Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• proteins with specific biological functions, such as transferrin, insulin, albumin, mucin, or hemoglobin, may represent powerful candidates as next-generation biologics. The EHD jetting process is influenced by a number of governing principles, such as viscosity and dielectric constant of the premixture

• used for all jetting experiments. This inclusion of ethanol decreased the dielectric constant and surface tension of the solution. The exception was insulin- and mucin-based SPNPs, which were manufactured as described in the Materials section. Furthermore, a homobifunctional amine-reactive macromer

Effects of drug concentration and PLGA addition on the properties of electrospun ampicillin trihydrate-loaded PLA nanofibers

• Tuğba Eren Böncü and
• Nurten Ozdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 245–254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.19

• critical component of the bacterial cell walls [9]. 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) was used as solvent in the study. It is preferred due to its sufficiently low surface tension, sufficiently high dielectric constant, and volatility [10]. The aim of this study was to produce and characterize

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• environments, and a high strength-to-weight ratio. Moreover, titanium is somewhat negatively charged at physiological pH values because of the formation of a passive oxide layer, and its dielectric constant is equivalent to that of water [25]. The specific energy structure of TiO2 is responsible for its

Thermal oxidation process on Si(113)-(3 × 2) investigated using high-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy

• Hiroya Tanaka,
• Shinya Ohno,
• Kazushi Miki and
• Masatoshi Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 172–181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.12

• three-dimensional metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) [1]. Here, formation processes of ultrathin SiO2 at the interface are considered to be quite important in determining its dielectric properties. To study procedures to fabricate gate dielectrics, it will be necessary to

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• (DC), radio frequency (RF, usually at 13.56 MHz), pulsed-DC, or high-power pulses can be applied. Typically, RF generators are employed when a dielectric target is to be sputtered. Pulsed-DC discharges are generated when a metallic target is sputtered in a reactive atmosphere to synthesize insulating

• of bipolar waveforms, allow for discharging the dielectric layer grown on the target surface during the OFF time and allow for safe operation, see [67] for more information. High-power plasma pulses can be applied as well on the cathode. The goal is to apply a very high peak current pulse without

Design aspects of Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ THz sources: optimization of thermal and radiative properties

• Mikhail M. Krasnov,
• Natalia D. Novikova,
• Roger Cattaneo,
• Alexey A. Kalenyuk and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1392–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.103

• the leftmost panels: Figure 6a shows a mesa (red) on a large crystal (black) with an attached metallic electrode (yellow), mounted on a dielectric substrate; Figure 6b shows a mesa on a large crystal with a capping metallic layer, without electrode; Figure 6c shows a mesa on a thin whisker (black

• electrode and whisker is set to ≃6 × 105 (Ω·m)−1 and the relative dielectric permittivity of the substrate is εr = 10. First we consider the case without dielectric losses, tan(δ) = 0. The middle panels in Figure 6 show the local distributions of electric field amplitudes in the xz crosssection through the

• makes things worse due to formation of the large parasitic capacitance shunting the EMW. Simulations presented in Figure 6 are made for ideal dielectrics with tan(δ) = 0. The detrimental role of the parasitic crystal/electrode capacitance becomes much more pronounced if we take into account dielectric

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• luminescence properties of europium-doped titanium dioxide and tellurium oxide thin films enhanced by gold plasmonic nanostructures. We propose a new type of plasmon structure with an ultrathin dielectric film between plasmonic platform and luminescent material. Plasmonic platforms were manufactured through

• investigated by SEM and TEM, while the composition of oxides film was analyzed by XPS. Luminescence properties were studied on the basis of excitation and emission spectra. The experiments show that the additional dielectric layer enhances the luminescence intensity. Such structures could be potential

• were annealed at 550 °C for 15 min in air atmosphere. The formation of metallic nanostructures has been described in detail in our previous works [24][25][26]. On the prepared plasmonic platforms a dielectric buffer layer was deposited. We chose two kinds of layers. The first one, Al2O3, with different

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• piezoelectric constant and, therefore, a high conversion efficiency. However, these materials are toxic, brittle, and not environmentally friendly. In order to overcome these disadvantages, several studies have investigated polymeric piezoelectric materials and nanostructured materials with high dielectric

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• techniques, such as the addition of ionic liquids (ILs) with low viscosity and high dielectric constant values or some suitable fillers have been used by the research community to increase the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes [6][7]. As mentioned above, one way to increase the ionic conductivity is

• ][23], fluoropolymers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) have received much attention from the research community as potential polymer hosts for the synthesis of polymer electrolytes [10][11][24][25]. The dielectric constant value of PVdF-HFP is ≈8.4 and it comprises a

• tabulated in Table 2. Dielectric studies are some of the most important techniques to understand the effect of plasticizers, blending of polymers, inter-/intramolecular interactions, their transport mechanism, and relaxation behavior at a molecular level. Figure 6a and Figure 6b show the dielectric constant

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• , carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrous oxide, and ethanol (Figure 10e,f) at 250 °C. The estimated fractal dimensions were 1.82 for the pore network and 1.72 for the foam sensor. Titanium oxide-based fractals Fusco et al. modified dielectric titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with fractal structure with a

• ethanol, acetone, and toluene, was examined. The LSPR sensor showed a 4–8 times higher sensitivity for detecting gas molecules with the fractal-enhanced dielectric structure. The enhancement in the sensitivity was mainly attributed to the large surface-to-volume ratio of fractal system, which resulted in

• deposited on an antenna, and a microwave transduction principle was employed for gas sensing. In these measurements, the interaction of the gas analyte with the sensor was studied at different frequencies and changes in the reflection coefficient and dielectric properties of sensing material were observed

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• without fragmentation of the molecule. On this basis, one concludes that almost every ionizing collision leads to fragmentation; hence, the DI cross section can be approximated by the total ionization cross section. The latter can be calculated by means of the dielectric formalism [46] as it was done in

Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

• voltage, CPD the contact potential difference between the AFM probe and sample, and CF the capacitive factor depending on the geometry and dielectric properties of the system. Expressions of CF are obtained from the detailed calculation of the electrostatic force between the AFM probe and sample [67][68

First-principles study of the structural, optoelectronic and thermophysical properties of the π-SnSe for thermoelectric applications

• Muhammad Atif Sattar,
• Najwa Al Bouzieh,
• Maamar Benkraouda and
• Noureddine Amrane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1101–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.82

• , the computation of the optical properties is decreased towards the assessment of the response function, which is called dielectric tensor or polarizability. For practical optoelectronics applications, it is essential to investigate the optical response of the π-SnSe alloy. For this purpose, we have

• used the independent particle approximation (IPA) implemented by the optics module of WIEN2k, which computes the direct transitions through Kohn and Sham (KS) [70] eigenvalues between occupied and unoccupied states [71]. For the first step, a complex dielectric function ε(ω), which depends on the

• frequency and comprises all the details of the optical response, is determined through the following relation [72]: where ε1(ω) and ε2(ω) represent the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function, respectively. The absorptive imaginary ε2(ω) component can be determined by calculating the matrix

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• . Among others, ultrathin dielectric layers of either alkali halides (e.g., NaCl [17]) or metal oxides (e.g., MgO [18], Al2O3 [19], and CuO [20]), or nitrides (CuN [21]) have been shown to be beneficial for successfully reducing or even completely switching off the unwanted interaction between the metal

• dielectric layers on top of the surface [34][35] or a chemical modification of the surface to saturate the dangling bonds. In surface-science-based studies, for the latter approach hydrogenation of semiconductor surfaces is frequently applied as effective passivation against chemisorption of adsorbates [36

• changing chemical environment. Next, we outline articles that use 2D materials and ultrathin dielectric layers as decoupling layers. While on the one hand, molecular functionalization is a powerful approach to tune the electronic and optical properties of 2D materials, in particular for many practical

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• circuit including a white LED was utilized. Results and Discussion To determine the morphology, the as-prepared silver nanostructures were first characterized by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The absorption spectrum of AgNWs is a function of the dielectric material, the chemicals used, and the particle

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• negative impact on the performance of GaAs-based microelectronic and optoelectronic devices [10][11]. Therefore, in order to take advantage of the properties of gallium arsenide [12], its interface with a dielectric or other semiconductor partner must be carefully prepared. This can be obtained either by

• the removal of the native oxide layer followed by an adequate surface passivation technique [13] and/or by a proper choice of the dielectric and its deposition method. Regarding the dielectric, the most common ones are aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and hafnium dioxide (HfO2) for which the preferable

• fabricated devices. The initial illustrative model of the device presented the deposited Al2O3 passivation coating as a separate dielectric film (Figure 2). However, according to the XPS analysis results (Table 1) one can see that the Al2O3 deposited within five ALD cycles does not constitute a separate

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• - and few-layer thick graphene films [1][2]. Unique properties, such as high thermal stability and conductivity, immense intra-sheet stiffness, and excellent dielectric properties, make h-BN interesting for technological applications. For example, thin films of h-BN have been used as a passivating layer

• non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) to study h-BN on Cu(111). This template has interesting properties because the dielectric layer is only very weakly bound to the metal and shows an electronically induced Moiré superstructure [25][26]. First STM studies on this system pointed to only a

• originate from a locally varying charge transfer between the substrate and the dielectric layer [38][39][40]. In our studied substrate, it is the lattice mismatch between h-BN and the Cu(111) substrate that leads to a varying atomic registry and subsequently induces a lateral modulation of the charge

Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• rectangles represent the triboelectric materials with different dielectric constants. The length and width are set as 50 mm and 0.1 mm, respectively. By changing the distance (ds), we simulate the process of the triboelectric materials approaching and moving away from each other. Figure 3a is the surface

• the two dielectric materials varies, the field intensity caused by the charge also varies. The corresponding electric potential decreases with decreasing distance and increases with increasing distance. Figure 3b is the electric potential distribution diagram when the distance is 0.1 mm. In the

• simulation, we measured the potential difference between the outer surfaces of the two dielectric materials as ds is gradually increased from 0.1 to 1 mm, as shown in Figure 3c, which also reflects the influence of the distance between the two triboelectric materials on the potential. In practice, it is

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• layers result in repulsion between two particles, this force is constantly opposed by the attractive van der Waals force. The balance between these interparticle forces gives the total DLVO force and highly depends on system parameters, such as the electrolyte concentration and fluid dielectric constant

• dielectric constant, respectively. Conversely, the attractive van der Waals force is given by [14]: where the characteristic energy scale is set by the Hamaker constant, A. It is noted that Equation 1 and Equation 2 assume spherical particles of equal radius and a sufficiently small separation distance (a

• lattice arrangements are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6, respectively. The total DLVO forces from both uniform (left) and non-uniform (right) aggregation are plotted as functions of particle spacing or particle radius and electrolyte concentration or fluid dielectric constant. The same general trends were

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• ; optical quality; SiO2 and ZnO; structural properties; thin films; Introduction The application of oxide thin films is quite diverse due to their excellent properties [1][2][3][4][5], such as dielectric properties [6][7][8] for the production of metamaterials [9]. Metamaterials applied in the field of

• space science come with a new dimension of microstructural representation of advanced functional materials [10][11]. Metamaterial structures are of significant interest not only in space science but also in the fields of public security and sensors [9][10][11]. Materials with dielectric properties, such

• others. Among the important applications of these oxides are materials with dielectric properties used in the fabrication of metasurface structures, transparent conductive oxides and buffer layers used in solar cells, and materials used in sensor technology [6][8][17][18][19][20][21]. Materials with

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• polarization direction, TENGs can have four working modes [87], including vertical contact–separation (CS) mode, in-plane lateral-sliding (LS) mode, single-electrode (SE) mode, and freestanding triboelectric-layer (FT) mode, as shown in Figure 2a. In the vertical CS mode, a stack of two dielectric films is

• plated with a metal electrode at the back surface of each layer. When the two dielectric films are vertically separated and periodically contacted due to the application of external forces, a small air gap is formed in the middle and a potential difference is induced between the two electrodes, which can

• ground and taken as the reference electrode. The direction of the induced electric field can be reversely changed during the approximation or separation between the bottom electrode and the upper dielectric materials. The charge exchange will occur between the bottom electrode and ground to balance the

Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system

• Wescley Walison Valeriano,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade,
• Juan Pablo Vasco,
• Angelo Malachias,
• Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves,
• Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães and
• Wagner Nunes Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11

• work is to determine the varying dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system via electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) and to show how this method is useful to study natural photonic crystals. We mapped the dielectric constant of the cross section of the posterior wing of the damselfly

• Chalcopteryx rutilans with nanometric resolution. We obtained structural information on its constitutive nanolayers and the absolute values of their dielectric constant. By relating the measured profile of the static dielectric constant to the profile of the refractive index in the visible range, combined with

• optical reflectance measurements and simulation, we were able to describe the origin of the strongly iridescent wing colors of this Amazonian rainforest damselfly. The method we demonstrate here should be useful for the study of other biological nanostructured systems. Keywords: dielectric constant

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• turn generate oscillating dipoles in an adjacent body. The response of a specific material in an oscillating electromagnetic field E(f) is described by the dielectric constant εr(f) which can be extracted from the absorption spectrum of the material. Hence, how materials (e.g., the sample (S) and the

• tip (T)) interact in a medium (m) is defined by the difference in the dielectric responses. The Hamaker coefficient AHam can be derived from the relative differences of the dielectric constant εS(f), εT(f), and εm(f), summed up over all the frequencies at which the fluctuations can occur (UV–vis–IR