3D Nanoprinting via laser-assisted electron beam induced deposition: growth kinetics, enhanced purity, and electrical resistivity

• Brett B. Lewis,
• Robert Winkler,
• Xiahan Sang,
• Pushpa R. Pudasaini,
• Michael G. Stanford,
• Harald Plank,
• Raymond R. Unocic,
• Jason D. Fowlkes and
• Philip D. Rack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 801–812, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.83

• electron beam dwell time while at the same time maintaining minimal thermal drift. Finally, in this work, we investigate the effect of reactive gas on the laser-assisted in situ purification of 3D features synthesized using EBID from the commonly employed precursor MeCpPt(IV)Me3. Notably, we explore the

• sufficient to initiate carbon removal without inducing significant thermal drift and/or laser chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Laser pulses are delivered to the sample with an optical working distance of 9 mm using a multi-mode 100 µm diameter fiber optic cable housed within a stainless steel shaft with

Study of the surface properties of ZnO nanocolumns used for thin-film solar cells

• Neda Neykova,
• Jiri Stuchlik,
• Karel Hruska,
• Ales Poruba,
• Zdenek Remes and
• Ognen Pop-Georgievski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 446–451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.48

• region of silicon above approximately 650 nm, leading to efficiencies well above 13% at the cell level and above 12% at the module level [3][4]. However, the photo-generated current, determined by light absorption, is limited by the drift of generated electrons and holes across the absorber layer. Thus

Self-assembly of silicon nanowires studied by advanced transmission electron microscopy

• Marta Agati,
• Guillaume Amiard,
• Vincent Le Borgne,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Richard Dolbec,
• Maurizio De Crescenzi,
• My Alì El Khakani and
• Simona Boninelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 440–445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.47

• ARM JEOL (0.27 eV energy spread) operating at 100 keV and equipped with a large area (100 mm2) EDX silicon drift detector with an energy resolution of 127 eV. The former was used to realise the EFTEM analysis on individual SiNWs, while the latter was used to accomplish the STEM-EDX analysis with a sub

Tailoring bifunctional hybrid organic–inorganic nanoadsorbents by the choice of functional layer composition probed by adsorption of Cu²⁺ ions

• Veronika V. Tomina,
• Inna V. Melnyk,
• Yuriy L. Zub,
• Aivaras Kareiva,
• Miroslava Vaclavikova,
• Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva and
• Vadim G. Kessler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 334–347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.36

• surface layers were analyzed by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, and 13C and 29Si solid-state NMR spectroscopy revealing their composition and organization. The fine chemical structure of the surface in the produced hybrid adsorbent particles and the ligand distribution

• particles was confirmed by IR spectroscopy (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform, DRIFT, for details see Figure S6, Supporting Information File 1) and their structure was analyzed by solid-state NMR. All the 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra (Figure 3, Figure S2 and assignment in Tables S2 and S3, Supporting

• contained water (DRIFT analysis in Supporting Information File 1). Solid-state CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy, especially 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy, has been widely used to study silica materials, it can provide information about hydrolysis and condensation processes. Clearly, hydrolysis and polycondensation

Studying friction while playing the violin: exploring the stick–slip phenomenon

• Santiago Casado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 159–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.16

• friction occurs on the same materials all along the bow length, and the process is repeated many times without disturbing the emerging sound. Previous studies have shown that only a few mechanical parameters determine this tune: skewness angle, maximum bow velocity, drift velocity (or bow–bridge distance

Tandem polymer solar cells: simulation and optimization through a multiscale scheme

• Fanan Wei,
• Ligang Yao,
• Fei Lan,
• Guangyong Li and
• Lianqing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 123–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.13

• mobility and recombination rate were inputs into the device scale simulation module [25] and J–V curves of each single sub-cell were acquired through solving drift–diffusion equations. Device scale simulation was performed for both sub-cells separately. The critical parameters used in the device scale

Obtaining and doping of InAs-QD/GaAs(001) nanostructures by ion beam sputtering

• Sergei N. Chebotarev,
• Alexander S. Pashchenko,
• Leonid S. Lunin,
• Elena N. Zhivotova,
• Georgy A. Erimeev and
• Marina L. Lunina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 12–20, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.2

• fabricated at different ion current densities. The shift of the peaks is caused, first of all, by the reduction of elastic stress in the layers with QDs and, then, by an increase in the average QD size. The peaks drift to LO phonon scattering on unstrained single-crystal indium arsenide at 242 cm−2. Note

Streptavidin-coated gold nanoparticles: critical role of oligonucleotides on stability and fractal aggregation

• Roberta D'Agata,
• Pasquale Palladino and
• Giuseppe Spoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1–11, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.1

• drift. The displacement of BiotinDNA from the surface-immobilized SA was achieved by injecting increasingly concentrated free biotin water solutions (10.24 mM, 5.12 mM, 2.56 mM, 1.28 mM, 0.64 mM, 0.32 mM, 0.16 mM, 0.08 mM, 0.04 mM, 0.02 mM, 0.01 mM). TEM micrograph and dimensional dispersion histogram

Intercalation and structural aspects of macroRAFT agents into MgAl layered double hydroxides

• Dessislava Kostadinova,
• Ana Cenacchi Pereira,
• Muriel Lansalot,
• Franck D’Agosto,
• Elodie Bourgeat-Lami,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Christine Taviot-Guého,
• Sylvian Cadars and
• Vanessa Prevot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2000–2012, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.191

• AA and BA, both monomers were converted at the same rate and were therefore incorporated statistically with negligible composition drift. Well-defined copolymers were obtained with on average 8.5, 14.5 and 20.5 units of each monomer per chain (Mn = 2000; 3200 and 4200 g mol−1) and a narrow molar mass

Noise in NC-AFM measurements with significant tip–sample interaction

• Jannis Lübbe,
• Matthias Temmen,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1885–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.181

• , specifically if thermal drift is not compensated [24]. Considering the interdependence of the control loops and the tip–sample interaction, we suggest four optimisation steps to be performed in following order: (1) the PLL demodulator Hfilter, (2) the frequency control loop Hf, (3) the amplitude control loop

Fingerprints of a size-dependent crossover in the dimensionality of electronic conduction in Au-seeded Ge nanowires

• Maria Koleśnik-Gray,
• Gillian Collins,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Vojislav Krstić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1574–1578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.151

• , two regimes were identified for large (lightly doped) and small (stronger doped) nanowires in which the charge-carrier drift is dominated by electron-phonon and ionized-impurity scattering, respectively. This goes in hand with the finding that the electrostatic properties for radii below ca. 37 nm

•  3a). In the case of mobility (Figure 3b), between ≤1015 and ≈1016 cm−3 μNW(Nd) ≈ Nd, indicating that lattice phonon scattering is the main mechanism limiting the carrier drift [25]. The dominance of electron phonon scattering within this density range suggests that the free holes behave similar to

• that a crossover in charge carrier conduction occurs for carrier densities exceeding ≈1016 cm−3, equivalent to the radius decreasing below approximately 37 nm. Analysis of the electrical screening properties shows that this is associated with a shift from a 3D to quasi-1D regime where the carrier drift

Ammonia gas sensors based on In₂O₃/PANI hetero-nanofibers operating at room temperature

• Qingxin Nie,
• Zengyuan Pang,
• Hangyi Lu,
• Yibing Cai and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1312–1321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.122

• nanofibers sensor could not fully return to the initial state, and there was a baseline drift of 4% after the first exposure to NH3. This bias was smaller than the results in other reports [34][35][36]. On the other hand, the response of this sensor slightly decreased with the increasing number of tests. The

Optical absorption signature of a self-assembled dye monolayer on graphene

• Tessnim Sghaier,
• Sylvain Le Liepvre,
• Céline Fiorini,
• Ludovic Douillard and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 862–868, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.78

• means of atomic resolution obtained on HOPG images in XY-directions and with flame-annealed gold through the height of steps in the Z-direction. All the images were obtained at a quasi-constant current, i.e., in the variable-height mode. The images in Figure 1a,b were corrected for the thermal drift by

Understanding interferometry for micro-cantilever displacement detection

• Alexander von Schmidsfeld,
• Tobias Nörenberg,
• Matthias Temmen and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 841–851, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.76

• quasi-linear function of d and the z-piezo offset voltage is adjusted such that the maximum peak-to-peak voltage is obtained. Such fine-tuning can be carefully repeated during a series of measurements to compensate for thermal drift. Note, that the measured amplitude corresponds to the position of the

Microscopic characterization of Fe nanoparticles formed on SrTiO₃(001) and SrTiO₃(110) surfaces

• Miyoko Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 817–824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.73

• . Electrochemically etched tungsten tips were used. STM images are not highly resolved because vibration and sample drift cannot be completely eliminated due to the relatively non-rigid sample holders that need to be compatible to UTSICS and TEM. TEM images and TED patterns were taken with an acceleration voltage of

High-resolution noncontact AFM and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of self-assembled photovoltaic donor–acceptor dyads

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Pierre-Olivier Schwartz,
• Laure Biniek,
• Martin Brinkmann,
• Nicolas Leclerc,
• Elena Zaborova and
• Stéphane Méry

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 799–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.71

• ). The lateral lag (due to thermal drift and piezoelectric actuator creep) between the set of images used for the SPV calculation was corrected by using the lattice tool of the WsXM software [22] (see Figure S9 in Supporting Information File 1). After correcting the images, the residual lateral error in

Magnetic switching of nanoscale antidot lattices

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Joachim Gräfe,
• Kristof M. Lebecki,
• Maxim Skripnik,
• Felix Haering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Eberhard Goering and
• Ulrich Nowak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 733–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.65

• -optical Kerr effect (MOKE) strongly suffer from drift, Faraday effect background, and they do not provide absolute magnetisation values [23]. However, focused MOKE provides the necessary high spatial resolution, needed for self-organized antidot arrays as shown in Figure 2. To overcome the mentioned MOKE

• limitations we developed a specialized magnetic field sequence applied to the sample, as shown in Figure 4. The field sequence provides two additional anchor points at both positive and negative saturation (3) for every minor loop investigated. This allows correction for drift and normalisation to saturation

Cantilever bending based on humidity-actuated mesoporous silica/silicon bilayers

• Christian Ganser,
• Gerhard Fritz-Popovski,
• Roland Morak,
• Parvin Sharifi,
• Benedetta Marmiroli,
• Barbara Sartori,
• Heinz Amenitsch,
• Thomas Griesser,
• Christian Teichert and
• Oskar Paris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 637–644, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.56

• adsorption and after desorption. Such an offset points to an only partially reversible process and perhaps also to slight drift problems. A clear hysteresis is evident between the adsorption and desorption curves above RH = 50%. This hysteresis in cantilever deflection agrees with the hysteresis seen in

• experimentally by placing an uncoated, pristine cantilever in the fluid cell and increasing the relative humidity from 5 to 90% while recording the cantilever deflection. In this experiment, only a drift of the deflection of approximately 5 nm was found but no significant change in deflection. Therefore, the

Correlative infrared nanospectroscopic and nanomechanical imaging of block copolymer microdomains

• Benjamin Pollard and
• Markus B. Raschke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 605–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.53

• inset with calculated lineshape (solid line) based on the above fit parameters and is Kramers–Kronig consistent. As is often encountered in hybrid imaging, maps from force–distance spectroscopy and from s-SNOM acquired subsequently with the same tip need to be aligned to compensate for sample drift. The

Length-extension resonator as a force sensor for high-resolution frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy in air

• Hannes Beyer,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 432–438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.38

• air using a length-extension resonator operating at small amplitudes. An additional slow feedback compensates for changes in the free resonance frequency, allowing stable imaging over a long period of time with changing environmental conditions. Keywords: ambient conditions; drift compensation

• et al. [19] and Fan et al. [21], applying a feedback based on the Q-factor to stabilise the tip–sample distance. In our implementation the ratio of excitation and amplitude of the first harmonic resonance, and thus the Q-factor, is held constant by a slow feedback to compensate for drift of the free

• 0.42%, respectively. This will strongly affect the desired force gradient setpoint and interpretation of data becomes difficult. Furthermore, in a scenario where operation near the frequency shift minimum Δfmin is desired, environment-induced drift could cause the setpoint Δfset to cross Δfmin, leading

Plasticity-mediated collapse and recrystallization in hollow copper nanowires: a molecular dynamics simulation

• Amlan Dutta,
• Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri and
• Tanusri Saha-Dasgupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 228–235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.21

• disordered atoms is much higher as compared to their crystalline counterparts since they access a relatively larger free volume. This causes a radially inward drift of the inner surface driven by surface tension. This inward drift results into large local stresses on the residual crystalline parts of the

• (shown as red atoms in Figure 1). This firmly establishes that instead of the conventional notion of slow and diffusive mode of collapse by vacancy migration, the collapse happens through a plasticity mediated mechanism involving the rapid drift of disordered atoms and creation of stacking faults on

Two step formation of metal aggregates by surface X-ray radiolysis under Langmuir monolayers: 2D followed by 3D growth

• Smita Mukherjee,
• Marie-Claude Fauré,
• Michel Goldmann and
• Philippe Fontaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2406–2411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.247

• then consider that the fluidity of the monolayer is enhanced, increasing the in-plane mobility of the patches of irradiated material. Thus, the surface region initially irradiated could drift in and out of the footprint area, leading to various thickness of the silver film and thus inducing the

• , between the incident and diffracted beam projected onto the horizontal plane. The X-ray fluorescence signal was measured using a one-element, silicon drift detector (Brüker, Germany) equipped with a collimator and mounted at 30° with respect to the vertical direction towards the X-ray source in order to

Paramagnetism of cobalt-doped ZnO nanoparticles obtained by microwave solvothermal synthesis

• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka,
• Witold Lojkowski,
• Wojciech Knoff,
• Malgorzata I. Lukasiewicz,
• Bartlomiej S. Witkowski,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin T. Klepka,
• Tomasz Story and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1957–1969, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.200

• structure (EXAFS) measurements. EXAFS measurements at the K-edge of Zn and Co were performed at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hasylab (C1 and A1 stations) at 140 °C using a 7-element silicon fluorescence drift detector for the Co K-edge and in transmission mode for the Zn K-edge. The data were

Lower nanometer-scale size limit for the deformation of a metallic glass by shear transformations revealed by quantitative AFM indentation

• Arnaud Caron and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1721–1732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.176

• compliant sample surface, an extension of the z-scanner also leads to a penetration of the AFM tip into the sample surface by the penetration depth δ = Z − D. While the cantilever deflection D is calibrated independently, the height value Z is subject to drift or creep effects of the piezoelectric scanner

• . The accuracy in δ is thus limited by piezoelectric creep of the AFM scanner. In order to minimize vertical drift, the tip position was equilibrated before each indentation by recording a slow 500 × 500 nm2 scan of the area to be indented by AFM. Indentation measurements were then started from the

• position of the scanner during nc-AFM imaging, i.e., half of the oscillation amplitude or a few nanometers above the surface. In order to further account for piezoelectric creep effects during rate-dependent measurements a drift difference ΔZdrift with regard to the fastest measurement was calculated

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• metal-oxide semiconductor) sensor up to 1600 fps [50]. The high sensitivity and fast acquisition in detecting has made possible the automated and ultra-fast acquisition of a series of under-exposed images from the same region. After drift correction, the images of such a sequence are stacked and can