Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• adsorption/desorption isotherm and corresponding Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) pore size distributions of the TiO2 samples. The TiO2 sample calcined at 400 °C (TiO2-400) displayed a typical type IV isotherm with a well-developed hysteresis loop that indicated mesoscale porosity (Figure 5a). The TiO2 sample

• ). The measured surface area for the TiO2 samples calcined at 400, 500, 650, 800 °C were 123, 62, 5 and 5 m2/g respectively. Figure 5b provides the pore size distribution of the TiO2 sample calcined at different temperatures as calculated by the BJH method using the adsorption branch of the N2 adsorption

• were no sharp peaks in the BJH pore size distribution curves. However, once the TiO2 sample was calcined at high temperatures, e.g. more than 650 °C, they did not show any obvious peaks in the range related to mesopores, which indicated an almost non-porous characteristic. It is well-known that the

Sulfur-, nitrogen- and platinum-doped titania thin films with high catalytic efficiency under visible-light illumination

• Boštjan Žener,
• Lev Matoh,
• Giorgio Carraro,
• Bojan Miljević and
• Romana Cerc Korošec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1629–1640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.155

• observed decrease in crystallite size, which is typical for samples synthesized with H2SO4 (≈10 nm) compared to samples synthesized with HCl (≈50 nm) [19]. Figure 3 shows the pore size distribution for a sample synthesized with HCl (REF) and H2SO4 (S3). Sample REF has a well-defined uniform pore size

• distribution (≈10 nm), whereas S3 has a multimodal pore size distribution. The distributions of pores in other samples synthesized with HCl (Urea_15, Thiourea_15) and H2SO4 (S3_N0.5, S3_N0.5+1% Pt) are similar to the distributions shown in Figure 3. Band gap measurements The diffuse reflectance, R, of the

• placed into Pt crucibles and heated from 25 to 800 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. XRD patterns were measured with a Siemens D5000 instrument in the 2θ range of 23–32°. The average crystallite sizes were calculated using Scherrer’s equation. The BET specific surface area and pore size distribution of

Closed polymer containers based on phenylboronic esters of resorcinarenes

• Tatiana Yu. Sergeeva,
• Rezeda K. Mukhitova,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Polina D. Klypina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1594–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.151

• -encapsulated dyes by dialysis. Dialysis of 2 mL of the suspension was carried out in 50 mL of distilled water for three days using a dialysis bag with a pore size of 2000 Da. The UV spectrum of the dialysate was determined in the range of 200–600 nm. Determination of pKdiss and pKa values 0.3 mL of SRA (1 mM

• spectrophotometer. To study the kinetics of the pH-controlled dye release, dialysis of D@p(SRA-B) (3 mL, 0.27 mg/mL) in 50 mL of universal buffer solution (pH 3) was carried out using a dialysis bag with a pore size of 2000 Da. UV spectra of the dialysate were measured every 30 min over a time span of three hours

• -controlled dye release, dialysis of the D@p(SRA-B) solution (3 mL, 0.27 mg/mL) in 50 mL of the 0.4 mM glucose solution was carried out using a dialysis bag with a pore size of 2000 Da. UV spectra of dialysate were determined every 30 min over a time of three hours. AFM images of p(SRA-B). UV–vis and

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• hydrogel (rGH). The 3D macrostructures of rGH enhanced the accessible surface area and possessed highly porous structures with a pore size distribution of several micrometers, which enabled the use of the composite for the fast adsorption of Cr(VI) through π–π interactions and a nonporous surface

Preparation and morphology-dependent wettability of porous alumina membranes

• Dmitry L. Shimanovich,
• Alla I. Vorobjova,
• Daria I. Tishkevich,
• Alex V. Trukhanov,
• Maxim V. Zdorovets and
• Artem L. Kozlovskiy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1423–1436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.135

• -monodisperse cylindrical pores [23][24]. Membranes obtained by traditional methods have a three-dimensional pore structure that has a large pore size distribution, which does not allow high permeability values to be obtained [9][25][26]. Therefore, the optimization of parameters such as the diameter and length

• aluminum layer beforehand is removed, as described previously. In the inset of Figure 2D, the split surface formation scheme is shown [34]. This explains why the pore diameter in the SEM surface photo does not coincide with the pore size obtained in the SEM cross-sectional view of the same sample. In

• homogeneity and pore size, Figure 7 shows the surface profiles of the experimental samples before and after barrier layer etching. Figure 7A,B shows the variation in pore diameter, and Figure 7C shows the distance between pores (cell diameter). The pore diameter increased from 50 ± 5 nm to 80 ± 5 nm after 30

Nanoporous silicon nitride-based membranes of controlled pore size, shape and areal density: Fabrication as well as electrophoretic and molecular filtering characterization

• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Stefan Beirle,
• Fabian Enderle,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Othmar Marti and
• Alfred Plettl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1390–1398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.131

• silicon dioxide layers during rapid thermal annealing [13]. This fabrication offers the advantage of full compatibility to semiconductor fabrication techniques. While pore distance and pore size can be controlled within acceptable limits, the generated pores are random in position and the membrane

• ]. Selectivity and molecular cut-off depend strongly on pore size and the narrowness of its distribution. Studies of the molecular filtering properties were conducted by real-time fluorescence microscopy. Thus, the diffusion of fluorescent molecules or fluorescent-labeled macromolecules could be observed time

Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis

• Elina A. Tastekova,
• Alexander Y. Polyakov,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Alexander V. Sidorov,
• Alexandra A. Oshmyanskaya,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Dmitry V. Shtansky,
• Wolgang Grünert and
• Anastasia V. Grigorieva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 880–889, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.82

• silver prepared at a double excess of NaBH4 is of 230 ± 90 nm (Figure 1c) and the related pore size is about 100 nm. A ten-fold excess of NaBH4 led to full conversion of polycrystalline Ag2O to ≈1 μm sponge-like Ag grains (Figure 1d), which also contained numerous mesopores. As it was discussed elsewhere

• . According to the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis and the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) (BET-BJH) nitrogen capillary adsorption analysis, the specific surface area of the mesoporous silver particles (mp-Ag) reached 42 ± 5 m2/g and the pore size distribution analysis demonstrated a broad

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• pore size distribution can be altered to suit the requirements of a specific type of reaction. The surface chemistry of a carbon-based catalyst also plays a significant role, as it influences catalytic performance especially during the synthesis stage. In terms of interactions, carbon-based materials

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• , indicating the complete pore filling (according to the type IV isotherm model). However, this effect was not observed in the case of TiO2 since the material isotherm is a combination of both II and IV types. The shape of the hysteresis loop is correlated with pore size distribution and pore geometry

• the width range of 2–50 nm) and macropores (above 50 nm). Figure 1b shows the pore size distribution of TiO2. Based on the BJH method the average pore width of 6.2 nm and cumulative volume of pores of 0.117 m3/g were calculated. The obtained results indicate that the mesoporous structure of TiO2

• was achieved by argon bubbling through the solution for about 10 min before measurement. All electrochemical experiments were carried out under ambient conditions. (a) Adsorption and desorption N2 isotherms of TiO2 at liquid nitrogen temperature. (b) Pore size distribution of TiO2 using Gaussian

Cyclodextrin-assisted synthesis of tailored mesoporous silica nanoparticles

• Fuat Topuz and
• Tamer Uyar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 693–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.64

• . Interestingly, at low CD concentrations, the resultant particles exhibited smooth faces. The mean particle size increased from 139 to 207 nm with the HP-γ-CD content increasing from 0.1 to 0.6% (w/v), while the mean pore size of the respective particles remained nearly stable at 3.20 ± 0.10 nm. Similarly

• the alterations in the pore architecture, which was directed by the self-assembly of β-CD during the particle formation. The pore size and volume of the particles were measured using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. Figure S6 (Supporting Information File 1) shows the nitrogen adsorption

• –desorption isotherms and the pore size diagrams of MSNs. The pristine MSN sample, which does not have any CD moieties, has a mean pore size of 2.64 nm and a surface area of 1374.25 m2/g. BET analysis of the multifaceted silica particles synthesized with 0.25% (w/v) HP-γ-CD revealed a microporous structure

Anchoring Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in a reduced graphene oxide aerogel matrix via polydopamine coating

• Błażej Scheibe,
• Radosław Mrówczyński,
• Natalia Michalak,
• Karol Załęski,
• Michał Matczak,
• Mateusz Kempiński,
• Zuzanna Pietralik,
• Mikołaj Lewandowski,
• Stefan Jurga and
• Feliks Stobiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 591–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.55

• micrographs of rGO, rGO-Fe3O4 and rGO-PDA@Fe3O4 aerogels. From the low magnification images one can determine the pore size distribution and observe interconnected 3D network of aerogel-forming rGO structures (Figure 1a–c). At higher magnification, the agglomerates of MNPs are clearly visible (Figure 1e,f

• ). From this figure it can be deduced that the distribution of agglomerated MNPs is homogeneous on both sides of the rGO sheets. Figure 2 presents selected SEM micrographs with marked pore size distribution (Figure 2a) and diameter of MNPs (Figure 2b) in rGO-PDA@Fe3O4 aerogel, as well as TEM micrographs

Ultralight super-hydrophobic carbon aerogels based on cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide (CNFs/PVA/GO) for highly effective oil–water separation

• Zhaoyang Xu,
• Huan Zhou,
• Sicong Tan,
• Xiangdong Jiang,
• Weibing Wu,
• Jiangtao Shi and
• Peng Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 508–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.49

• (Figure 1d), indicating its low density. The microstructure of the CNF/PVA/GO carbon aerogel was observed by SEM (Figure 2a, 2b, and 2d). As shown in Figure 2a, the CNF/PVA/GO carbon aerogel showed porous and interconnected 3D structures with pore size ranging from 50–75 μm. The carbon skeleton originated

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• more on the quality of the CNTs than the ability to control the interactions of the CNT and LC [84]. Filtration method Filtering a well-dispersed and dilute solution of CNTs through a porous membrane may lead to the arrangement of the CNTs [99]. A very narrow pore size distribution (a thousand

Photocatalytic and adsorption properties of TiO₂-pillared montmorillonite obtained by hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes

• Mikhail F. Butman,
• Nikolay L. Ovchinnikov,
• Nikita S. Karasev,
• Nataliya E. Kochkina,
• Alexander V. Agafonov and
• Alexandr V. Vinogradov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 364–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.36

• also observed in [42] and related to the growth of TiO2 anatase crystals. The pore size distribution curves are shown in Figure 6b. The distribution pattern for the TiO2-PMMx samples is narrow and unimodal. The samples prepared using hydrothermal treatment feature a shift of the distribution curve to

• analysis (TGA)/differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of the raw MM, Ti-MM, and Ti-MMH. SEM images and EDS spectra of the surface of (a) TiO2-PMM500, and (b) TiO2-PMMH500. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms (а) and pore size distribution (b) of the raw MM, TiO2-PMMx, and TiO2-PMMHx. Kinetic

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• of 5 and 7–18 nm, respectively. Addition of poly(ethylene oxide) to the reaction mixture enables pore size tuning, thus providing access to different materials with different photocatalytic activities. Water splitting experiments using a sunlight simulator and a Xe lamp show that the new hybrid

• very broad pore diameter distribution. The cumulative pore volume indicates a very undefined porosity with pore sizes mainly in the range of 200 nm and 50 µm. In contrast, in the case of monolithic TPS samples (i.e., samples that were not ground prior to analysis), the pore size distribution is

• narrower pore size distribution than the TPS samples. In the powdered sample, the pores are mainly on the order of 500 nm to 30 µm whereas the monolithic sample shows pores below 10 nm and from 500 nm to 5 µm with a rather pronounced main pore diameter at 1 µm. As the purpose of the materials presented

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• -existence of CNTs and nontubular carbon (Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1). TEM images revealed that the nontubular carbon is highly porous with a pore size between 8–20 nm (Figure 2). High-resolution TEM images demonstrated the layered structure of these carbons (Figure S2 in Supporting

• Information File 1). Since the average pore size determined from the N2 sorption measurements was ≈12 nm for all samples, we conclude that this carbon material was templated by MgO nanoparticles. The nanotubes permeate the porous carbon (Figure 2a,c,f) and connect the flakes (Figure 2b). The supported metals

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance using morphology-controlled BiVO₄ with W doping

• Xin Zhao and
• Zhong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2640–2647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.264

• , the pore size decreases. The film prepared from the water-based solution with the smallest amount of EG (0.5-EG) exhibits cracks in the film (Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1) and has poor adhesion to the substrate. The sol–gel method allows reagents to be mixed at the atomic/molecular level

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• point of nitrogen using a surface area and porosity analyzer (ASAP2020, Micromeritics). The specific surface area of the samples was calculated according to BET theory. The pore size of carbon nanospheres was calculated from the desorption branch of nitrogen isotherms using the Barret–Joyner–Halenda

• adsorption isotherm with H3 hysteresis, indicating the presence of mesopores. This was consistent with the result of the pore size distribution displayed in Figure 8b. The pore size of CP6 ranged from 1.75 nm to 125 nm, with majority of them lying in the range of mesopores. The calculated BET specific

• SiO2 (178.49 mg/g) [54], manganese-impregnated zinc sulphide nanoparticles deposited on activated carbon (191.57 mg/g) [55] and γ-Fe2O3 loaded active carbon (195.55 mg/g) [56]. We believe the efficient removal of MB is mainly attributed to the small pore size and the high specific surface area of CP6

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• h. The oxi-CNOs were separated from the reaction mixture by centrifugation (15 min at 1800 rpm) and filtered off on a nylon filter membrane (pore size 0.2 µm) and washed with dH2O, DMF, methanol and acetone. After drying overnight at RT, 51.2 mg of oxi-CNOs were obtained as a black powder. fluo-CNOs

• (0.0044 mmol) of BODIPY 3, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h under di-nitrogen atmosphere. The fluo-CNOs were filtered off thought a nylon membrane (pore size 0.2 µm) and washed with fresh DMF, THF and MeOH to remove the unreacted dye and the remaining reagents. 9.7 mg of fluo-CNOs

Evaluation of preparation methods for suspended nano-objects on substrates for dimensional measurements by atomic force microscopy

• Petra Fiala,
• Daniel Göhler,
• Benno Wessely,
• Michael Stintz,
• Giovanni Mattia Lazzerini and
• Andrew Yacoot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1774–1785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.179

• of polycarbonate (pore size 30 nm and 50 nm, Sterlitech Corp, Kent, USA and 100 nm, Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) as well as on silicon wafers (crystal orientation <100>) and on silicon wafers (crystal orientation <100>) coated with silicon dioxide. SEM measurements were performed for all

• preparation methods in which all of precipitated particles are deposited on the substrate, so the estimation is relevant for membrane filtration (if particle size > pore size) and droplet drying. Membrane filtration: The membranes were fixed and flowed off in a filter element (stainless steel 316, diameter 13

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• these pores are well distributed on the fibers. The morphological property of the porous carbon electrodes such as the surface and pore size distributions are the factor that influences the double-layer capacitance. Therefore, the pore size distribution of porous carbons also affect the performance of

• carbon-based electrochemical capacitors [58]. According to SEM images (Figure 11b) pore size on the nanofibers were measured as 38.5 ± 11 nm. All morphologic characterizations prove the porous structure of GO containing nanofibers. In supercapacitors that use nanoporous electrodes to store large amounts

• of charge, ions penetrate into the pores of the electrode. Raymundo-Piñero et al. considered that an adequate pore size is more important than a high surface area and reported optimum pore sizes as 0.7 nm and 0.8 nm in aqueous and organic media, respectively [59]. Graphene oxide shows a high specific

Miniemulsion copolymerization of (meth)acrylates in the presence of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for reinforced coating applications

• Bertha T. Pérez-Martínez,
• Lorena Farías-Cepeda,
• Víctor M. Ovando-Medina,
• José M. Asua,
• Lucero Rosales-Marines and
• Radmila Tomovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1328–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.134

• the MWCNTs was reported. The resulting nanocomposites were foamed with supercritical CO2. The foams showed a decreased pore size, an increased cell density and higher volume expansion when the MWCNT concentration increased. Capek and Kocsisova [35] studied the effect of the type and concentration of

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO₂ nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Jin Zhang,
• Yibing Cai,
• Xuebin Hou,
• Xiaofei Song,
• Pengfei Lv,
• Huimin Zhou and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131

• theory. In addition, Figure 5b displays the pore-size distribution of sample A2, sample B2 and sample C2. According to the analysis of pore-size distribution with the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method, the average pore size increased gradually, and the average pore diameter was 17.8, 18.5 and 20.1 nm

• TEM images of sample A2 (h). (a) Nitrogen adsorption–desorption curves of sample A2, sample B2, sample C2 and solid TiO2 nanofibers; (b) pore-size distribution of sample A2, sample B2, sample C2. Galvanostatic charge–discharge curves of sample A2 (a), sample B2 (b) and sample C2 (c) for the first ten

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• solid monomer and polymerization. Following the deposition process, the solid monomer is removed via sublimation, leading to membrane structures with dual-scale porosity. The growth rate and the pore size of the resulting membrane can be controlled by the reactor parameters, such as deposition time

• and patterned coatings from a great variety of polymer materials can be created that can be tailored to the respective applications. Polymer structures via masked deposition: polypyrrole nanotubes by deposition using aluminum oxide membranes with a pore size of 100 nm as the template. The wall

A top-down approach for fabricating three-dimensional closed hollow nanostructures with permeable thin metal walls

• Carlos Angulo Barrios and
• Víctor Canalejas-Tejero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1231–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.124

• permeability (e.g., role of porosity, pore size control, diffusion constants, effect of Al thickness and degree of oxidation), which is beyond the scope of this preliminary proof-of-concept work, should provide deeper insight into the mechanisms of the demonstrated emptying process. Figure 3a shows the