Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• polygon laser scanner [21]. However, narrowing the NP size distribution remains a challenge for PLAL [22]. Typically, PLAL-generated NPs exhibit broad and/or bimodal size distributions [23][24]. Extensive research has been conducted to reduce NP size dispersion by PLAL, mainly by adding surfactants [25

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• polymer enables drug release by diffusion [21]. Eudragit RS30D is the 30% aqueous dispersion of Eudragit RS100, which is promptly used as coating material [22] or within formulations of drug delivery systems with sustained release characteristics [23]. Although the mucoadhesion of this polymer is known

• mL) were dripped into Eudragit RS 100 suspension (2%, v/v, of Eudragit RS 30D, diluted with ddH2O) by using a syringe pump at a rate of 5 mL/h, and the dispersion was incubated on a magnetic stirrer (700 rpm, 10 min, room temperature). At the end of the incubation, coated NPs were centrifuged (10000g

• nanoparticle suspension (500 µL, 1 mg) was added onto the artificial mucus layer. After 24 h of incubation at room temperature, the mucus layer was discarded, and the gelatin layer was washed and melted. The FI values were recorded from the gelatin layer. As a reference, an aqueous dispersion of F-EudAlg

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• films through the relation [37] where T represents the transmission in percent. Figure 7 shows the variation in refractive index with wavelength for films fabricated at various substrate temperatures (R.T.–600 °C). The change in the refractive index shows a normal dispersion behaviour. The refractive

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• chloroquine onto graphene oxide nanosheets Chloroquine molecules were bound to GO nanosheets through noncovalent π–π interactions between the quinoline of Chl and the graphitic domain of GO, according to a previously reported procedure [25]. Briefly, 100 mL of an aqueous dispersion of GO (500 μg/mL

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• compared to electrospun fibers without nanoclay. This improvement is due to the dispersion of nanoparticles within the polymer matrices, which plays an important role in enhancing the physical and mechanical properties of electrospun nanofiber [169]. The purpose of surface modification is to increase the

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• photothermal conversion of iron oxide minimizes the necessary laser energy. The mechanical force generated by laser-induced VNBs enables the selective destruction of single corneal cells. The PLA films aid in precisely positioning the photothermal therapy, restrain the dispersion of iron oxide nanoclusters

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• and non-uniform MOF dispersion formed during casting may strongly impact the functional performance of the MOF-based MMM. Consequently, meticulous preparation of the precursor slurry and precise MMM casting is critical to avoid such issues. Furthermore, the solvents used for the polymer slurry must be

• , MOF dispersion, and MOF stabilization in the suspension. The authors found that dichloromethane and chloroform resulted in homogenous MOF dispersion, whereas MEK gave poor MOF dispersion, and oxolane gave intermediate results. Across all MOF loadings tested, they observed that MMMs produced in MEK

• high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Utilizing smaller MOF filler sizes is a straightforward approach to improve filler dispersion. The contact area with the polymer matrix increases when the size of MOF particles is decreased, promoting adhesion, and reducing interfacial defects

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• photocatalysts for treating solutions containing the MB dye (400 mg·L−1) at 25 °C. The results showed adsorption and photocatalysis efficiency above 94% for both samples. The blue-colored BEOx and BEPh samples were then applied as a hybrid pigment. The power pigment and its dispersion in colorless paint were

• experiment. The efficiency of MB photodegradation (X%) was determined by Equation 2: where M0 and Mf are the concentrations of MB at the beginning and at the end of the photocatalytic test, respectively. Dispersion of the pigments clay/Nb and clay/Nb/MB in colorless commercial paint The samples A-BEPh, A

• with 50 μm of diameter and gate delay of 0.5 μs. A static laser scattering (SLS) Horiba LA-960 equipment assessed the powder particle size distribution measurements using a 15 mL cuvette accessory and water as the dispersion medium. The refractive index was set to 1.640 for red and blue lines. Results

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• frequency (ω), Y, and n. The obtained results suggest robust electron transfer and enhanced electrocatalytic efficiency in dextrose oxidation [19][20][21] (Figure 5). Antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs The biogenic ZnO NPs presented a good dispersion and exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• coronas, where the documentation of the nanomaterials’ dispersion and corona formation steps was very complete, but the description of the protein isolation and informatics steps was much less complete. This gap in documentation was attributed to the fact that the omics analyses are often performed by

• flexibility in terms of medium, soil, dispersion approach and so forth, meaning that detailed documentation of each step is still required to allow others to reuse the data with confidence. This is especially important for nanomaterials, given that the test guidelines originally developed for soluble

• particular instance. Instances at the top of the map (see Figure 4, “Set up – nanomaterial dispersion and soil spiking”) occur before the exposure of organisms and include the nanomaterial dispersion and their addition to soil, followed by instances detailing the addition of organisms and then the timepoints

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• example, the active centers of the most efficient heterogeneous catalysts commonly fall within this range [23][24][25][26]. The challenge lies in the fact that, because of their pronounced tendency to aggregate, these materials must be deposited with a high level of dispersion to achieve the desired

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• . Analysis was performed using Malvern dispersion technology software version 5.10. A Perkin-Elmer Lambda 25 UV–visible spectrometer was utilized for UV spectra collection. Fluorescence spectra were recorded on a HITACHI F 7100 spectrofluorometer. Measurements were conducted at 37 °C using a quartz cuvette

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• vesicles. To standardize the size distribution, the sonicated dispersion underwent five cycles of extrusion through a 100 nm polycarbonate membrane using an Avanti Mini-Extruder. The finalized liposomal formations underwent a comprehensive characterization, assessing size, PDI, and zeta potential through

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• supposed that the mucilage envelope can support epizoochoric ways of seed dispersal [29][31][32][33]. However, direct experimental support of the mucilage role in epizoochory (e.g., epiornitochory) is only scarcely documented in the literature like, for example, the dispersion of fruits of Adenostemma

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• cell labeling [17][18][19][20][21][22]. Their biocompatibility and stability fill the niche of applications that require properties unattainable by organic materials. Size control, prevention of aggregation through coating, specific interactions and dispersion, and the ability to penetrate cellular and

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• end concentration of 0.5 ppm, followed by the addition of ʟ-car-AgNPs as a sensing probe. The dispersion was then examined for colorimetric/spectrophotometric changes. Finally, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the developed nanosensors were estimated through a

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• HPN dispersion. The developed HPN-cPLHNPs gels showed much better wound healing activity with a significantly higher reduction in wound size after topical application for 14 days in comparison with the conventional HPN gel. Emodin Emodin (EDN) is a natural anthraquinone compound found in various

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• /bjnano.15.117 Abstract By employing a model of nanomaterials with polymorphic phase transitions and using a thermodynamic approach to describe the effects of vacancy saturation, irradiation dose, powder dispersion, and surface energies, we demonstrate the possibility of radiation-induced phase

• factors in a comprehensive thermodynamic approximation. As our model system, we selected a spherical nanoscale particle in an inert medium, for which we utilized the parameters necessary for calculations. Our aim is to investigate the effects of powder dispersion, surface energies of phases, and vacancy

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• detailed density functional theory calculations with dispersion correction and on-site Coulomb interaction (DFT(D) + U) to investigate CO2 activation on ψ-graphene and its hydrogenated forms for their application in the electrochemical conversion of CO2 [43]. Faghihnasiri et al. have performed DFT

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• to its high refractive index, second/third-order nonlinearities, electro-optic effect, and mature platform), its optical losses and birefringence pose limitations [25]. Combining LiNbO3 with TiO2 in a multi-stack can offer advantages such as tighter confinement, tailored dispersion, and complementary

• field profile, and TMM helps to calculate the dispersion relation of transmission and reflection spectra of such structure. The simulation was executed on a computer with AMD Ryzen 5-5600H (3.30 GHz base frequency, up to 4.20 GHz maximum boost clock, 16 MB cache, and 6 cores). The simulation ran for an

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• modifications by TA. To understand the features related to the material’s colloidal behavior, biological effects, and interaction with biomolecules, it is essential to characterize its surface chemistry and dispersion in the medium befitting toxicological studies before and after molecular interactions. The

• completed aggregated with a high polydispersity index. The quality criteria of DLS analysis for GO with a concentration lower than 10 mg·L−1 were not satisfactory; therefore, they could not be used to evaluate the dispersion state of more diluted GO suspensions, such as 1 mg·L−1 of nanomaterial. However, it

• ., positive values up to +2 eV) obtained from DFT calculations when dispersion corrections are not applied. The adsorption energy value is determined by the number and types of interactions involved, such as hydrogen bonds, as well as carbon–carbon and carbon–hydrogen interactions. Supporting Information File

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• , Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5), only 1.1 mg·mL–1 of non-functionalized SiO2NPs were removed from the dispersion while 8.0 mg·mL–1 of SiO2NPs-ZW-FO were captured by the beads with this receptor. Nanoparticle colloidal stability and protein corona formation One of the main challenges in nanomedicine

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• simplified molecular input line entry specification (SMILES) retrieved from Drugbank. Molecular mechanics and density functional-based tight binding (DFTB) with dispersion and solvation corrections were used to obtain the optimized structures of the molecules under study and to compute EHOMO, ELUMO, and ω as

• genetic algorithms and final optimization at the DFTB3 level, respectively. London dispersion forces were considered in the DFTB3 and global optimization procedures by Lennard-Jones potentials, as implemented in UFF and MMFF94 force fields, respectively. The solvent effect was included by the Born

• the carbonyl group is the more nucleophilic center, whereas there are two positive-density regions near the carbonyl group and in the C–C bond next to the amine-substituted carbon atom. Both pharmaceutical agents are susceptible to interaction with fullerenes to form a force dispersion complex as it

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• –k dispersion reveals the investigated material’s key electronic properties. The calculations reveal a direct bandgap of 1.12 eV for monolayer Ge2Se2. We further extract critical optical parameters using the Kubo–Greenwood formalism and Kramers–Kronig relations. A significantly large absorption

• . Furthermore, to test the stability of the crystal structure, we have computed the phonon band dispersion for monolayer Ge2Se2 within the first Brillouin zone (Figure 2c). The calculated phonon spectra along the high symmetry path Γ-X-S-Y-Γ in the first Brillouin zone are shown in Figure 2d. The phonon

• Ge2Se2 using its electronic band structure and density of states, as shown in Figure 3. To maintain a high degree of accuracy, we calculated the band structure using the HSE06 functional, and the band dispersion along the high symmetry paths Γ-X-S-Y-Γ in the first Brillouin zone, as shown in Figure 3

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• -augmented plane-wave basis (PAW) [31][32]. Dispersion forces are included through Grimmes D3 method [33] with Becke–Jonson damping [34] (IVDW = 12). Further, we include non-spherical contributions from the gradient corrections inside the PAW spheres (LASPH = .TRUE.). For all slab calculations, the lowest