Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• CVD for analog and digital bandwidth phase shifters. The phase shift was 355°/dB in the analog design at 2.4 GHz and 138°/dB in the digital design. Anjum et al. [60] used GR/MoS2 composite materials as beam to decrease the pull-in voltage below 1 V, which can be used in RF applications requiring low

Nanoscale friction and wear of a polymer coated with graphene

• Robin Vacher and
• Astrid S. de Wijn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 63–73, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.4

• been studied on the nanoscale due to the added complexity of the polymer, the tribology of which, even without any coatings, is still not well understood [22][23]. In experiments, the tribology of polymer composite materials containing graphene has been studied with the goal of constructing a self

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• small contacts are needed, where the electron and ion conducting phase can be addressed separately, making AFM-based electrochemical measurements predestined for detailed analyses of the constituents of composite materials. Theoretical Background Kelvin probe force microscopy The presented measurements

• expected to be in the spinel region rather than on another site of the ceria phase. Another possible explanation would be that enhanced charge transport by electrons occurs along the grain boundary. This has already been confirmed experimentally for similar composite materials [33]. In this case, an

• behavior by means of Kelvin probe force microscopy is a way to work out diffusion coefficients of respective constituents in a composite material. The next step concerning the AFM-based analysis of composite materials is the combination of local chemical analysis methods (e.g., EDX or EELS) with local

Effects of temperature and repeat layer spacing on mechanical properties of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated composites under shear loading

• Chia-Wei Huang,
• Man-Ping Chang and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 863–877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.65

• structure, graphene is limited as a structural material [7][8]. In addition, research on composite materials found that nanocomposites can provide better performance than a single material [9]. Therefore, three-dimensional graphene composites have been developed in recent years, which exhibit excellent

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• the formation of composite materials consisting of Co3O4 and different materials, including carbon-based materials, such as graphene [7][8], carbon nanotubes [9], carbon coatings [10], dictyophora indusiata-derived carbon [11], or other transition metal oxides [12]. This approach usually leads to a

Analysis of catalyst surface wetting: the early stage of epitaxial germanium nanowire growth

• Owen C. Ernst,
• Felix Lange,
• David Uebel,
• Thomas Teubner and
• Torsten Boeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1371–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.121

• applications. Surface treatment, for example, modifies the wetting behaviour of active fluids on composite materials or porous media to increase the efficiency and selectivity of catalytic processes [1]. Droplet-based microfluidics, including on-chip and off-chip incubation in immiscible phases, even developed

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• hydrolyzed monomers or an alternative polymerization mechanism [40][41]. The characterization of these composite materials was performed by NIR-spectroscopy (NIR), water contact angle measurements (CA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric (TG) measurements. Mid- and near-infrared

• rearrangement of the polymer chains after the treatment with the CHCl3/DCA solvent mixture. Adsorption experiments suggest a potential use of such composite materials in reverse solid phase extraction applications. In summary, we have introduced a new approach to synthesize and stabilize hydrophobic xerogels

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• always shows strong satellites about 6 eV above the main electronic lines [47]. In composite materials, Ni2+ can arise from the combination of nickel coordinated with nitrogen and from the oxidation/hydroxylation of nickel (since the samples need to be briefly handled in air to be introduced into the XPS

•  5 and Supporting Information S15–S18, Supporting Information File 1) we can confirm the presence of Ni species on the surface of the composite materials but it is evident that nickel nanoparticles are already oxidized due to the handling of the sample in air. The materials based on CTF-1-600 show a

• admixture of Ni species with low activity in the composite materials. The better OER performance of CTF-1-600 over the CTF-1-400 materials is attributed to the better conductivity of the former (as given by the Nyquist plot in Figure 7) and its faster ion and charge transfer together with its higher

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• 2000 cycles), indicating its wide applicability in energy storage. Finally, our results provide a general approach to the construction of CA and MOF-based composite materials with hierarchical porous structure for potential applications in supercapacitors. Keywords: carbon aerogel; hierarchically

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• measurements under controlled electrolyte transport, employing a rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) setup (section 2 in “Results and Discussion”). We will compare the ORR performance with those of the previously reported TiON@NCS and TaON@NCS composite materials. A more detailed account of the electrochemical

• N-doping as applied in the present work, which resulted not only in doping of the oxide shell, but also of the carbon core. It was not clear, whether the significant ORR activity of these composite materials is due to the oxynitride shell or perhaps predominantly caused by the nitrided carbon cores

• that obtained upon nitriding at 850 °C, with an ORR onset at about 0.8 V, in contrast to the best NCS-1000 catalyst, for which an only slighly lower ORR activity was found after nitriding at 1000 °C (Figure 10). Nitriding at 1000 °C led to lower activities for the composite materials, with an ORR onset

Abrupt elastic-to-plastic transition in pentagonal nanowires under bending

• Sergei Vlassov,
• Magnus Mets,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Jianjun Bian,
• Leonid Dorogin and
• Vahur Zadin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2468–2476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.237

• flexible polymer composite materials. Keywords: finite element method; mechanical properties; molecular dynamics; nanowires; Introduction Nanostructures comprised of noble metals with face centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure (Au, Ag and Cu according to the most common physical definition) prepared via

Nanoarchitectonics meets cell surface engineering: shape recognition of human cells by halloysite-doped silica cell imprints

• Elvira Rozhina,
• Ilnur Ishmukhametov,
• Svetlana Batasheva,
• Farida Akhatova and
• Rawil Fakhrullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.176

• of various functional composite materials [26]. The anisotropic shape (hollow tubules having lengths from 300 nm to 1–2 µm, 50–70 nm diameter, and 20 nm lumen) and surface chemistry (outer surface of SiO2, inner surface of Al2O3) make these nanotubes ideal carriers for novel catalysts, polymer

High-temperature resistive gas sensors based on ZnO/SiC nanocomposites

• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Marina N. Rumyantseva,
• Alexander S. Frolov,
• Alexey D. Yapryntsev and
• Alexander M. Gaskov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1537–1547, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.151

• composite materials with respect to temperature, radiation, chemical and mechanical effects [6][7]. It has been shown that in MO/SiC nanocomposites containing metal oxide (MO) and nanostructured SiC, the presence of silicon carbide inhibits the growth of MO crystallites at high temperatures [8]. The

• difference in the adsorption properties, reactivity and electrical behavior of semiconductor oxides and silicon carbide, as well as possible chemical interactions on their interface, cause changes in the sensor performance of composite materials. The SiC-based materials in the form of planar Pt/MO/SiC

• heterostructures were intensively studied as sensitive elements of field-effect or Schottky diode gas sensors. These materials have a high sensitivity to hydrogen and hydrocarbons in the temperature range of 200–600 °C [9][10][11][12][13][14]. The resistive-type sensors based on MO/SiC composite materials have not

Magnetic segregation effect in liquid crystals doped with carbon nanotubes

• Danil A. Petrov,
• Pavel K. Skokov,
• Alexander N. Zakhlevnykh and
• Dmitriy V. Makarov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1464–1474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.145

• composite materials capable of spontaneous ordering are interesting due to the fact that their properties are determined by the interactions between the embedded nanoparticles and the carrier matrix. The properties of LC mixtures with nanoparticles substantially depend on the material of the particles

• physics of ferronematics and ferrocholesterics (magnetic suspensions of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in LCs) is called the magnetic segregation effect [12]. It has a significant influence on the type of orientation transitions in LC composite materials [40][41][42][43][44], and, as predicted in [39], must

Nanoscale spatial mapping of mechanical properties through dynamic atomic force microscopy

• Zahra Abooalizadeh,
• Leszek Josef Sudak and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1332–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.132

• models of failure, specifically when the failure mode occurs at a nanoscale interface of two different phases, such as those in composite materials [8][9]. Therefore, the study of nanoscale mechanical properties is critical for the development of next-generation materials, advanced mechanical systems

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

• Giulia Lo Dico,
• Bernd Wicklein,
• Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
• Giuseppe Lazzara,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

• (Pangel® S9) under ultrasound irradiation. The incorporation of these components into a polymeric CHI matrix results in composite materials that can be processed either as films or as foams. In agreement with previous works [25][26], the ultrasound treatment of this type of sepiolite in aqueous medium

• Young’s modulus of the films (Figure 4A) increases with the clay nanofiller content from 5 GPa for pure chitosan up to 11 GPa for the sample Film-4, which contains 40% of clay components. These findings are in good agreement with the mechanical properties of similar composite materials based on sepiolite

Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

• Maike Schnucklake,
• László Eifert,
• Jonathan Schneider,
• Roswitha Zeis and
• Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

• interactions between phloroglucinol and the surfactant lead to the formation of hydrogen bonds to the polyethylene chains of the polymer. In this fashion the porogen initiates a porous structure. It will be removed during the subsequent carbonization step [25]. The new composite materials have great potential

• additional 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde was employed as a sulfur source. The carbon–carbon composite materials were synthesized by soaking the felts in a solution containing the aforementioned precursors. After thermopolymerization under air a subsequent carbonization step under protective atmosphere, in which

• composite materials in contrast to the reference material (Figure 5). In agreement with recent literature the peaks were fitted to the most probable functional groups. In the C 1s spectrum of the carbonized felt (Figure 5a) five individual peaks could be deconvoluted. There is one dominant peak, which could

Nanoscale optical and structural characterisation of silk

• Meguya Ryu,
• Reo Honda,
• Adrian Cernescu,
• Arturas Vailionis,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Jitraporn Vongsvivut,
• Jing-Liang Li,
• Denver P. Linklater,
• Elena P. Ivanova,
• Vygantas Mizeikis,
• Mark J. Tobin,
• Junko Morikawa and
• Saulius Juodkazis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 922–929, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.93

• properties of a material are interrelated. By using a wide spectrum of electromagnetic waves from visible light to terahertz radiation, it is possible to gain insights into complex hierarchical structures of composite materials. For materials with strong structural anisotropy, defined by the molecular

Synthesis of novel C-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets coupled with CdIn₂S₄ for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

• Jingshuai Chen,
• Chang-Jie Mao,
• Helin Niu and
• Ji-Ming Song

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 912–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.92

• . Keywords: C-doped g-C3N4; CdIn2S4; composite materials; hydrogen generation; photocatalysis; Introduction The serious environmental concerns and increasing global energy demand have instigated growing awareness in the field of alternative energy generation over the past few decades. Photocatalysis

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• . Overall, these composite materials offer a several advantages. First, the porous carbon of fiber morphology has a high aspect length-to-volume ratio and provides a reduced ion/electron diffusion path that allows fast, long-distance electron transport, which endows the necessary electrochemical performance

• , 297.5, 262.5, 245, 233.7 and 200 F g−1 at a current density of 1, 3.5, 5, 7, 8.5 and 10 A g−1, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the best capacitance value ever achieved by solid state supercapacitors using metal oxide/carbon composite materials based on polymer gel electrolyte, and we

• clearly shows that a realistic SSHSC made by composite materials attains the highest energy density of 45.83 Wh kg−1 (calculated using Equation 3) at a power density of 1.27 kW kg−1 (calculated using Equation 4) at 0.8 V and 1 A g−1, respectively, which is superior to many of the earlier reported works

Widening of the electroactivity potential range by composite formation – capacitive properties of TiO₂/BiVO₄/PEDOT:PSS electrodes in contact with an aqueous electrolyte

• Konrad Trzciński,
• Mariusz Szkoda,
• Andrzej P. Nowak,
• Marcin Łapiński and
• Anna Lisowska-Oleksiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 483–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.49

• materials characterized by a developed surface area [9], graphene-based [10] and diamond-based materials [11], conductive polymers (CPs) and hybrid materials [12][13], and numerous types of composite materials [14][15]. For many years, conjugated polymers, also known as conductive polymers, e.g., poly(3,4

Reduced graphene oxide supported C₃N₄ nanoflakes and quantum dots as metal-free catalysts for visible light assisted CO₂ reduction

• Md Rakibuddin and
• Haekyoung Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.44

• material, the peaks related to rGO are not observed in the hybrid materials, which may be due to the low amount of rGO incorporation. Moreover, the peaks related to other impurities are not found in the pattern, indicating the formation of pure hybrid composite materials. The presence of rGO is confirmed

New micro/mesoporous nanocomposite material from low-cost sources for the efficient removal of aromatic and pathogenic pollutants from water

• Emmanuel I. Unuabonah,
• Robert Nöske,
• Jens Weber,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 119–131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.11

• nanocomposites obtained at various temperatures. “RK” indicates the spectrum of the raw kaolinite mentioned in the text. (a) XRD patterns of raw kaolinite clay and 2Z-HYCA composite materials obtained at various temperatures. (b) Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) diagrams of raw kaolinite (RK), raw kaolinite

Graphene–graphite hybrid epoxy composites with controllable workability for thermal management

• Idan Levy,
• Eyal Merary Wormser,
• Maxim Varenik,
• Matat Buzaglo,
• Roey Nadiv and
• Oren Regev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 95–104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.9

• for TIM applications, while maintaining desirable rheological properties [5][9][10][11][12][46]. In this study, a broader picture was obtained on the integration of graphite–GNP fillers and on the impact of viscosity on optimal design of composite materials for thermal management applications. The