Facile synthesis of a ZnO–BiOI p–n nano-heterojunction with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Mengyuan Zhang,
• Jiaqian Qin,
• Pengfei Yu,
• Bing Zhang,
• Mingzhen Ma,
• Xinyu Zhang and
• Riping Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.72

• ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid sodium (EDTA sodium) were adopted as scavengers of O2•− [53], •OH [54] radicals and holes [55], respectively. From the results displayed in Figure 6f, it is obvious that while the addition of BQ significantly inhibits the photocatalytic activity, DMSO has less effect on

• the degradation degree. EDTA sodium has little impact on the photodegradation of RhB solution under visible light. Thus, although produced in the photocatalytic processes, the photoinduced holes do not play an important role in the degradation reaction. Therefore, the decomposition of RhB solution is

• ), ammonium hydrogen carbonate (NH4HCO3), rhodamine B (RhB), benzoquinone (BQ), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylenediamine teraacetic acid sodium (EDTA sodium) were directly used without any further purification. Synthesis of ZnO–BiOI nanocomposites Generally, 0.05 mol NH4HCO3 were added into 50 mL DI

Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from spices for in vitro imaging and tumour cell growth inhibition

• Nagamalai Vasimalai,
• Vânia Vilas-Boas,
• Juan Gallo,
• María de Fátima Cerqueira,
• Mario Menéndez-Miranda,
• José Manuel Costa-Fernández,
• Lorena Diéguez,
• Begoña Espiña and
• María Teresa Fernández-Argüelles

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 530–544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.51

• (DMEM) with high glucose content and all other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Spain). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ·cm at 25 °C, Millipore USA) was used throughout the experiments. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium with nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F-12) and GlutaMAX-I™, trypsin 0.25%–EDTA

Sugarcane juice derived carbon dot–graphitic carbon nitride composites for bisphenol A degradation under sunlight irradiation

• Lan Ching Sim,
• Jing Lin Wong,
• Chen Hong Hak,
• Jun Yan Tai,
• Kah Hon Leong and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 353–363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.35

• benzoquinone (BQ). The addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA-2Na+) in BPA solution slightly suppressed the degradation rate, showing that h+ was also one of the active radicals involved in the photoreaction. In contrast, neither •OH nor e− are the main reactive species

• purchased from R&M Chemicals. Distilled water was used throughout the experiment for dilution and washing purpose. In addition, IPA (83.5%) and DMSO (99%) was purchased from Bendosen and Univar, respectively. The EDTA-2Na+ (99%) was obtained from ChemSoln. Preparation of carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and carbon

• investigate the involved free radicals. Scavengers like BQ, DMSO, EDTA-2Na+ and IPA were used to conduct this test. BQ was used to trap O2•− while DMSO functioned as the photoinduced e− catcher. EDTA-2Na+ caught the h+ left by the excited electron. IPA worked to trap •OH that was produced by the CD/g-C3N4

Nanoparticle delivery to metastatic breast cancer cells by nanoengineered mesenchymal stem cells

• Liga Saulite,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 321–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.32

• up to 90% confluence in complete cell culture medium in a humidified chamber at 37 °C with 5% CO2. For passaging, the cells were trypsinised using 0.25% trypsin–EDTA solution. All cell reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Establishment of 3D cell culture model A poly(2

• polyHEMA-coated plates for co-culture with 2.5 × 104 MCF7 or MDA-MB-231 cells (2:1) in complete medium [52][53]. After 24 h, supernatants containing floating spheroids were aspirated and centrifuged at 250 g for 5 min. The pellet was suspended in 0.25% trypsin–EDTA for 5 min at 37 °C to ensure the

Increasing the stability of DNA nanostructure templates by atomic layer deposition of Al₂O₃ and its application in imprinting lithography

• Hyojeong Kim,
• Kristin Arbutina,
• Anqin Xu and
• Haitao Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2363–2375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.236

• , USA). 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (Tris), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide solution (30% H2O2), and poly(L-lactide) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetic acid (glacial), dichloromethane, and

• solution (181 μL). The buffer solution was prepared by dissolving Trizma base (40 mM), EDTA (2 mM), acetic acid (2mM), and magnesium acetate tetrahydrate (150 mM) in deionized water and further diluting the solution to make the final concentration of magnesium ions 12.5 mM. The DNA solution was cooled from

Synthesis and catalytic application of magnetic Co–Cu nanowires

• Lijuan Sun,
• Xiaoyu Li,
• Zhiqiang Xu,
• Kenan Xie and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1769–1773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.178

• the foundation for expanding their application to industrial catalysis. All chemicals were of analytical reagent grade and used without any further purification. CoCl2·6H2O, EDTA-2Na, CuSO4·5H2O, PVP, NaOH, N2H4·H2O, H2PtCl6·6H2O and C2H5OH were purchased from Chengdu Kelong Reagent Co., Ltd (China

• measured by a magnetometer. The detailed synthetic process for the Co–Cu nanowires was as follows. First, 0.14 g of CoCl2·6H2O and 0.22 g of EDTA-2Na were dispersed in 60 mL of deionized water in a 100 mL polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) beaker. Then 0.18 g of PVP was added to the reaction solution. The pH

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• , Germany), which was added before use. Cells were exposed to lysis solution for 2 h at 4 °C. After the lysis, slides were washed with TBE buffer (89 mM Tris-borate, 2 mM EDTA, рН 7.5) and electrophoresed in the same buffer for 20 min at 4 °C (1 V/cm, 300 mA). After electrophoresis, the slides were stained

Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• cytometry. After exposure to 100 µg/mL nanoparticles dispersed in the absence and presence of 10 % FBS, the dispersions were removed from each well and cells were rinsed twice with fresh phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Then, 1 mL 0.1% trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution was added and

Carbon nanomaterials sensitize prostate cancer cells to docetaxel and mitomycin C via induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation

• Kati Erdmann,
• Jessica Ringel,
• Silke Hampel,
• Manfred P. Wirth and
• Susanne Fuessel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1307–1317, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.132

• rate For examination of cell proliferation, cell colony formation and apoptosis cells were seeded into 6-well plates and incubated as indicated above. Seventy two hours after the end of treatment cells were harvested by trypsin/EDTA treatment and submitted to the aforementioned assays. Cell

Evaluation of quantum dot conjugated antibodies for immunofluorescent labelling of cellular targets

• Jennifer E. Francis,
• David Mason and
• Raphaël Lévy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1238–1249, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.125

• 75 cm2 flask at 37 °C with 5% CO2, minimum essential media (MEM, Life Technologies, UK) supplemented with 10% (v/v) foetal calf serum (FCS), and 1% non-essential amino acids (NEAA). Cells were split 1,000,000 cells/mL when ≥80% confluent with trypsin-EDTA. Rat mammary (Rama) 27 fibroblasts were

• previously [40]. Cells were split 1:8 when ≥60% confluent with trypsin-EDTA. A stable cell line TC7 3xGFP (expressing tubulin-GFP) was cultured in a 75 cm2 flask at 37 °C with 5% CO2, MEM (Life Technologies, UK) supplemented with 10% (v/v) FCS, 1% NEAA, and genetitin (Sigma-Aldrich, UK), as described

• previously [41]. Cells were split 1:15 when ≥80% confluent with trypsin-EDTA. Transfection HeLa cells were seeded onto 16 mm glass coverslips (100,000 cells/mL) in a 12-well plate and transfected with pG-EGFP-A (soluble GFP) or pG-EGFP-HIF2α (EGFP-HIF2α) using FuGENE6 transfection reagent (Roche Limited, UK

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• streptomycin) (all from Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Cell suspensions were transferred into 25 cm2 tissue culture flasks and grown until reaching 80% confluence in a humidified chamber at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Cells were trypsinized with 0.25% trypsin–EDTA solution (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Cells at passages 2 to 5 were then

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of cell lysates mixed with silver nanoparticles for tumor classification

• Mohamed Hassoun,
• Iwan W.Schie,
• Tatiana Tolstik,
• Sarmiza E. Stanca,
• Christoph Krafft and
• Juergen Popp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1183–1190, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.120

• –EDTA solution (L2143; Biochrom AG, Germany) and fast frozen at −20 °C. The final number of cells in each flask was around 107 cells/mL, which was confirmed by cell counting, using Neubauer Chamber (0.0025 mm2; Marienfied, Germany). In order to prove the reproducibility of our experiments six batches of

Uptake of the proteins HTRA1 and HTRA2 by cells mediated by calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Olga Rotan,
• Katharina N. Severin,
• Simon Pöpsel,
• Alexander Peetsch,
• Melisa Merdanovic,
• Michael Ehrmann and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 381–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.40

• with protein or the protein alone were added to the corresponding cell samples and incubated for another 3 h. The cells were then harvested for flow cytometry analysis as follows. All samples were washed three times with PBS, detached with trypsin/EDTA (3 min at 37 °C) and transferred into 15 mL Falcon

Comparison of four methods for the biofunctionalization of gold nanorods by the introduction of sulfhydryl groups to antibodies

• Xuefeng Wang,
• Zhong Mei,
• Yanyan Wang and
• Liang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 372–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.39

• )trimethoxysilane (MPTMS), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether thiol (PEG-SH, Mw ≈ 5000), goat anti-human IgG, dithiotreitol (DTT), thiol-poly(ethylene glycol)amine (SH-PEG-NH2), and human serum IgG were provided by Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Traut’s reagent, ZebaTM spin

• [17]. Thiolation of anti-IgG by Traut’s reagent Thiolation of anti-IgG by Traut’s reagent was performed as previously described [17]. Briefly, 0.1 mL of anti-IgG was resuspended in PBS containing a 10-fold molar excess Traut’s reagent per mole protein and 2 mM EDTA and then mixed and reacted at room

• previously described [19]. Briefly, 0.1 mL of anti-IgG was reconstituted in Buph PBS (0.1 M sodium phosphate, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.2) containing 10 mM EDTA. Then, 5 μL DTT (1 M) dissolved in Buph PBS/10 mM EDTA were added to the IgG solution. The samples were mixed and reacted on a rotator at room temperature

Tailoring bifunctional hybrid organic–inorganic nanoadsorbents by the choice of functional layer composition probed by adsorption of Cu²⁺ ions

• Veronika V. Tomina,
• Inna V. Melnyk,
• Yuriy L. Zub,
• Aivaras Kareiva,
• Miroslava Vaclavikova,
• Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva and
• Vadim G. Kessler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 334–347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.36

• (reagent grade, Macrochem, Ukraine), NH4Cl, NaNO3, NaCl (chemically pure, Macrochem, Ukraine); HNO3, HCl, NaOH, EDTA - fixanal concentrates (Reahim, Ukraine); murexide (analytical grade, Reahim, Ukraine). Synthesis of nanoparticles The particles were produced by a single-step Stöber approach (for details

• ionic strength was maintained by 1 M NaNO3 solution. The concentration of metal ions in aqueous medium was determined by direct titration of metal ions with 0.0125–0.025 M EDTA (indicator: murexide, buffer: ammonia). Isotherm model evaluation: the Langmuir isotherm is a broadly used model, assuming

A novel electrochemical nanobiosensor for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of femtomolar-level gastric cancer biomarker miRNA-106a

• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Kobra Omidfar and
• Hossein Ghanbarian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2023–2036, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.193

• , Na2HPO4 20 mM, EDTA 0.1 mM at pH 7.4), and the hybridization buffer (NaCl 300 mM, sodium citrate 30 mM at pH 7.4). The SPCEs (3.4 cm length × 1.0 cm width × 0.05 cm height) were purchased from DropSens (Spain). The SPCE consists of a 4 mm diameter disk carbon working electrode, carbon counter electrode

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• the following layers: PAH/PSS/PAH/O-dots/PAH/PSS (Figure 8). The core–polyelectrolyte particles were washed three times with deionized water after each adsorption step. Finally, the calcium carbonate cores were dissolved in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 30 min. The microcapsules were

• centrifuged and rinsed three times with EDTA, and then three times with pure water. Cell cultures The effects of O-dots on living cells were studied using reference diploid epithelial swine testicular cell line (ST-cells), from the collection of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine, UAAS, and malignant breast

• , Russia). Cultures were incubated at 37 °C in air containing 5% CO2. Cells growing exponentially were harvested by a brief incubation with 0.25% trypsin–ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution (Gibco). The cellular uptake of microcapsules was studied using RAW 264.7 murine macrophage-like cell

Chitosan-based nanoparticles for improved anticancer efficacy and bioavailability of mifepristone

• Huijuan Zhang,
• Fuqiang Wu,
• Yazhen Li,
• Xiping Yang,
• Jiamei Huang,
• Tingting Lv,
• Yingying Zhang,
• Jianzhong Chen,
• Haijun Chen,
• Yu Gao,
• Guannan Liu and
• Lee Jia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1861–1870, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.178

• MIF from the MCNs was performed using the dialysis bag diffusion technique [33]. The dialysis bag was cut into small pieces of appropriate length and boiled for 10 min in a volume (500 mL) of 2% (w/v) sodium bicarbonate and 1 mmol/L EDTA-2Na (pH 8.0) before use. Briefly, 10 mg of dried MCNs were

Synthesis of cobalt nanowires in aqueous solution under an external magnetic field

• Xiaoyu Li,
• Lijuan Sun,
• Hu Wang,
• Kenan Xie,
• Qin Long,
• Xuefei Lai and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 990–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.91

• the chemical reagents used in the experiment were analytical grade. CoCl2·6H2O, EDTA-2Na and PVP acted as Co precursor, chelating agent and surfactant, respectively. N2H4·H2O and H2PtCl6·6H2O worked as reductant and initiator, respectively. The synthesis was performed inside water bath set at 80 °C

• . Firstly, 6 mmol CoCl2·6H2O and 6 mmol EDTA-2Na were dissolved in 60 mL distilled water inside a polytetrafluoroethylene beaker placed between two magnets, with an applied field of 40 mT measured by a HT20 tesla meter. Then NaOH was added to adjust the pH value of the solution to about 14, and 0.18 g PVP

Dielectrophoresis of gold nanoparticles conjugated to DNA origami structures

• Anja Henning-Knechtel,
• Matthew Wiens,
• Mathias Lakatos,
• Andreas Heerwig,
• Frieder Ostermaier,
• Nora Haufe and
• Michael Mertig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 948–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.87

• staple strands were combined with the 10 nM template in a Mg2+ containing 1×TE buffer solution (12.5 mM MgCl2, 40 mM Tris, 2 mM EDTA, pH 8.1). Then, the mixture was heated to 85 °C for 15 min, cooled to 56 °C and further cooled to 4 °C after 1 h. In order to purify the resulting structure from excess

• a thiol functionality at the 3′ end (sequence: 5′TTTTT TTTTT TTTTT TTT–C3H5SH3′, HPLC purified, Biomers.net). For this, 3.2 pmol phosphinated gold nanoparticles were mixed in equivalent ratio with the oligonucleotides in Na+-TBE buffer solution (50 mM NaCl, 89 mM Tris, 89 mM boric acid, 1 mM EDTA pH

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• detector was used. The cytometer was set up to measure FSC linearly and SSC logarithmically. After labeling the NSCs were dissociated with StemPro Accutase (Life Technologies) cell dissociation reagent, washed with PBS, resuspended in PBS containing 2% FBS and 2 mM EDTA (pH 7.4) and passed through a 40 µm

Reconstitution of the membrane protein OmpF into biomimetic block copolymer–phospholipid hybrid membranes

• Matthias Bieligmeyer,
• Franjo Artukovic,
• Stephan Nussberger,
• Thomas Hirth,
• Thomas Schiestel and
• Michaela Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 881–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.80

• . The supernatant containing OmpF was dialysed overnight against 20 mM Tris (pH 8), 1 mM EDTA and 1% (w/v) n-octyl polyoxyethylene (octyl-POE). The purity of the protein was assessed by SDS-PAGE. Formation of planar lipopolymer membranes Planar membranes of the lipopolymer mixtures were prepared across

• the bilayers we made sure, that the current trace reflects a stable baseline. Then OmpF was added by pipetting 10 to 50 µL of purified protein (1 mg mL−1 to 2 mg mL−1 in 20 mM Tris (pH 8), 1 mM EDTA and 1% w/v octyl-POE) to both sides of the membrane. At this dilution, the concentration of octyl-POE

Investigating organic multilayers by spectroscopic ellipsometry: specific and non-specific interactions of polyhistidine with NTA self-assembled monolayers

• Ilaria Solano,
• Pietro Parisse,
• Ornella Cavalleri,
• Federico Gramazio,
• Loredana Casalis and
• Maurizio Canepa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 544–553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.48

• eventually leading to the regeneration of the NTA film. Representative difference between spectra measured after and before the imidazole/EDTA treatment, for brevity and , are shown in Figure 4c,d (red open circles). The graphic choice in panels c and d emphasizes that and spectra are specular (with

• obtained from ex situ measurements. In Figure 5, δΔ2,1 and δΨ2,1 spectra (black symbols), related to the His6 adsorption, are compared with δΔ1',1 and δΨ1',1 spectra (grey symbols) obtained after the completion of the imidazole/EDTA treatment. Note that these difference spectra are referenced to the NTA/Au

• index in the range of 1.35–1.40, the layer thickness is estimated in the range of 1.5–1.7 nm range. Analogously, we can also estimate that the imidazole/EDTA treatment removed ≈75% of the His6 layer. The removal percentage could be even higher considering the conceivable effect of imidazole/EDTA

Influence of calcium on ceramide-1-phosphate monolayers

• Joana S. L. Oliveira,
• Gerald Brezesinski,
• Alexandra Hill and
• Arne Gericke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 236–245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.22

• with and without calcium in the subphase. For pH 9, a solution of 10 mM borax buffer has been used, and for pH 4, a 10 mM citric buffer. Either 150 mM NaCl was added to mimic the physiological environment and 1 mM EDTA to chelate traces of divalent cations, or the EDTA was substituted by 1 mM CaCl2. On

• ± 1)°. In our experiments, at the same pressure, non-tilted molecules are observed. This could be attributed to possible traces of divalent ions in the Millipore water used in our experiments with no addition of EDTA, and supports the finding that small amounts of divalent ions have a big influence on

• ) was purchased from Matreya, LLC (PA, USA). EDTA (≥99.4%), NaCl (≥99.5%), NaOH (≥99.5%), CaCl2 (≥99%) and HCl were purchased from Sigma Aldrich GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany). Chloroform (≥99.9%) and citric acid monohydrate (≥99.5%) were purchased from Carl Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany) and methanol

Mismatch detection in DNA monolayers by atomic force microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• Maryse D. Nkoua Ngavouka,
• Pietro Capaldo,
• Elena Ambrosetti,
• Giacinto Scoles,
• Loredana Casalis and
• Pietro Parisse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 220–227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.20

• , the AFM tip is scanned at high load (approx. 100 nN) over the TOEG6 SAM, operating in a buffer solution (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, (hereafter TE), 1 M NaCl, pH 7.1) containing 5 μM thiolated ssDNA oligonucleotides. The applied load is sufficient to displace the TOEG6 molecules from the gold surface