Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• . In a two-step reaction, NHS/sulfo-NHS evades the intra- and intermolecular cross-linking of the antibodies as the antibodies have both amine and carboxyl groups [48]. Acharya et al. prepared rapamycin-loaded polymeric PLGA NPs and conjugated them with cetuximab using EDC/NHS cross-linking chemistry

• increasing the antigen binding capacity and the conjugation efficiency [61]. These covalent conjugation methods are highly stable but associated with some drawbacks. These include aggregation and polymerization, cross-linking at multiple sites on the antibodies, the need for additional purification steps for

Silver nanoparticles loaded on lactose/alginate: in situ synthesis, catalytic degradation, and pH-dependent antibacterial activity

• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu,
• T. Lan-Anh Vo,
• T. Thu-Trang Ho,
• Kim-Phuong T. Dang,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Phan Nhat Minh,
• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Vinh-Thien Tran,
• Van-Su Dang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Thi-Lan-Huong Nguyen,
• Van-Dat Doan and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 781–792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.64

• that disrupts the cross-linking between Ca2+ ions and COO− groups of sugar molecules in the alginate chains, leading to the formation of soluble nanoparticles (Figure 1). To obtain the nanocomposite AgNPs@Lac/Alg, Ag+@Lac/Alg was reduced through a heating process, without the use of additional

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• seconds of exposure in the case of the Ag@PEG600DA coating (Figure 2a). As can be seen in Figure 2, AgNP synthesis is much faster in Ag@PEG600DA coatings than in the case of the PEG600DA/PETIA matrix. Indeed, as a diacrylate, PEG600DA offers less cross-linking sites than PETIA, which promotes nanoparticle

• , the use of the PEG600DA/PETIA polymer matrix leads to an increase in rigidity, linked to the trifunctional monomer architecture, which favors polymer chain cross-linking. As such, the Ag@PEG600DA/PETIA coatings are rendered more sensitive to this type of deformation, when pressure is applied to the

Solvent-induced assembly of mono- and divalent silica nanoparticles

• Bin Liu,
• Etienne Duguet and
• Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 52–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.6

• -assembly ligand photo-cross-linking [26] or by adding monofunctional nanospheres into a suspension of bifunctional gold nanorods [27], it has been shown that the average degree of polymerization of the resulting chains can be controlled. The reduction of solvent quality may also be employed to induce the

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• silsesquioxane, chitosan–nanoSiO2–chondroitin sulphate, chitosan–nanoSiO2–gelatin, and chitosan–bioglass/hydroxyapatite/halloysite nanotubes have remarkable osteogenic characteristics [82][83][84][123]. Chitosan and silica-based microspheres were produced by using sol–gel followed by emulsification and cross

• -linking methods. Next, vancomycin hydrochloride was encapsulated into the microspheres. In vitro biomineralisation tests show apatite formation on the surface of the microspheres. In addition, a sustainable drug release profile was detected. This finding reveals that the produced microspheres have

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• 0.1/0.9, 0.3/0.7, 0.5/0.5, 0.7/0.3, and 0.9/0.1. Accordingly, the chemical stoichiometric ratios of Fe and Ni were noted as x and 1−x, respectively. Second, 0.1 mol citric acid (C6H8O7) was also dissolved into the mixed solution as the cross-linking agent to gradually form the gel solution with light

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• and disease development. Studies have shown that solid tumorigenesis and metastasis are often accompanied by abnormal ECM cross-linking, remodelling, and increased tissue stiffness [10]. Peng et al. observed that substrate stiffness directly activates integrin β1 and adherent spot kinase, accelerates

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• Abstract Ultrathin membranes with subnanometer pores enabling molecular size-selective separation were generated on surfaces via electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The evolution of p-terphenylthiol (TPT) SAMs on Au(111) surfaces into cross-linked monolayers was observed

• simulations, we propose that these voids may correspond to free volumes inside a cross-linked monolayer. Keywords: carbon nanomembranes; electron-induced cross-linking; scanning tunneling microscopy; self-assembled monolayers; subnanometer pores; Introduction Electron-induced chemistry plays an essential

• between neighboring aromatic molecules. The mechanisms of cross-linking are dependent on the electron energy: below the ionization potential, a two-step resonant dissociative electron attachment (DEA) has been proposed [5][60][61][62]. Based on HREELS data, Amiaud et al. proposed a resonant electron

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• /bjnano.13.8 Abstract Hemoglobin microparticles (HbMP) produced with a three-step procedure, including coprecipitation of hemoglobin with manganese carbonate, protein cross-linking, and dissolution of the carbonate template were shown to be suitable for application as artificial oxygen carriers. First

• chemically modified, cross-linked, polymerized, or encapsulated by various methods [1][2][3]. We produce biopolymer microparticles as HBOC with the simple coprecipitation–cross-linking–dissolution (CCD) technique while utilizing hemoglobin. Depending on the biopolymer used, there are also various other

• the first step (i.e., coprecipitation) two salt solutions and hemoglobin are mixed. A salt template is created in which hemoglobin is trapped. In the next main step (i.e., cross-linking) the individual hemoglobin molecules are polymerized in the salt template. The third step is dissolution. Dissolving

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• result of other mechanisms, possibly a direct interaction of CYS and PLL or due to a well-established cross-linking property of CYS [50][51]. This effect appeared to be so strong that it counteracted the stabilising power of BSA for PLL-AgNPs in m(CYS+BSA). The DLS results indicated that mGSH did not

• compared to positively charged PLL-AgNPs possibly due to the cross-linking property of CYS. Negatively charged GSH interacted with positively charged PLL-AgNPs leading to their agglomeration, while the GSH complexation power was decreased for PVP- and AOT-coated AgNPs due to unfavourable steric or

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• -induced scission of the polymer chains and subsequent cross-linking and compaction, which can be understood in terms of the dominance of energy losses by electronic scattering in the case of light ions such as helium, compared with the nuclear scattering that dominates energy loss for heavier ions. Yet

• nanoimprint. In another HIBL-related study, helium ion irradiation was used to induce varying degrees of cross-linking of aromatic self-assembled monolayers supported on a gold substrate, followed by removal of the non-cross-linked regions by adhesion to a PMMA film [112]. This leaves the exposed (cross

• -linked) regions behind, presenting an alternative to the conventional methods for carbon nanomembrane production in which cross-linking is induced by electron or UV exposure. Figure 5e shows a carbon nanomembrane from the above reference, fabricated by the HIBL method. Finally

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• . Also, in contrast to C225-NPs, free C225 antibody did not induce autophagy in cells [75]. Maya et al. reported the design and evaluation of EGFR-targeted cetuximab–chitosan cross-linked γ-poly(glutamic acid) nanoparticles loaded with docetaxel. The NPs were prepared by cross-linking the NH2 groups of

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• high purity. Remarkably, the EBISA process exhibits a strong time dependence, which is analyzed in detail for different electron doses. This time dependence is a new phenomenon, which, to the best of our knowledge, was not reported before. The electron-induced cross-linking of the SAM caused by the

• 2D materials used in this approach are ultrathin carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) [21]. CNMs are versatile 2D organic materials with high thermal [22] and mechanical [23] stability that can be produced by electron-induced cross-linking of aromatic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) [24] and transferred onto

• aromatic molecules, which are chemically bound to a Au or Ag surface via either thiol [26] or carboxylic [28][29] anchor groups. Via FEBIP, the SAM can be functionalized with metallic nanostructures and subsequently be transformed into a CNM by electron-induced cross-linking. Afterwards, the resulting

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• samples. These membranes are made from aromatic molecules, typically from self-assembled monolayers. Upon electron irradiation, cross-linking of the molecules is induced. A mechanically stable membrane is formed, which can be transferred onto any other substrate, such as TEM grids [22][23]. Since CNMs

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• electron irradiation-induced cross-linking of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 4′-nitro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-thiol (NBPT) and second, purple membrane (PM) containing genetically modified bacteriorhodopsin (BR) carrying a C-terminal His-tag. The NBPT-CNM was further modified to carry nitrilotriacetic acid

• stable freestanding monolayers produced from irradiation-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) [35]. They have a thickness in the range of 1–2 nm and can be made from a variety of carbon precursor molecules [36]. They are well characterized in terms of their permeability [37][38] and

• -thiol in dried and degassed N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous, 99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich) under nitrogen atmosphere in a sealed flask for 72 h, followed by subsequent rinsing with DMF (BioSyn, ≥99.9%, Honeywell) and absolute ethanol. Cross-linking of the SAMs was conducted by exposing the SAM to 100 eV

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• the PMMA polymer under ion irradiation [5][6][7]. The most important physical and chemical phenomena behind this material modification include scission and cross-linking of polymer chains, which can occur simultaneously, as well as the formation of volatile molecules and their desorption from the

• reduction can be achieved by increasing the ion energy. These results are consistent with previous reports on chain scission, cross-linking, and material compacting under the exposure to different types of electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation [26][27]. Irradiation of PDMS In terms of surface morphology

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• and DIW and triggered the initiation of cross-linking and cyclization of PAN. Finally, the preoxidation product was further carbonized at 1100 °C for 2 h in a tube furnace (OTF-1200X-II, Hefei Kejing Material Technology Co., Ltd., China) under a N2 atmosphere at a heating rate of 5 °C·min−1

• OPCGCNFs (carbonized OPPGCNFs). Compared with the PGCNFs before carbonization, CGCNFs retained the initial ordering. The pores in the CGCNFs appeared due to the cross-linking and cyclization of PAN during carbonization. In addition, other pores in the OPCGCNFs, in a larger amount and size, were generated

Wet-spinning of magneto-responsive helical chitosan microfibers

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johanna Michel,
• Naiana Suter,
• Matheus Grande de Aguiar and
• Michael Maas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 991–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.83

• Young’s modulus values between 3 and 5 GPa. Interestingly, wet-spun fiber blends of chitosan and alginate with a diameter of approximately 100 µm exhibited a Young’s modulus of approximately 0.8 MPa [51]. Besides post-drying, stretching and chemical cross-linking were other factors that changed the

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• cross-linking monomer mixture (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)/1,2-ethanediol dimethacrylate (EGDMA)) under similar reaction conditions. In general, transparency and softness of the gels decreased with increased use of water during the reaction, consistent with other literature reports [40]. Gels

• , 99%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Fisher, 99%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, Carolina Biological Supply, 6 M), and deionized water (DI, Fisher) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Fisher and used without further purification. Synthesis of pHEMA hydrogels pHEMA hydrogels were formed via chemical cross

• -linking of two hydrophilic monomers, HEMA and EGDMA in a room temperature synthesis. Six different biocompatible pHEMA hydrogels were synthesized in this study by varying the quantity of DI water used during preparation of the hydrogels, keeping all the other parameters constant. In a typical synthesis

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• reaction was initialized by a catalyst (X) binding to the γ domain of S. Thus, releasing a by-product, an intermediate species was produced, which had a single-stranded region complementary to the DNA sequence of the fuel. In the next step, the fuel displaced the catalyst X, resulting in the cross-linking

• genetic mutations that alter single base in DNA, causing sequence modification in amino acids and malfunction of a corresponding protein. Reprinted with permission from [51], copyright 2014 Elsevier. Gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric assays in the colloidal phase. a) Cross-linking hybridization assay

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• hydrophobic central block was made of porphyrin molecules linked by disulfide groups; in the intracellular microenvironment the reduction by glutathione could activate the porphyrin molecules for PDT [88]. For self-assembled nanoparticles that are too labile and easily disassemble in vivo, cross-linking with

• frequently suggested solution to avoid any dissociation upon dilution is cross-linking of the vector. For PDT and other therapeutic cases this has been also described [66], showing a strong improvement of the treatment. The PS can be used both as ROS generator and also as cross-linker [101]. Regarding the

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• cargo by chemical cross-linking or by cloning, followed by the expression of a CPP fusion protein. Such interactions have been seen in several CPPs such as TAT derivatives, penetratin or polyarginines [10]. It seems that covalent modification is most suitable for charge-neutral oligonucleotides such as

Simple synthesis of nanosheets of rGO and nitrogenated rGO

• Pallellappa Chithaiah,
• Madhan Mohan Raju,
• Giridhar U. Kulkarni and
• C. N. R. Rao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 68–75, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.7

• –C–O–C– functional groups. At a temperature of 475 °C in a pre-heated muffle furnace, within a short period of time, sucrose undergoes covalent cross-linking reactions yielding the formation of C–C and C=C bonds through the removal of water and CO2. It is finally converted into a lightweight fluffy

• °. Therefore, the obtained product can be considered to be reduced graphene oxide. Similarly, glycine also undergoes a cross-linking reaction with the removal of CO2 and H2O leading to the formation of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide nanosheets. For comparison we have also synthesized rGO sheets at 400

Fully amino acid-based hydrogel as potential scaffold for cell culturing and drug delivery

• Dávid Juriga,
• Evelin Sipos,
• Orsolya Hegedűs,
• Gábor Varga,
• Miklós Zrínyi,
• Krisztina S. Nagy and
• Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2579–2593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.249

• specific chemical composition. In our previous publications, we presented the synthesis of PASP and several preparation methods of PASP-based hydrogels based on cross-linking with diaminobutane (DAB) and CYS in two-step reactions [21][22][25]. The chemical [22], swelling [13], mechanical and responsive

• this method were published previously [25][37][38]. Simultaneous cross-linking of PSI by CYS and LYS PSI was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 25 wt % and mixed with the cross-linker solution, which contained cystamine dihydrochloride (CYS·2HCl) and lysine methyl ester

• dihydrochloride (LYS·2HCl) at different ratios in DMSO (Table 1). During cross-linking, the free primary amino groups of the cross-linkers react with the imide groups of the succinimide rings in a nucleophilic addition reaction (Figure 1, step 1). Dibutylamine (DBA) was added to the reaction mixture in order to