Localized surface plasmon resonances in nanostructures to enhance nonlinear vibrational spectroscopies: towards an astonishing molecular sensitivity

• Dan Lis and
• Francesca Cecchet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2275–2292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.237

• substrate (15% of surface coverage) with the same thiophenol SAM (self-assembled monolayer) chemisorbed on a Au(111) monocrystal, the normalized intensity enhancement was estimated to be 21. Actually, a 1.5% NPs surface coverage already led to a significant SFG vibrational signature, which underlines the

• the junction between the nanospheres, with a strong dipolar contribution parallel to the substrate. This explains the necessity to use ssp polarization (in the order of SFG, vis, IR) to obtain a strong amplification for such dense nanoparticle layer. As a result, an octadecanethiol SAM chemisorbed on

• of the Au NPs. According to the authors, the overall SFG signal from a dodecanethiol SAM was increased by one order of magnitude. If considering an ideal 100% surface coverage in Au NPs (which was not the case), the minimum amplification factor that can be deduced is 100. Also an important

In situ metalation of free base phthalocyanine covalently bonded to silicon surfaces

• Fabio Lupo,
• Cristina Tudisco,
• Federico Bertani,
• Enrico Dalcanale and
• Guglielmo G. Condorelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2222–2229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.231

• there are no strong interactions between the surface of PSi and the Pc molecules. Metalation of SAM The possibility to induce a direct metalation of the grafted Pc was explored for both Si-1-Pc and PSi-1-Pc samples. 1-Pc that was covalently bonded to Si and PSi surfaces has been treated with a solution

High speed e-beam lithography for gold nanoarray fabrication and use in nanotechnology

• Jorge Trasobares,
• François Vaurette,
• Marc François,
• Hans Romijn,
• Jean-Louis Codron,
• Dominique Vuillaume,
• Didier Théron and
• Nicolas Clément

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1918–1925, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.202

• for such SAMs on a gold substrate, which allows a direct comparison with the literature. A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11-ferrocenyl-1-undecanethiol (FcC11)-coated gold nanoarray was characterized by XPS (Figure 4). The bare Au nanoarray shows no Fe 2p XPS signal confirming that the initial

• conditions prior to SAM formation corresponds to clean Au surface. XPS spectrum corresponding to the SAM with ferrocene (FcC11) show a Fe 2p3/2 and Fe 2p1/2 doublet located at 707.8 eV and 720.7 eV. The position of the doublet is in excellent agreement with previously reported values for adsorbed ferrocene

• nanodots are covered with a thin layer of SiO2 that is removed by HF at 1% for 1 mn prior to SAM deposition. Spacing between Au nanodots is flexible and is typically set between 50 nm to 200 nm. Self-assembled monolayer As described in [1], for the SAM deposition, we exposed the freshly evaporated gold

Real-time monitoring of calcium carbonate and cationic peptide deposition on carboxylate-SAM using a microfluidic SAW biosensor

• Anna Pohl and
• Ingrid M. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1823–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.193

• minerals in biomineralization processes. Acidic macromolecules comprise a significant fraction of the organic matrix of many mollusc shells [43][44][45], therefore a carboxylate-terminated self-assembled monolayer (COO-SAM) sensor chip was used to investigate under which conditions interactions related to

• engineering and bioinspired nanotechnology. Results and Discussion Using a standard microfluidic surface acoustic wave (SAW) biosensor system equipped with commercially available COO−/H3O+-SAM (COOH-SAM, in the following is termed COO-SAM) sensor chips, we monitored the phase and amplitude signals as a

• )carbonate ions (hydrogen carbonate and/or carbonate) with a COO-SAM surface can be monitored in real-time and whether or not the interaction depends on the concentration, which was adjusted to fractions of the solubility equilibrium concentration. Therefore, 140 µmol/L calcium carbonate in pure water was

The influence of molecular mobility on the properties of networks of gold nanoparticles and organic ligands

• Edwin J. Devid,
• Paulo N. Martinho,
• M. Venkata Kamalakar,
• Úna Prendergast,
• Christian Kübel,
• Tibebe Lemma,
• Jean-François Dayen,
• Tia. E. Keyes,
• Bernard Doudin,
• Mario Ruben and
• Sense Jan van der Molen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1664–1674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.177

• surface [37]. By comparison, the Raman modes from the S-BPP moiety are weaker than the benzenethiol moiety in the SAM spectrum. The features at 1443, 1149, 1179 and 785 cm−1 are attributed to the S-BPP ligand, principally to the pyrazole moieties [38]. A weak shoulder centred at 1607 cm−1 is attributed to

Hydrophobic interaction governs unspecific adhesion of staphylococci: a single cell force spectroscopy study

• Nicolas Thewes,
• Peter Loskill,
• Philipp Jung,
• Henrik Peisker,
• Markus Bischoff,
• Mathias Herrmann and
• Karin Jacobs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1501–1512, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.163

• contact angle measurements, this protocol enables the preparation of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) with a thickness of about 2.6 nm and an rms roughness below 0.2 nm. In [21] it was shown that the SAM is hydrophobic, homogeneous, dense, upright and in all-trans configuration. The contact angles

Near-field photochemical and radiation-induced chemical fabrication of nanopatterns of a self-assembled silane monolayer

• Ulrich C. Fischer,
• Carsten Hentschel,
• Florian Fontein,
• Linda Stegemann,
• Christiane Hoeppener,
• Harald Fuchs and
• Stefanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1441–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.156

• -assembled monolayer (SAM) of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) is explored with three different processes: 1) a near-field photochemical process by photochemical bleaching of a monomolecular layer of dye molecules chemically bound to an APTES SAM, 2) a chemical process induced by oxygen plasma etching

• as well as 3) a combined near-field UV-photochemical and ozone-induced chemical process, which is applied directly to an APTES SAM. All approaches employ a sandwich configuration of the surface-supported SAM, and a lithographic mask in form of gold nanostructures fabricated through colloidal sphere

• lithography (CL), which is either exposed to visible light, oxygen plasma or an UV–ozone atmosphere. The gold mask has the function to inhibit the photochemical reactions by highly localized near-field interactions between metal mask and SAM and to inhibit the radiation-induced chemical reactions by casting a

Purification of ethanol for highly sensitive self-assembly experiments

• Kathrin Barbe,
• Martin Kind,
• Christian Pfeiffer and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1254–1260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.139

• high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), suffers from the drawback that the purification procedure is not specific for sulfur-containing contaminations. While these contaminations might only play a minor role in most cases of SAM formation, where thermodynamic equilibrium can be approached by

Electron-beam induced deposition and autocatalytic decomposition of Co(CO)₃NO

• Florian Vollnhals,
• Martin Drost,
• Fan Tu,
• Esther Carrasco,
• Andreas Späth,
• Rainer H. Fink,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1175–1185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.129

• than 3 nm), electron beam based lithography (EBL, EBID), local Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM), with a resolution better than 10 nm using a hemispherical electron energy analyzer. All electron exposures for SEM and lithography were performed at a beam energy of 15

Classical molecular dynamics investigations of biphenyl-based carbon nanomembranes

• Andreas Mrugalla and
• Jürgen Schnack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.98

• ]. These calculations suggest that the regular structure of the precursor self-assembled monolayer (SAM) turns into a disordered sheet. Nevertheless, the simulations of the very small system do not allow definite conclusions about the structure of the extended sheet. On the other hand, the quantum

• configuration the energy minimization always leads to planar configurations even without support. For the initial arrangement of the SAM we assumed various geometries. This has two reasons: BPT molecules self-assemble in various structures (hexagonal 2 × 2, herringbone, ) depending for instance on the metallic

• dihedral twistings between the upper and lower phenyl rings, that following [4] remain sizable in the SAM in accord with theoretical calculations [6][7]. On top of these initial conditions we also investigated highly excited initial states. These were realized by randomly displacing individual carbon atoms

Fullerenes as adhesive layers for mechanical peeling of metallic, molecular and polymer thin films

• Maria B. Wieland,
• Anna G. Slater,
• Barry Mangham,
• Neil R. Champness and
• Peter H. Beton

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 394–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.46

• metal to a dielectric substrate has also been demonstrated for cross-linked self-assembled monolayers (SAM) using a polymeric ‘glue’ to first peel off a Au/SAM/polymer layer, followed by an etch process to remove the gold, thus isolating the SAM/polymer film for subsequent processing [9]. Most recently

Nanoscale patterning of a self-assembled monolayer by modification of the molecule–substrate bond

• Cai Shen and
• Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 258–267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.28

• self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and a Au(111)/mica substrate by underpotential deposition (UPD) is studied as a means of high resolution patterning. A SAM of 2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethanethiol (BP2) prepared in a structural phase that renders the Au substrate completely passive against Cu-UPD, is

• patterned by modification with the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope. The tip-induced defects act as nucleation sites for Cu-UPD. The lateral diffusion of the metal at the SAM–substrate interface and, thus, the pattern dimensions are controlled by the deposition time. Patterning down to the sub-20 nm

• range is demonstrated. The difference in strength between the S–Au and S–Cu bond is harnessed to develop the latent Cu-UPD image into a patterned binary SAM. Demonstrated by the exchange of BP2 by adamantanethiol (AdSH) this is accomplished by a sequence of reductive desorption of BP2 in Cu free areas

Fabrication of carbon nanomembranes by helium ion beam lithography

• Xianghui Zhang,
• Henning Vieker,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 188–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.20

• universal method for the fabrication of ultrathin carbon nanomembranes (CNMs). Here we demonstrate the cross-linking of aromatic SAMs due to exposure to helium ions. The distinction of cross-linked from non-cross-linked regions in the SAM was facilitated by transferring the irradiated SAM to a new substrate

• oxide layer. The observation was done by using HIM in doing so taking advantage of the high surface sensitivity of the instrument. Results and Discussion Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the cross-linking and transfer process. Firstly, the SAM that consists of closely packed NBPT molecules

• is formed on a gold substrate; secondly, the SAM is irradiated locally with He+ ions; thirdly, the transfer is assisted by a layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for mechanical stabilization, which allows the dissolution of underlying Au layer; lastly, the PMMA layer is dissolved and only the

Surface assembly and nanofabrication of 1,1,1-tris(mercaptomethyl)heptadecane on Au(111) studied with time-lapse atomic force microscopy

• Tian Tian,
• Burapol Singhana,
• Lauren E. Englade-Franklin,
• Xianglin Zhai,
• T. Randall Lee and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 26–35, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.3

• , for this example the tip retains its sharpness because the pinhole defects and contours of the step edges of the underlying gold beneath the SAM of TMMH (Figure 4a) can be resolved, even after the tip was used for fabrication steps. In comparison to the example of nanoshaving in Figure 1f, the SAM is

• more densely packed after 30 h immersion in TMMH (see Figure 4). The thickness of the SAM is 1.0 ± 0.2 nm measured at the right edge of the nanopattern. The baseline within the nanoshaved area has a slope due to the nature of the substrate. The left side has a hill of adsorbates from the material

• nanografted pattern compared to the matrix for the lateral force image of Figure 5b, even though TMMH and ODT are both terminated with methyl groups. The darker contrast could be attributable to differences in packing density: the nanografted pattern appears to be more dense than the surrounding SAM of TMMH

Cyclic photochemical re-growth of gold nanoparticles: Overcoming the mask-erosion limit during reactive ion etching on the nanoscale

• Burcin Özdemir,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alfred Plettl and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 886–894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.100

• following. Alkyltrimethoxysilanes are known to form self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on substrates after immersion into the corresponding solutions and were reported to act stabilizing on the location of nanoparticles [17][18]. Following this idea, in the present work octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) SAMs

Site-selective growth of surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks on self-assembled monolayer patterns prepared by AFM nanografting

• Tatjana Ladnorg,
• Alexander Welle,
• Stefan Heißler,
• Christof Wöll and
• Hartmut Gliemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 638–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.71

• -epitaxial layer-by-layer method (liquid-phase epitaxy, or LPE). The chemical termination of the supporting substrate is crucial, because the most convenient method for substrate modification is the formation of a suitable self-assembled monolayer. The choice of a particular SAM also allows for control over

• first one is based on 3-mercaptopropionic acid molecules which are grafted in a 1-decanethiolate SAM, which serves as a matrix for this nanolithography. The second approach uses 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid, which is grafted in a matrix of an 1-octadecanethiolate SAM. In both cases a site-selective

• in-situ synthesis, which was introduced by Bein et al. [15]. In this synthesis the MOF crystals are grown by dipping a gold coated substrate, which is terminated with a thiol-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM), into a solution containing a mixture of the metal nodes and the organic linkers. As a

Magnetic anisotropy of graphene quantum dots decorated with a ruthenium adatom

• Igor Beljakov,
• Velimir Meded,
• Franz Symalla,
• Karin Fink,
• Sam Shallcross and
• Wolfgang Wenzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 441–445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.51

• Igor Beljakov Velimir Meded Franz Symalla Karin Fink Sam Shallcross Wolfgang Wenzel Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.4.51 Abstract The creation of magnetic storage devices by

Guided immobilisation of single gold nanoparticles by chemical electron beam lithography

• Patrick A. Schaal and
• Ulrich Simon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 336–344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.39

• . Afterwards, these arrays are characterised by using atomic force microscopy. Keywords: 2D pattern; indium tin oxide (ITO); positioning; SAM; self-assembly; Introduction Periodic arrays of nanometre-sized metal structures hold great promise for future applications, e.g., in nanoelectronics [1][2][3][4] or

• through covalent binding. A subsequent metallisation step enabled the formation of conducting nanopatterns in the 100 nm regime. Compared to resist-based EBL with five or more processing steps, the pattern formation was achieved in just three steps (SAM preparation, irradiation, and immobilisation

• applied to the SAM decreases with increasing distance from the grating spots (being lowest in the middle between two spots). The variation of the electron dose within the irradiated structure results in a variation of the thiol density. With decreasing particle size this thiol gradient becomes the driving

Micro- and nanoscale electrical characterization of large-area graphene transferred to functional substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Patrick Fiorenza,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Cristina Tudisco,
• Guido G. Condorelli,
• Nicolò Piluso,
• Noemi Spartà,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Corrado Accardi,
• Cristina Tringali,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 234–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.24

• determined by X-ray photoelectron analysis (XPS) by using a PHI ESCA/SAM 5600 Multitechnique spectrometer. XPS experiments were carried out with a base pressure of 2 × 10−10 torr. A monochromated Al Kα radiation source (hν = 1486.6 eV) was used, and XPS spectra were collected at various photoelectron angles

Selective surface modification of lithographic silicon oxide nanostructures by organofunctional silanes

• Thomas Baumgärtel,
• Christian von Borczyskowski and
• Harald Graaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 218–226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.22

• selectively immobilized on the structures in order to provide them with an adjustable functionality. A combination of LAO with a treatment of the substrate surface by organic self-assembled monolayers (SAM) is a promising approach for a versatile combined top-down/bottom-up process towards the fabrication of

• ) substrates with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-dodecene molecules as a surface coating. The monolayer preparation was carried out in three steps: cleaning, native-oxide removal, and monolayer formation (radical chain reaction); see also [25][44]. The substrates have been cleaned by ultrasonication in

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• printing and solvent-assisted micromolding techniques. Microcontact printing involves the use of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp with self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coating to print the substrate surface by transfer of the SAM (e.g., alkysiloxane). A photoresist solution is deposited in the areas not

• covered by the SAM, patterning the resulting polymer [57]. After the removal of SAM and the carbonization step of the PDMS, aligned carbon nanotubes can grow in the areas from which the SAM was removed. This technique has also been use to print catalysts, instead of SAMs, to synthesize free-standing

Tuning the properties of magnetic thin films by interaction with periodic nanostructures

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Felix Haering,
• Stefan Nau,
• Carsten Schulze,
• Herbert Schletter,
• Denys Makarov,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Karsten Kuepper,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Johannes Boneberg and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 831–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.93

• ). We thank Sam McFadzean and Alan J. Craven from the University of Glasgow for assistance with STEM measurements. Those measurements were supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD PPP D/07/0995) and Landesinnovationspromotion funded by the European Social Fund and the Free State of Saxony

Polymer blend lithography: A versatile method to fabricate nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers

• Cheng Huang,
• Markus Moosmann,
• Jiehong Jin,
• Tobias Heiler,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.71

• produce patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on solid substrates featuring two or three different chemical functionalities. For the pattern generation we use the phase separation of two immiscible polymers in a blend solution during a spin-coating process. By controlling the spin-coating parameters

• time featuring regions of bare SiOx. The patterning process could be applied even on meter-sized substrates with various functional SAM molecules, making this process suitable for the rapid preparation of quasi two-dimensional nanopatterned functional substrates, e.g., for the template-controlled

• growth of ZnO nanostructures [1]. Keywords: breath figure; nanopatterned template; polymer blend lithography (PBL); self-assembled monolayer (SAM); self assembly; spin coating; vapor phase; Introduction Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are well-known and have been intensively studied for many years

The oriented and patterned growth of fluorescent metal–organic frameworks onto functionalized surfaces

• Jinliang Zhuang,
• Jasmin Friedel and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 570–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.66

• [2.2.2]­octane), since anthracene-based compounds show interesting luminescent properties, such as photoluminescence and electroluminescence [36][38][39]. In order to obtain highly orientated SURMOFs, we used two SAMs of very high structural quality: The COOH-terminated SAM was formed from 4

• . Controlled growth of [Zn2(adc)2dabco] on SAM-functionalized surfaces As mentioned before, many applications rely on the attachment of the active materials to surfaces [25][26][44]. For the formation of SURMOFs, several strategies exist, such as direct growth/deposition from solvothermal mother solutions [28

• leftmost carboxyl groups in Figure 1a, directing the (110) plane (blue) parallel to the substrate surface. In contrast, the growth of [Zn2(adc)2(dabco)] on a SAM with monodentate Lewis base headgroups capable of coordinating to the apical sites of the Zn2 units should lead to a [001] orientated SURMOF, in

Imaging ultra thin layers with helium ion microscopy: Utilizing the channeling contrast mechanism

• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Vasilisa Veligura,
• Stefan Lorbek,
• Tijs F. Mocking,
• Antony George,
• Raoul van Gastel,
• Harold J. W. Zandvliet and
• Bene Poelsema

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 507–512, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.58

• , the BSHe data presented here was recorded with lower PEs between 10 keV and 20 keV. This results in a better signal-to-noise ratio for the BSHe images. Patterns of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) were created by using a PDMS stamp and gas-phase silanization. Orthogonal stripes with an identical width

• mechanism for this remaining patch is therefore difficult. Figure 1b shows the simultaneously recorded BSHe image. Interestingly, the SAMs are not only discernible but can also be distinguished. In addition, small details at the edge of the vertical SAM stripes are clearly visible. The relative average