Effect of sample treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation

• Chuchu Li,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Hamed Rajabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 404–410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.33

• , strain rate, harmonic displacement, and harmonic frequency were set as 2.0 μm, 0.05 s−1, 1.0 nm, and 75 Hz, respectively. The Poisson’s ratio of the tibia specimens was assumed to be 0.3 [14]. The allowable drift rate was set as 0.10 nm/s to minimize the effect of vibration and thermal drift during

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 284–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.23

• component co-assembles with Myr and GSH. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were used to further confirm the self-assembly of the MZG nanoparticles. In Figure 2d, the two bands at 2522 cm−1 and 3350 cm−1 were assigned to the mercapto group (–SH) and the stretching vibration of the amino group (–NH2

Cantilever signature of tip detachment during contact resonance AFM

• Devin Kalafut,
• Ryan Wagner,
• Maria Jose Cadena,
• Anil Bajaj and
• Arvind Raman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1286–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.96

• techniques described by Hurley and co-workers [1]. These are collected for reference in Table 1. First, linear vibration cantilever modes are chosen as an orthogonal basis set upon which to project the PDE, defined as [38]: and normalized by Φi(L1) = 1 i = 1,2,3,…,N, where N is the number of basis functions

• mode. As such, a ratio can be constructed between the first free vibration mode and the first contact vibration mode: This is used to back out L and from the measured frequencies f1, , and as well as the known β1L = 1.875 from free vibration theory of cantilevers [38]. By defining the relative tip

• indentation model of Equation 3 are defined in conjunction with experimental observables. The adhesion force Fadh* and adhesion gap gadh are identified from the retraction force–distance curve taken just before vibration sweeps. While gadh is observed directly, Fadh requires multiplication with kcantilever

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• amplitude of the probe oscillations sharply drops to zero [24]. This phenomenon is usually caused by a combination of small oscillation amplitude, inappropriately low spring constant of the probe (and thus too low energy stored in the vibration), strong attractive forces caused by some surface layers (water

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• vibration at 1734.5 (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). Such peak shifts are also observed when NOR interacts with metal ions like NiO [41]. The zeta potential of these particles was found to be +29 mV, validating the loading of drug and indicating nanoparticle stability at neutral pH

First-principles study of the structural, optoelectronic and thermophysical properties of the π-SnSe for thermoelectric applications

• Muhammad Atif Sattar,
• Najwa Al Bouzieh,
• Maamar Benkraouda and
• Noureddine Amrane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1101–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.82

• expansion coefficient is presented in Figure 5a along with the pressure. The thermal expansion coefficient reveals the information about the amplitude regarding atomic lattice vibration which demonstrates how the alloy dimension changes when the external temperature is applied. It can be seen that by

• defined as the highest temperature which can be reached due to individual vibration modes. Thus, these two important quantities (i.e., the Grüneisen parameter (γ) and the Debye temperature (θD)) are calculated as a function of temperature at zero pressure and presented in Figure 8. It can be seen that the

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• ]. In other cases, disruption and destabilization of the complex nanostructure subsequent to US vibration leads to drug release [28][29][30]. In addition, the ultrasonication of certain complexes can generate free radicals that can cause cell damage or activation of cellular signaling pathways [31

• frequency is used for therapeutic applications and 2.5 to 15 MHz for diagnostic procedures according to the depth and type of the organ or tissue and the physics of the mechanical wave propagation [60]. Sound is a back-and-forth mechanical motion or vibration of molecules in a medium that transports energy

Reducing molecular simulation time for AFM images based on super-resolution methods

• Zhipeng Dou,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Rui Lin,
• Jianhai Wang,
• Peng Cheng and
• Zeyu Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 775–785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.61

• atoms intermittently interact with the sample in oscillation periods. The size effect of the tip apex is not obvious and the energy map is mainly affected by the height of the sample atoms. In the AM mode, we need 5000 time steps to keep the tip in a stable vibration to, then, calculate the average

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• , and vocal cords [85][86]. Without external power supply, the back-end data processing technology can realize real-time detection and early warning of human health [87]. For example, voice can be recognized by vocal cord vibration, which can be recorded with a biosensor attached to the skin of the

• , vocal cord vibration, heartbeat, and other small physiological activities. Small physiological signals, such as facial activity data, can be used for monitoring the driver status to prevent non-hazardous driving and improve driving safety. In 2018, Meng et al. [10] proposed a TENG-based self-powered

• traffic flow and bridge vibration. Self-powered sensors can be used to collect real-time data of vehicle speed, acceleration and tire status. Self-powered sensors can collect hydrological and meteorological data, providing powerful data tools for ambient intelligence in the future, such as improving

Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• . Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can collect and convert different forms of energy (e.g., human motion [8][9][10], vibration [11], rotation [12], wind [13], and water [14]) into electric energy [15][16][17], thus expanding the range of energy production to a more microscopic scale [18] and improving the

• [40]. It is attractive that, in addition to providing power for electronic devices, TENGs can also be used as self-powered sensors for pressure, vibration, speed, chemicals, and body motion. Regarding leaks in gas pipelines or harmful gases in underground coal mines, it is necessary to detect the

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• the OH stretching vibration region can give an idea of the dynamic supramolecular structure of water. There are many models of water structure in the liquid phase. These are generally grouped into two types: models with a continuum of geometric and energetic states (assuming tetrahedral coordination

• usually assigned to strongly hydrogen-bonded water molecules, or the so-called locally structured water, while the band at 3400 cm−1 is attributed to loosely bonded water molecules. Most of the authors distinguish three [15][16] or four [13] components of the band in the OH stretching vibration region

• stretching vibration band related to structured water depends also on the excitation wavelength, due to the resonance Raman effect. The first report of this phenomenon was presented by Pastorczak et al. [20]. It was shown that the 3200 cm−1 band is in resonance with the light in the red range of the spectrum

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• materials. The FTIR absorption analysis was recorded in the spectral range of 600–3600 cm−1 to examine the surface of the prepared materials (Figure 3a). The FTIR spectra of both samples (before and after doping) reveal that the positions of the vibration peaks are nearly the same, indicating a similar

• vibration of the CN heterocycles [47][48][49]. To be more specific, the peaks at 1241, 1318, and 1425 cm–1 are assigned to the aromatic C–N stretching [50][51] while the peaks at 1572 and 1637 cm−1 correspond to C=N stretching [52]. The broad peaks in the range of 3000–3600 cm−1 correspond to uncondensed

• terminal amino groups (–NH2 or =NH) [53][54]. The spectra do not show Cl-containing functional groups, which can be attributed to their relatively low amount and the signal may be overlapped by the CN vibration. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns (Figure 3b) showed that both samples displayed a similar

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• ][54][55]. The band at 670 cm−1 represents the characteristic symmetric Co–O stretching vibration of the CoO6 octahedra, whereas the band at 184 cm−1 is associated with the tetrahedral sites (CoO4). The other bands correspond to the mixed motions of oxygen at tetrahedral and octahedral sites [56]. It

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• broadly used as microscale power sources for self-powered systems by harvesting human motion or ambient energy, such as walking, machine vibration, and wave energy. Harvesting low-frequency energy using P-TENGs is of great importance. They have been as used as an acoustic energy harvester and in the field

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• are reversible. Furthermore, the functionalization was investigated utilizing XPS and IRRAS as seen in Figure 2c,d. The IRRAS spectrum of an NBPT CNM after the first functionalization step reveals a peak at 2106 cm−1 caused by the asymmetrical stretching vibration of the azide moiety, which indicates

Numerical analysis of vibration modes of a qPlus sensor with a long tip

• Kebei Chen,
• Zhenghui Liu,
• Yuchen Xie,
• Chunyu Zhang,
• Gengzhao Xu,
• Wentao Song and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 82–92, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.7

• . The vibration modes of a qPlus sensor with a long tip are quite different from those of a cantilever with a short tip. Flexural vibration of the tungsten tip will occur. The tip can no longer be considered as a rigid body that moves with the prong of the tuning fork. Instead, it oscillates both

• horizontally and vertically. The vibration characteristics of qPlus sensors with different tip sizes were studied. An optimized tip size was derived from obtained values of tip amplitude, ratio between vertical and lateral amplitude components, output current, and quality factor. For high spatial resolution

• can be detected due to the multi-directional vibration of the tip [17]. Furthermore, by using a qPlus sensor with a long tilted tip, vertical incident light can be coupled to the tip apex. This setup has the added benefit of locating the exact target location with high resolution when it is combined

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• , which is expected due to the quantum confinement effect [13]. Another crucially important optical characterization technique for the investigation of defects is Raman spectroscopy. The phonon vibration modes are highly sensitive to the existence of point defects, which are reflected in distinct spectral

• mode, which is indicative of a large amount of defect centers. The existence of defect centers affects the vibration mode and eventually causes a blueshift, as shown in Figure 1d. Finally, the electrical properties obtained via CV and EIS can also be correlated with the defect structures when the

• structures with a hexagonal crystal lattice. Because the aluminum was removed, there is no visible Raman vibration. Moreover, CV, chronopotentiometry (CP), and EIS were used to test the electrochemical behavior of the synthesized tantalum carbide MXenes. In 0.1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as electrolyte, a

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• describing the vibration of a cantilever of length L in free space [16][27]: The first two roots of Equation 3 are = 1.8751 and = 4.6941 [28]. Equation 1 has two important features affecting the feasibility of CR measurements. First, it can be used only to calculate the normalized contact stiffness α as a

• measurements. In different series of measurements, the static force exerted on the sample by the tip has been varied. A sufficiently small excitation amplitude has been chosen for the frequency sweep, so that the vibration amplitude is always smaller than the static indentation of the sample and the tip always

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• vibration and silver material is expelled from the target surface in the form of a plasma plum. Thus, silver ions Ag+ and sulfur ions S2− are produced from silver target and thiourea solution, respectively. They form Ag2S NPs according to the following chemical reaction [21]: Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns

• reported data [24]. Figure 4 shows the Raman spectra of Ag2S NPs synthesized in Tu solution with and without CTAB. Four vibration modes were assigned to Ag2S. The peaks at 45 and 65 cm−1 are related to Ag–S bonds (Ag modes) [25]. The third peak at 480 cm−1 was indexed to the longitudinal optical phonon 2LO

• the range of 500–4000 cm−1 are shown in Figure 7. The peaks at 541, 640, and 2210 cm−1 were indexed to the characteristic vibration of the Ag–S bond. The peak at 1460 cm−1 can be indexed to C–C stretching vibration, and the peak at 1650 cm−1 belonged to the stretching vibration of the sulfide group

Walking energy harvesting and self-powered tracking system based on triboelectric nanogenerators

• Mingliang Yao,
• Guangzhong Xie,
• Qichen Gong and
• Yuanjie Su

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1590–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.141

• . Recently, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been invented, which offer an innovative combination between electrostatic induction and contact electrification. These devices are able to harvest mechanical energy from a vast array of sources, such as body motion [16][17][18][19], vibration [20][21][22

Design of V-shaped cantilevers for enhanced multifrequency AFM measurements

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1525–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.135

• introduced other models to calculate spring constants [22][23]. These methods were improved by Sader to a higher accuracy [11][24]. As a second category of application of V-shaped cantilevers, dynamic AFM is used to characterize soft matter. For example, Korayem et al. have carried out a free-vibration

• vibrational behavior of rectangular and V-shaped AFM cantilevers using FEM [27]. All abovementioned researchers focused on the accuracy and sensitivity of the microscope by interpreting and analyzing the dynamic and vibration behavior. One way to increase accuracy and sensitivity in atomic force microscopy is

• exciting the higher modes of the cantilever (higher-modes AFM) or exciting multiple modes simultaneously (multifrequency AFM). It is important to simulate the dynamic and vibration behavior of the AFM under these conditions to interpret the dependency of sensitivity and material composition contrast on

Structural and electronic properties of SnO₂ doped with non-metal elements

• Jianyuan Yu,
• Yingeng Wang,
• Yan Huang,
• Xiuwen Wang,
• Jing Guo,
• Jingkai Yang and
• Hongli Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1321–1328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.116

• characteristic frequency of the material. The plasma oscillation frequencies vary for different crystal materials. In general, it is proportional to the concentration of free electrons. When the vibration frequency of the incident light is greater than the plasma oscillation frequency, the crystal material is

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• stirred at room temperature for 2 h until a homogeneous solution was obtained. Then 0.5 wt % of graphene was added to the PAN/DMF solution, which was submitted to ultrasonic vibration for 30 min until graphene was well-dispersed in the solution. Finally, DIW was added to the graphene/PAN/DMF solution upon

• , 1378 and 1452 cm−1 were due to the bending of the C−H of PAN, the absorption peak at the wavelength of 2243 cm−1 was attributed to the stretching vibration of C−N, and the absorption peak at 1668 cm−1 was generated by the stretching vibration of C=C [35]. As shown in Figure 3a, upon addition of

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• vibration (νTi–O) of BTO structure [13][14]. PTh is characterized by the symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations (νC=C) of the aromatic ring at 1628 and 1385 cm−1, a sharp aromatic ring deformation (δC–S–C) at 610 cm−1, and a typical stretching vibration of the aromatic β-hydrogens (νCβ–H) at 3060 cm

Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of rubrene on clean and graphene-covered metal surfaces

• Karl Rothe,
• Alexander Mehler,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1157–1167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.100

• the hole or electron to the vibrational quantum with energy hν. The Huang–Rhys factor can be expressed as where εν denotes the relaxation energy of the vibration when charging the molecule [10][41]. Comparing the peak height of the orbital signature (I0) with the first vibronic subband (Iν,1) enables

• previously determined on a theoretical basis to exhibit a particularly strong Holstein coupling to the HOMO of C42H28 embedded in a molecular crystal [42]. Generally speaking, the Holstein coupling describes the local interaction of a charge carrier with a molecular vibration [40] and may therefore be

• ) and corresponds to the vibrational mode with large Holstein coupling (vide supra). The second vibrational quantum with energy hν2 ≈ 220 meV is likely to coincide with the C42H28 vibration with energy 1594 cm−1 ≈ 200 meV, which was likewise predicted to exhibit an elevated Holstein coupling [42]. The