrate, leading to severe charging effects

Extended iron phthalocyanine islands self-assembled on a Ge(001):H surface

• Rafal Zuzak,
• Marek Szymonski and
• Szymon Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 232–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.19

• with a clearly discernible dark halo surrounding them due to single electron charging. Red circles indicate isolated DBDs exhibiting the characteristic “butterfly” appearance. Imaging conditions: bias voltage +2 V, tunneling current 50 pA. FePc island on a Ge(001):H surface. (a) Filled-state STM image

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• measure the pure STIM signal, SE emitted directly from the sample need to be blocked. Ideally, the resulting signal consists exclusively of SE released by transmitted ions. Three measures were taken to filter out direct SE. Firstly, CNMs have a low conductivity, which leads to charging and reduces the SE

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• of 0.2 to 0.4 pA. To avoid charging effects during secondary electron detection, an electron flood gun was used after each line scan, if not stated otherwise, with a flood energy of 540 eV, flood time of 10 µs and a focus of 107 V. It should be mentioned that the flood gun parameters have to be

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• et al. reported a cut-paper-based self-charging power unit (PC-SCPU) by combining TENGs and the SC mode, which is capable of simultaneously harvest and store energy from body movements [39]. Zhou et al. also proposed an all-in-one stretchable self-charging power unit based on folded carbon paper

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• surface in order to avoid charging. Charge compensation can even be considered to be necessary for conductive metals, because the high surface sensitivity of the HIM would only reveal the metal layer and not the fine detail of the surface ultrastructure without the use of the flood gun. From a practical

• , followed by dehydration and then drying. For non-conductive samples, as is typical of biological materials, established protocols for SEM also involve methods to overcome charging effects, which are, however, not absolutely necessary for HIM owing to the charge compensation. Fixation Fixation is often

• polished at room temperature to expose the area of interest within the tooth enamel. As biological samples are electrical insulators, charging effects typically affect the imaging quality in conventional SEM. Various approaches are used to remove the charge, including coating with electrically conductive

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• values was estimated to be equal to ±0.1 eV. Due to the charging effect of the oxides, electron flooding was carried out for charge compensation. A helium lamp with 21.2 eV (He I) excitation energy was used for ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS, Omicron Nanotechnology). A −5 V sample bias was

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• charging energy. For very weak dot–lead coupling and strong Coulomb interaction, the electrons enter the dot one by one and Coulomb-blockade oscillations of conductance are observed. For stronger coupling to electrodes, higher-order tunneling processes (i.e., cotunneling) begin to play a decisive role

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• discharge product was Li2O2 (JCPDF 09-0355). It is noteworthy that LiOH was also detected. This can be associated with the reaction between Li2O2 and H2O when the discharged/recharged electrode was exposed to air during XRD testing. After charging to 4.5 V, trace amounts of LiOH were detected, due to the

• NiFeC nanoparticles formed on the surface of N-doped carbon. These structures efficiently improved the electron and ion transfer between the cathode and electrolyte during charging and discharging processes. Finally, NiFeC nanoparticles supported on N-doped carbon significantly impeded particle

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• deposited onto the surface of the polymer substrates to study the patterning of these films by in-bulk processes. An important argument for using metal films is that these films prevent surface charging. The use of charge compensation by irradiation with electron beams can generate additional radiation

Controlling the electronic and physical coupling on dielectric thin films

• Philipp Hurdax,
• Michael Hollerer,
• Larissa Egger,
• Georg Koller,
• Xiaosheng Yang,
• Anja Haags,
• Serguei Soubatch,
• Frank Stefan Tautz,
• Mathias Richter,
• Alexander Gottwald,
• Peter Puschnig,
• Martin Sterrer and
• Michael G. Ramsey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1492–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.132

• of such decoupling layers may effectively change the electron donating properties of the substrate, for example, by lowering its work function and thus enhancing the charging of the molecular adsorbate layer through electron tunneling. Here, an experimental study of the charging of para-sexiphenyl

• physical coupling to the substrate induced by the charge transfer. Finally, the charging effect on the thermal dynamics and the stability of the 6P monolayer are considered. Results and Discussion Ambivalent behavior of 6P on regularly prepared MgO(100)/Ag(100) thin films Figure 2 shows STM images of four

• are other molecules with 6 lobes, but in a linear arrangement (Figure 2a). A possible explanation for this observation is the charging-induced planarization of 6P. For comparison, on the pristine Ag(100) substrate, planar 6P molecules are observed in the submonolayer regime despite the lack of any

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• . Furthermore, the agreement between the gas-phase calculations and STM data indicated that no charging occurred upon pyrene adsorption on hBN/Cu(111) [37]. To complement the on-surface investigations, we measured the optical gap by means of UV–vis spectroscopic characterization in solution (toluene) of the

• the trans-like species. Such a rigid shift can be caused by charges in the molecular layer (biasing nearby molecules) and by local modifications of the work function affecting the interfacial level alignment [9][35][82][83]. As the STM/STS experiments provided no indication of charging, we ruled out a