Characterization of the microscopic tribological properties of sandfish (Scincus scincus) scales by atomic force microscopy

• Weibin Wu,
• Christian Lutz,
• Simon Mersch,
• Richard Thelen,
• Christian Greiner,
• Guillaume Gomard and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2618–2627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.243

• (All-in-One-TL, BudgetSensors) using the procedure described by Mak and co-workers [18]. Depending on the glued probe we call them “sand probe” (Figure 2b) or “spherical probe” (Figure 2c) in the following. Some spherical probes were sputter-coated with a 50 nm thick metal layer of copper or tungsten

• probes with a diameter of 20 µm coated with copper (105.0 nN) and tungsten (115.5 nN). Figure 4c summarizes the results indicating that the metal coating influences the adhesion values only moderately compared to probe size, i.e., contact area. In order to compare these values to other materials we

Directional light beams by design from electrically driven elliptical slit antennas

• Shuiyan Cao,
• Eric Le Moal,
• Quanbo Jiang,
• Aurélien Drezet,
• Serge Huant,
• Jean-Paul Hugonin,
• Gérald Dujardin and
• Elizabeth Boer-Duchemin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2361–2371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.221

• microscope (Nikon Instruments, Eclipse Ti-U) equipped with a nanopositioning stage and an oil-immersion, high numerical aperture (NA = 1.49), 100× objective lens (Nikon CFI Apochromat TIRF objective). The STM is operated in air under ambient conditions [52]. STM tips are electrochemically etched tungsten

• 200 nm gold film on glass is used as an electrical light beam microsource. Inelastic electron tunneling from the tungsten tip of an STM excites SPPs at the air-gold interface. These SPPs propagate isotropically away from the tip to the slit where they scatter into light. Excitation at (a) the center

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• of electrospun metal oxide (MOx) semiconductors have been used for gas sensing applications. These semiconductors include titanium dioxide (TiO2) [93][94][95], tungsten trioxide (WO3) [27][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110], copper oxide (CuO) [111], NiO [112

• NTs are synthesized using layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly of tungsten as well as catalyst precursor on PMMA electrospun nanofibers. Pristine WO3 NTs exhibit a high response (Rgas/Rair) of 63.59 to 5 ppm NO at 350 °C. On the other hand, a high response of 2.24 for the Pt-WO3 NTs and 2.35 for the Pd

Free-radical gases on two-dimensional transition-metal disulfides (XS₂, X = Mo/W): robust half-metallicity for efficient nitrogen oxide sensors

• Chunmei Zhang,
• Yalong Jiao,
• Fengxian Ma,
• Sri Kasi Matta,
• Steven Bottle and
• Aijun Du

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1641–1646, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.156

• and can cause serious health issues [1]. For a large-scale monitoring of NOx, it is highly essential to develop the techniques of toxic gas detection. Up to now, a number of three dimensional (3D) materials, such as nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) [2], tungsten trioxide (WO3) [3], mesoporous silicate [4

Sheet-on-belt branched TiO₂(B)/rGO powders with enhanced photocatalytic activity

• Huan Xing,
• Wei Wen and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1550–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.146

• Nowadays, TiO2 has found wide-spread application in energy and environmental fields because of its environmental friendliness, excellent stability, and low cost [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Among various TiO2 phases, TiO2(B) (where “B” stands for bronze, by analogy with the tungsten bronze compounds) is less

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• photoinduced charge carriers and shifts the absorption edge to the visible region by reducing the band gap of TiO2 [162][174]. The highest photoreduction efficiency of Cr(VI) was obtained with WO3/TiO2 NTs containing 1% tungsten (W) as it provides highest photocurrent and creates photogenerated carriers with

• photocurrent. Dozzi et al. synthesized a series of titanium–tungsten mixed oxides through coupling of TiO2 with varying WO3 percentage by a base-catalyzed sol–gel method [175]. WO3 plays a vital role in inhibiting charge recombination for efficient charge transfer to enhance the Cr(VI) reduction. Bi2O3

Chemistry for electron-induced nanofabrication

• Petra Swiderek,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1317–1320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.124

• excitation in the precursor as a consequence of its interaction with an impinging electron. Consequently, fundamental studies on chromium hexacarbonyl [22] and tungsten hexacarbonyl [23] included in this Thematic Series contribute to the important task of building a comprehensive database on the electron

Towards the third dimension in direct electron beam writing of silver

• Katja Höflich,
• Jakub Mateusz Jurczyk,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Maximilian Götz,
• Luisa Berger,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Caspar Haverkamp,
• Iwona Szymanska and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 842–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.78

• , FEBID of truly three-dimensional silver structures could be realized for the first time. The resulting pillars exhibit large silver contents of more than 50 atom %. Experimental Depositions were carried out onto n-doped silicon wafers in a Hitachi S 3600 tungsten-filament microscope equipped with a

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• [32][33]. Jeong et al. [34] applied the impregnation technique to study the characteristics of graphene-supported tungsten (WO3) catalyst in a selective catalytic reduction system. The transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDS) measurements in their study showed

• . [36] proposed an impregnation method to investigate the promotional effects of tungsten-modified Mn/Ce/Ti catalysts for a low-temperature SCR reaction. It was found that introduction of W metal into the catalyst helped promote the conversion of NO to gaseous NO2, thereby promoting a “fast SCR

• interaction and oxide–oxide interactions that are unreachable otherwise [38]. Xiong et al. [39] prepared magnetic iron–cerium–tungsten mixed oxide pellets using a citric acid sol–gel process assisted by microwave irradiation for the SCR-NH3 of NO. They found that the dispersion of both cerium oxide and

Combined pulsed laser deposition and non-contact atomic force microscopy system for studies of insulator metal oxide thin films

• Daiki Katsube,
• Hayato Yamashita,
• Satoshi Abo and
• Masayuki Abe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 686–692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.63

• STM and NC-AFM studies. To anneal insulator samples, a tungsten thin film is sandwiched between the sample and a metal oxide substrate [35][37]. The sample is then heated by flowing current through the tungsten film. The configuration of the sample and the sample holder used are shown in Figure 2a [43

• ]. The substrate is fixed with four screws and leaf springs on the ceramic part of the sample holder. Stainless steel electrodes under the ceramic are used as connections for flowing a current through the tungsten thin film. The electrode for the flowing current is insulated from the base of the stocker

Mechanistic insights into plasmonic photocatalysts in utilizing visible light

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Azrina Abd Aziz,
• Lan Ching Sim,
• Pichiah Saravanan,
• Min Jang and
• Detlef Bahnemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 628–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.59

• , tungsten oxide (WO3–δ) nanocrystals showed intense NIR absorption with an LSPR peak at ≈900 nm [138]. The plasmonic resonance of semiconductors could be manipulated by tuning the stoichiometric composition, dopant concentration, or phase transitions [139][140]. The manipulation of the stoichiometric ratio

• photocatalytically inert due to their unfavourable band edge position compared to the redox potential of targeted species. An effective approach to overcome this restriction was to integrate the nonstoichiometric materials (tungsten oxide (W18O49)) with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The g-C3N4 was used to

Electron interaction with copper(II) carboxylate compounds

• Michal Lacko,
• Peter Papp,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Edward Szłyk and
• Štefan Matejčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 384–398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.38

• molecule. Only a few types of precursors are known to produce a layer with purity over 80% [3]. Moreover, there is no clear connection between the layer purity and the type of ligand in the precursor; an iron deposit from Fe(CO)5 leads to purity over 95% of Fe, while tungsten layers from W(CO)6 can reach

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• singular switching events [23]. Ceramics Titanium and tungsten nitride ceramics: Titanium nitride (TiN) has a low electrical resistivity that is comparable to some metals, high stiffness (Young’s modulus of 427–590 GPa) and high hardness, high melting temperature (2930 °C), high corrosion resistance [140

• with different jump-in voltages), presented in [48] can serve for memory and logic applications. Amorphous tungsten nitride (WNx) was proposed by Mayet et al. [5] as a prospective high-quality structural material for top-down fabrication of NEM switches. The amorphous WNx thin film deposited using a

• tungsten target at room temperature has a Young’s modulus as high as 300 GPa, which is comparable to the widely used WNx protective coatings (300–390 GPa) [143]. 3T NEM switches were fabricated by a top-down approach using reactive ion sputtering over a SiO2 sacrificial layer, employing electron beam

Gas-assisted silver deposition with a focused electron beam

• Luisa Berger,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Iwona B. Szymanska,
• Katja Höflich,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Jakub Jurczyk,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 224–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.24

• sensitivity make the precursor AgO2CC2F5 a promising candidate for FEBID. Deposition was performed in a Hitachi S 3600 scanning electron microscope with a tungsten filament. The electron energy was varied between 20 and 25 keV, the beam current between 0.25 and 0.7 nA, and the beam diameter was determined to

Comparative study of post-growth annealing of Cu(hfac)₂, Co₂(CO)₈ and Me₂Au(acac) metal precursors deposited by FEBID

• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Artur Rydosz,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Fanny Béron,
• Kleber R. Pirota,
• Stanislav Moshkalev,
• José Alexandre Diniz and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.11

• substrate was kept at room temperature during all depositions, which were performed using a Hitachi S-3600 SEM with a tungsten filament, beam energy of 15 keV, 1.5 nA beam current, electron flux of 2.6 × 1018 s−1·cm−2, 10 μs dwell time per pixel, 9.6 ms refreshment time, serpentine scan and 10 nm pixel-to

Growth model and structure evolution of Ag layers deposited on Ge films

• Arkadiusz Ciesielski,
• Lukasz Skowronski,
• Ewa Górecka,
• Jakub Kierdaszuk and
• Tomasz Szoplik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 66–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.9

• manipulated. Annealing the samples at temperatures close to the melting point (300 °C for 35 nm thick Ag layer) results in a uniform density of the silver layer, which ultimately terminates the segregation process. Experimental All materials were deposited from fabmate or tungsten crucibles, using a PVD75

The rational design of a Au(I) precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ali Marashdeh,
• Thiadrik Tiesma,
• Niels J. C. van Velzen,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Remco W. A. Havenith,
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson and
• Willem F. van Dorp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2753–2765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.274

• electron micrograph in Figure 1c show that any pattern can be written on a sample using FEBIP. The pattern is written in a scanning transmission electron microscope using W(CO)6 as precursor. The pixels in Figure 1c are tungsten-containing dots of about 3 nm in size. FEBIP is an advanced and well

• membrane, using a scanning transmission electron microscope and W(CO)6 as precursor. The pattern consists of tungsten-containing dots of about 3 nm in size. The Au(I) precursors that were studied (a) experimentally and (b) using density functional theory calculations. Synergistic backbonding model [53] for

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance using morphology-controlled BiVO₄ with W doping

• Xin Zhao and
• Zhong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2640–2647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.264

• precursor solution. Considering the poor electron conductivity of BiVO4, which leads to a poor photoelectrochemical performance (see Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1), we employed tungsten as a doping element because it has a higher valence than vanadium and an ionic radius close to that of vanadium

Interactions of low-energy electrons with the FEBID precursor chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)₆)

• Jusuf M. Khreis,
• João Ameixa,
• Filipe Ferreira da Silva and
• Stephan Denifl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2583–2590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.258

• by electron transmission spectroscopy describing the negative ion states [14], and electron attachment thresholds for Cr(CO)6, Mo(CO)6 and W(CO)6 were reported [15]. Electron attachment to tungsten hexacarbonyl [13] and tungsten hexachloride [16], as well as electron ionization studies with those

Direct writing of gold nanostructures with an electron beam: On the way to pure nanostructures by combining optimized deposition with oxygen-plasma treatment

• Domagoj Belić,
• Mostafa M. Shawrav,
• Emmerich Bertagnolli and
• Heinz D. Wanzenboeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2530–2543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.253

• years several methods to purify FEBID deposits have been presented. For instance, in the case of tungsten, it was found that just by applying a smart writing strategy one could produce single-crystal nanowires [47] whereas the use of a supersonic carrier gas can also yield nanostructures of a high

Comparing postdeposition reactions of electrons and radicals with Pt nanostructures created by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Julie A. Spencer,
• Michael Barclay,
• Miranda J. Gallagher,
• Robert Winkler,
• Ilyas Unlu,
• Yung-Chien Wu,
• Harald Plank,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2410–2424, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.240

• located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This source passed H2 over a heated tungsten filament to produce a constant flux of AH radicals. The purification system at NIST permitted high-pressure H2 gas to be admitted ( ≈ 1 Torr), resulting in a correspondingly large flux of AH

Robust procedure for creating and characterizing the atomic structure of scanning tunneling microscope tips

• Sumit Tewari,
• Koen M. Bastiaans,
• Milan P. Allan and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2389–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.238

• structure of the tip apex behind the apex atom. Some studies have been carried out to determine the angular orbital symmetry [21][22] of the front atom of the tip apex by making force gradient images of a CO molecule over a Cu(111) substrate. The images are made with a tungsten tip in non-contact AFM

Optical contrast and refractive index of natural van der Waals heterostructure nanosheets of franckeite

• Patricia Gant,
• Foad Ghasemi,
• David Maeso,
• Carmen Munuera,
• Elena López-Elvira,
• Riccardo Frisenda,
• David Pérez De Lara,
• Gabino Rubio-Bollinger,
• Mar Garcia-Hernandez and
• Andres Castellanos-Gomez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2357–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.235

• determination. We use micro-reflectance spectroscopy to quantitatively characterize the optical contrast of franckeite flakes of different thicknesses transferred to SiO2/Si substrates [25][26]. The sample is illuminated in epi-illumination mode with the white light coming from the tungsten halogen lamp of a

Comprehensive investigation of the electronic excitation of W(CO)₆ by photoabsorption and theoretical analysis in the energy region from 3.9 to 10.8 eV

• Mónica Mendes,
• Khrystyna Regeta,
• Filipe Ferreira da Silva,
• Nykola C. Jones,
• Søren Vrønning Hoffmann,
• Gustavo García,
• Chantal Daniel and
• Paulo Limão-Vieira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2208–2218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.220

• density functional calculations (TDDFT) on the low-lying excited sates of tungsten hexacarbonyl, W(CO)6. The higher resolution obtained reveals previously unresolved spectral features of W(CO)6. The spectrum shows two higher-energy bands (in the energy ranges of 7.22–8.12 eV and 8.15–9.05 eV), one of them

• deposition (FEBID); photoabsorption; tungsten hexacarbonyl; Introduction The electronic structure of tungsten hexacarbonyl, W(CO)6, has previously been studied by using a variety of different experimental and theoretical methods, with experiments including vacuum ultraviolet experiments in the wavelength

• *-orbitals, which play a significant role in the stability of carbonyl complexes, and in particular for W(CO)6 where the tungsten oxidation state is zero. W(CO)6 is a precursor molecule used in electron beam induced deposition (EBID) to produce well-defined tungsten-containing nanostructures [21][22

Structural model of silicene-like nanoribbons on a Pb-reconstructed Si(111) surface

• Agnieszka Stępniak-Dybala and
• Mariusz Krawiec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1836–1843, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.185

• substrates. Experimental and Computational Details All the measurements have been done under UHV conditions with a 4He-cooled scanning tunneling microscope (Omicron) working at 4.5 K. For STM/STS measurements electrochemically etched tungsten was used. The Pb/Si(111) sample was prepared in situ by