Novel hollow titanium dioxide nanospheres with antimicrobial activity against resistant bacteria

• Carol López de Dicastillo,
• Cristian Patiño,
• María José Galotto,
• Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez,
• Claudia Torrent,
• Daniela Alburquenque,
• Alejandro Pereira and
• Juan Escrig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1716–1725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.167

• performed (Figure 3c). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was performed to determine the elemental composition of CSTiO2 and to confirm the presence of both Al2O3 and TiO2 layers. The EDX mapping results are shown in Figure 4a, where red, green and yellow colors correspond to oxygen, aluminum and

• . CSTiO2 particles were also observed through TEM (Hitachi HT7700 high resolution TEM) at 100 kV. Additionally, the elemental composition of CSTiO2 was analyzed by SEM (Vega3 Tescan SEM) with an in-column EDX detector at 15 kV. TGA was carried out using a Mettler Toledo Gas Controller GC20 Stare System TGA

• ALD (SPVP_ Al2O3_ TiO2); (d) calcined samples (CSTiO2); Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) images of: (e) SPVP; (f) SPVP_ Al2O3, (g) SPVP_Al2O3_TiO2; (h) CSTiO2. TEM images of calcined nanospheres, CSTiO2, at: (a) 2000×; (b) 5000×; (c) 10000× and (d) further details of the image in (c). (a) EDX

High-temperature resistive gas sensors based on ZnO/SiC nanocomposites

• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Marina N. Rumyantseva,
• Alexander S. Frolov,
• Alexey D. Yapryntsev and
• Alexander M. Gaskov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1537–1547, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.151

• measurements. The spectral research was carried out using the equipment purchased by funds of the Lomonosov Moscow State University Program of the Development. The SEM and EDX research was performed using the equipment of the Joint Research Center for Physical Methods of Research of Kurnakov Institute of

Direct observation of oxygen-vacancy formation and structural changes in Bi₂WO₆ nanoflakes induced by electron irradiation

• Hong-long Shi,
• Bin Zou,
• Zi-an Li,
• Min-ting Luo and
• Wen-zhong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1434–1442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.141

• a fine white powder consisting of flower-like aggregates (see the SEM image in the inset of Figure 1a). The typical size of the aggregates is about 20–30 μm. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy indicates the presence of Bi, W, and O in these aggregates with the atomic ratio of ca. 2:1:6. Note

• = 1.5406 Å). Morphological analyses were carried out on a field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-4800) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) detector operating at 10 kV and 10 μA. Selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and high-resolution transmission electron

Construction of a 0D/1D composite based on Au nanoparticles/CuBi₂O₄ microrods for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Weilong Shi,
• Mingyang Li,
• Hongji Ren,
• Feng Guo,
• Xiliu Huang,
• Yu Shi and
• Yubin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1360–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.134

• distributed on the surface of the CBO microrods. EDX data in Figure 3c show the presence of Cu, Bi, O and small amounts of Au in the composite, further demonstrating that the 0D Au NPs have been loaded on the 1D CBO microrods. Additionally, the EDX–SEM mapping images (Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1

• work suggests a rational structure design of efficient photocatalysts for environmental remediation. Synthesis of Au/CBO composite. (a) XRD patterns of CBO and 2.5 wt % Au/CBO; (b) UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra of as-prepared composites. (a, b) SEM images and (c) EDX spectrum of the 2.5 wt % Au

The effect of magneto-crystalline anisotropy on the properties of hard and soft magnetic ferrite nanoparticles

• Hajar Jalili,
• Bagher Aslibeiki,
• Ali Ghotbi Varzaneh and
• Volodymyr A. Chernenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1348–1359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.133

• magnetic interactions are discussed in more detail in the following sections. The qualitative chemical composition of the samples was investigated by using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Figure 4 shows the EDX spectra for the samples with x = 0.2, 0.6 and 1. The EDX spectra confirm the

• presence of Fe, Co and O in the samples. The atomic ratio Co/Fe obtained from EDX is in a good agreement with the theoretical stoichiometry for all samples (Figure 4d). Infrared spectra The formation of the spinel phase and its crystal structure were verified by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra

• ) x = 0.4; (d) x = 0.6; (e) x = 0.8 and (f) x = 1.0. Insets show the particle size distribution fitted with a log-normal function (solid line). EDX spectra of CoxFe3−xO4 nanoparticles: (a) x = 0.2; (b) x = 0.6; and (c) x = 1.0. (d) Comparison of the Co/Fe atomic ratio obtained from EDX analysis and

A silver-nanoparticle/cellulose-nanofiber composite as a highly effective substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Yongxin Lu,
• Yan Luo,
• Zehao Lin and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1270–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.126

• Information File 1, Figure S3a,c,e), respectively, are uniformly anchored on the cellulose fibers. According to energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses, the silver contents of the corresponding samples were 0.49, 9.61, and 17.28 wt %, respectively (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3b,d,f). As

• -NP/cellulose-NF–E; histograms of the silver nanoparticle size distribution and EDX spectra of the samples Ag-NP/cellulose-NF–A, –B, and –C; SERS spectra of R6G at different concentrations obtained by using substrate Ag-NP/cellulose-NF–E. Supporting Information File 250: Additional figures

Alloyed Pt₃M (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles supported on S- and N-doped carbon nanotubes for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Stéphane Louisia,
• Yohann R. J. Thomas,
• Pierre Lecante,
• Marie Heitzmann,
• M. Rosa Axet,
• Pierre-André Jacques and
• Philippe Serp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1251–1269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.125

• Co islands (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S7a,b) were identified using the scanning transmission electron microscopy/high-angle annular dark-field imaging (STEM-HAADF) technique. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis on the N-CNT surface or in the Co aggregates confirmed the

• presence of Co. The same analysis was made on the sample Ni/N-CNTHT. There also, despite the high Ni loading (48% w/w), no Ni NPs were observed (Figure 6c,d). STEM-HAADF analysis shed light into the presence of non-crystallized Ni at the surface of the carbon support. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of

• common distance found for d111 in Pt (0.23 nm) [81]. The slight contraction of the crystalline structure is probably due to the presence of Co (or Ni) atoms in the Pt structure. EDX spectra (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S8) reveal the presence of Co and Pt in the individual NPs (Figure 7b, 001

Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

• Maike Schnucklake,
• László Eifert,
• Jonathan Schneider,
• Roswitha Zeis and
• Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

• sulfur. The EDX mappings verify the largely homogeneous distribution of all elements. Nitrogen doping as well as sulfur doping through the proposed soft-templating approach were successful. BET measurements were carried out to analyze the porosity of the carbon felts. In Figure 4, a comparison between

• (BET data) in combination with the SEM/EDX mappings indicate the successful functionalization of the pristine felt. To define the elemental composition of the different carbon felt electrodes and the related bulk materials an elemental analysis was performed, with specific focus on nitrogen and sulfur

• -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses were performed with an X-Max 50 silicon drift detector (Oxford Instruments) at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV. Nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms were recorded at 77 K using a high-resolution Micromeritics 3Flex instrument. Prior to the measurement the

Synthesis and characterization of quaternary La(Sr)S–TaS₂ misfit-layered nanotubes

• Marco Serra,
• Erumpukuthickal Ashokkumar Anumol,
• Dalit Stolovas,
• Iddo Pinkas,
• Ernesto Joselevich,
• Reshef Tenne,
• Andrey Enyashin and
• Francis Leonard Deepak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1112–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.111

• spectroscopy (EDX) was performed using a SuperX EDX detector attached to this microscope using Bruker Esprit software. The quantification was done using the Cliff–Lorimer method. The samples for electron microscopy were prepared by dispersing the synthesized powder in ethyl alcohol, followed by ultrasonication

• left). The brighter walls and the darker hollow region are typical of a tubular morphology. The compositional map obtained from the nanotube (Figure 3 (top right)) shows that Sr is uniformly distributed in the nanotube. Elemental quantification from the EDX spectra indicates that 7–11 atom % of Sr

• , the TaS2 layer has multiple orientations whereas in Figure 6b, it has two different orientations. EDX quantification indicates that 25–37 atom % of Sr/La substitution was achieved in the nanotubes, i.e., the rock-salt lattice contained 70 atom % La and ≈30 atom % Sr. From the HAADF-STEM image in

Concurrent nanoscale surface etching and SnO₂ loading of carbon fibers for vanadium ion redox enhancement

• Jun Maruyama,
• Shohei Maruyama,
• Tomoko Fukuhara,
• Toru Nagaoka and
• Kei Hanafusa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 985–992, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.99

• using Microsoft Excel based on Gaussian functions was used for the Raman peak deconvolution and fitting. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry was performed using a FESEM (JSM-7800F, JEOL) and EDX (Octane Elect Super, EDAX). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out using an AXIS ULTRA DLD

Synthesis of MnO₂–CuO–Fe₂O₃/CNTs catalysts: low-temperature SCR activity and formation mechanism

• Yanbing Zhang,
• Lihua Liu,
• Yingzan Chen,
• Xianglong Cheng,
• Chengjian Song,
• Mingjie Ding and
• Haipeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 848–855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.85

• , also verifying the generation of metal oxide catalysts on the CNT surface. The EDX spectrum (Figure 3d) shows signals of Mn, Cu, Fe, O and C. Clear lattice fringes of the metal oxides cannot be observed in the HRTEM images, indicating the generation of amorphous materials, which is consistent with the

• formation of metal oxide catalysts on CNTs. The STEM-EDX mappings (Figure 5b–g) exhibit a series of columnar element-distribution images, further proving that the metal oxide catalysts have been successfully loaded on the CNTs. Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction analysis In SCR reaction, the redox

• catalysts: (a) acid-treated CNTs, (b) 1% MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs, (c) 2% MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs, (d) 4% MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs, (e) 6% MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs, and (f) Mn–Cu–FeOx/CNTs-IWIM. TEM and HRTEM images, as well as EDX spectrum of CNT-based samples: (a) CNTs, (b–d) 4% MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs. XPS results of the as

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• electron microscopy (SEM) with a LEO Gemini 1530 field-emission microscope operated with an extractor voltage of 0.7 kV. Samples for SEM observation were prepared by dropping the diluted dispersions on small silicon wafers that were subsequently dried. EDX analysis combined with elemental mapping was

• Figure 3, was unambiguously assigned to crystalline CeO2 (ceria, JPCD card No. 34-0394). Elemental mapping by EDX also confirmed the presence of cerium in the investigated areas (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). TEM images of ceria hybrid nanocapsules in Figure 4 indicate a homogeneous

• (sample NC-CeO2 at ambient conditions). Characteristics of the samples reported in this work. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 80: Chemical structure of TDI, absorption and emission spectra of TDI, EDX spectra, TGA, and additional photoluminescence emission spectra of samples

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• impregnation of untreated titanium carbide was compared with the same loading (30 mg of nickel per gram of equivalent carbide). EDX mapping (see Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1) of the impregnated core–shell material shows clearly the remaining core in the Ti K edge signal, while the Ni K and Cl K

• CDC material characterized by N2- and CO2-sorption. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 28: Additional data on SEM-EDX, Raman spectroscopy and temperature-programmed oxidation. Acknowledgements We acknowledge the funding of part of the research by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Integration of LaMnO_3+δ films on platinized silicon substrates for resistive switching applications by PI-MOCVD

• Raquel Rodriguez-Lamas,
• Dolors Pla,
• Odette Chaix-Pluchery,
• Benjamin Meunier,
• Fabrice Wilhelm,
• Andrei Rogalev,
• Laetitia Rapenne,
• Xavier Mescot,
• Quentin Rafhay,
• Hervé Roussel,
• Michel Boudard,
• Carmen Jiménez and
• Mónica Burriel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 389–398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.38

• analyzed by semi-quantitative energy-dispersive X-ray analyses (EDX) using an Oxford Inca Energy detector coupled to the SEM. A combined study in X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy was performed to determine the crystal structure of the films and to detect the presence/absence of secondary

• obtained by each strategy, structural and chemical studies were carried out by electron microscopy coupled to EDX. Within the resolution limit no differences in composition were observed for the different deposition strategies. Figure 3 shows the comparison of the surface films morphology with the same

One-step nonhydrolytic sol–gel synthesis of mesoporous TiO₂ phosphonate hybrid materials

• Yanhui Wang,
• P. Hubert Mutin and
• Johan G. Alauzun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 356–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.35

• spectroscopy (EDX) of these materials showed that in all cases the measured P/Ti ratios were close to the nominal ones, indicating that all the octylphosphonate units were incorporated in the materials (Table 1). The 31P solid-state NMR spectra of the hybrid materials (Figure 1) display a very broad signal in

• powder XRD patterns were collected with a PANalytical X’Pert Pro MPD diffractometer (Cu Kα1 = 0.1540598 nm). The SEM images were obtained with a Hitachi S-4800 electron microscope. EDX was done on an Oxford Instruments X-MaxN SDD instrument. Nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms were measured at

Study of silica-based intrinsically emitting nanoparticles produced by an excimer laser

• Imène Reghioua,
• Mattia Fanetti,
• Sylvain Girard,
• Diego Di Francesca,
• Simonpietro Agnello,
• Layla Martin-Samos,
• Marco Cannas,
• Matjaz Valant,
• Melanie Raine,
• Marc Gaillardin,
• Nicolas Richard,
• Philippe Paillet,
• Aziz Boukenter,
• Youcef Ouerdane and
• Antonino Alessi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 211–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.19

• homogeneity of the emission features of the samples. Similarly, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data showed that the O, Ge and Si signals qualitatively correspond to the particle morphology, suggesting a generally uniform chemical composition of the Ge-doped samples. No significant CL signal could

• observed in the sample. To deeply investigate our sample in Figure 1c,d and e we report the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) signals of the Si Kα1, Ge Lα1,2 and O Kα1 lines, respectively. The data have been recorded for the group of nanoparticles inside the red square named 1 in panel a. These

• produced nanoparticles, we recorded transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) images of the samples. Figure 3a illustrates the TEM image recorded for the same nanoparticles previously studied by EDX and SEM (red square named 1 in Figure 1a. Figure 3b

Uniform Sb₂S₃ optical coatings by chemical spray method

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Arvo Mere and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 198–210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.18

• solution at 200–210 °C. Elemental composition of as-deposited and thermally treated Sb2S3 layers The elemental composition of Sb2S3 in as-deposited and thermally treated glass/ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3 samples was determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The EDX results of studied Sb2S3 layers in

• solution, TD 200–210 °C, 3-200-As-dep., 3-210-As-dep., 3-200-170, 3-210-170) is ≈1.3. S/Sb is ≈1.5–1.6 in layers deposited from Sb/S 1:6 solution at 200–220 °C. We note that interpretation of EDX spectra of very thin layers is difficult. Most of our Sb2S3 layers are thinner than 100 nm, which could explain

• the divergence in the elemental composition of our Sb2S3 layers. Therefore, future studies by more surface sensitive methods are required. Overall, S/Sb in most studied samples approximates the stoichiometric value of 1.5 of Sb2S3. Oxygen could not be quantified by EDX due to the thin layers and high

Nanoporous water oxidation electrodes with a low loading of laser-deposited Ru/C exhibit enhanced corrosion stability

• Sandra Haschke,
• Dmitrii Pankin,
• Vladimir Mikhailovskii,
• Maïssa K. S. Barr,
• Adriana Both-Engel,
• Alina Manshina and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.15

• the substrate/solution interface from the substrate side for 30 min (Figure 3a,b). Scanning electron micrographs of a sample prove the successful deposition of a continuous albeit somewhat rough thin (≤20 nm) film (Figure 4a,b). Furthermore, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirms the presence

• inside the Al2O3 pores (with additional material on the front sample side, Figure 6a,d). In a last step, an ITO electrical contact is sputter-coated onto the front side of the sample. EDX spectroscopy reveals the presence of expected elements Al, O, P and In of the substrate and electrical contact, as

• given the amount of carbon present. Thus, the application of the Ru/C laser deposition to nanoporous Al2O3 substrates yields a significant improvement of the catalyst stability in comparison to planar substrates. EDX analyses (Figures S1 and S2, Table S1, Supporting Information File 1) and cyclic

pH-mediated control over the mesostructure of ordered mesoporous materials templated by polyion complex micelles

• Emilie Molina,
• Mélody Mathonnat,
• Jason Richard,
• Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes,
• Martin In,
• Philippe Dieudonné,
• Thomas Cacciaguerra,
• Corine Gérardin and
• Nathalie Marcotte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.14

• through a N0Na+I− pathway (in our case Na+ coming from the sodium hydroxide solution used to adjust the pH) that has been proposed in some studies [4] does not hold in this high pH material synthesis, since the Na/Si molar ratio obtained from EDX measurements was too low (Na/Si ≈0.04) to support such an

Zn/F-doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis: structural and optical properties

• Florian Dumitrache,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Elena Dutu,
• Ion Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Alina Ilie,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Cristian Mihailescu,
• Adriana Smarandache and
• Gabriel Prodan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.2

• structure. The main diffraction patterns of stannous fluoride (SnF2) were also identified and a reduction in intensity with increasing Zn percentage was evidenced. For the elemental composition estimation, energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements

• /DZnEt2, while keeping the sensitizer flow constant. In order to estimate the elemental composition for the Zn/F-doped SnO2 powders, EDX and XPS measurements were conducted; the results are presented in Table 1. In the XPS measurements, the peaks centered around 487 eV, 494 eV, 531.43 eV, 684 eV, 1022 eV

• as dimerization, dehydrogenation, polymerization, reticulation, aromatization and carbonization with the final formation of amorphous hydrogenated carbon. For the ZTO0.44 case, in spite of an apparent oxygen excess, the carbon is still formed (the EDX-extracted carbon atomic percent is the smallest

Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics

• Franziska Ringleb,
• Stefan Andree,
• Berit Heidmann,
• Jörn Bonse,
• Katharina Eylers,
• Owen Ernst,
• Torsten Boeck,
• Martina Schmid and
• Jörg Krüger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3025–3038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.281

• with a distance of 500 µm was chosen, which is compatible with a potential geometry for micro-concentrator solar cells. The LIFT deposits were characterized with respect to morphological and chemical homogeneity by using SEM and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). It was investigated whether

The nanoscaled metal-organic framework ICR-2 as a carrier of porphyrins for photodynamic therapy

• Jan Hynek,
• Sebastian Jurík,
• Martina Koncošová,
• Jaroslav Zelenka,
• Ivana Křížová,
• Tomáš Ruml,
• Kaplan Kirakci,
• Ivo Jakubec,
• František Kovanda,
• Kamil Lang and
• Jan Demel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2960–2967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.275

• Dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector. The particle size distributions and zeta potentials in water were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a particle size analyser Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern, UK). Fluorescence spectra and absolute fluorescence quantum yields, ΦL, were measured using a Quantaurus

Layered calcium phenylphosphonate: a hybrid material for a new generation of nanofillers

• Kateřina Kopecká,
• Ludvík Beneš,
• Klára Melánová,
• Vítězslav Zima,
• Petr Knotek and
• Kateřina Zetková

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2906–2915, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.269

• of 0.1% and frequency of 1 Hz. The heating rate was set to 3 °C/min. Pictures of the free films were obtained from an Olympus BX51 optical microscope equipped with a DP70 digital camera system in addition to a JEOL SEM JSM-55000 LV with an EDX detector (GRESHAM Sirius 10, JEOL, USA Inc.) with an

Near-infrared light harvesting of upconverting NaYF₄:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺-based amorphous silicon solar cells investigated by an optical filter

• Daiming Liu,
• Qingkang Wang and
• Qing Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2788–2793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.260

• phase transition is completed after 12 h. In Figure 1c, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirms the doping with Yb and Er. The molar ratio of Y/Yb/Er in the hexagonal phase NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ was determined to be 79.8:18.2:2. It is extremely close to the stoichiometric ratio of 80:18:2 of the most

• reflector. XRD analysis was carried out on a Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation, keeping the operating voltage and current at 40 kV and 40 mA, respectively. A 2θ range from 10 to 80° in steps of 6°/min was measured. FE-SEM images and EDX spectroscopy were recorded on Carl Zeiss

• -16-0334) and cubic β-NaYF4 (JCPDS-77-2042). (c) EDX patterns of NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ as a function of the reaction time of 12 h. (a) Photoluminescence spectra of NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ samples under 980 nm laser illumination with a power of 60 mW; (b) peak intensities at 522, 541, and 654 nm as a function of the

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233