Periodic structures on liquid-phase smectic A, nematic and isotropic free surfaces

• Anna N. Bagdinova,
• Evgeny I. Demikhov,
• Nataliya G. Borisenko,
• Sergei M. Tolokonnikov,
• Gennadii V. Mishakov and
• Andrei V. Sharkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 342–352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.34

• temperature (a) and its cross-section (b). Periodic structure formation after Cry–SmA phase transition at room temperature. Topographical AFM (a) and SNOM (b) SmA droplet edge images on Si substrate, AFM and SNOM cross-sections (c) and (d). Periodic SmA structure formation at room temperature after cooling

• from the nematic phase. Topographical (a) and SNOM (b) images of SmA on Si substrate droplet edge, cross sections of both images (c) and (d). Equilibrium surface state of SmA phase after 30 minutes of relaxation at room temperature. SNOM image of SmA on Si substrate droplet edge at room temperature (a

• ), optical image cross-section (b). Periodic structure formation in the nematic phase at 38 °С. Topographical (a) and optical (b) SNOM image of SmA on Si substrate, cross-sections of both images (c) and (d). SNOM image of LC film on the Si substrate at 46 °С (isotropic liquid). Schematic illustration of

Al₂O₃/TiO₂ inverse opals from electrosprayed self-assembled templates

• Arnau Coll,
• Sandra Bermejo,
• David Hernández and
• Luís Castañer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 216–223, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.23

• , the samples were measured using a spectrophotometer from Shimadzu (UV3600 UV–vis–NIR, Kyoto, Japan) and an ISR-3100 integrating sphere attachment of 3 × 12 mm beam area. Schematic side view of the fabrication process. Two cross sections at 90° of a 360 nm polystyrene nanoparticle colloidal crystal

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• used for the synthesis. The surface of TPS_Au1.0 is light purple; in the case of TPS_Au2.5 it is intense purple (Figure 1). The surface of TPS_Au5.0 is dark purple to nearly black, and TPS_Au10.7 has a surface with an Au cast. Moreover, light microscopy of cross-sections of the materials (Figure S1

Humidity-dependent wound sealing in succulent leaves of Delosperma cooperi – An adaptation to seasonal drought stress

• Olga Speck,
• Mark Schlechtendahl,
• Florian Borm,
• Tim Kampowski and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 175–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.20

• potential ecological aspects and paedomorphosis. Results Anatomy Figure 2 shows anatomical details of the succulent leaves of D. cooperi. The leaf shape ranges from oval near the base to round at the apex. Cross-sections reveal a centripetal arrangement of five tissue layers, each having a characteristic

• ) comprising five tissue layers: epidermis (ep) with window cells (wc), chlorenchyma (ch), net of peripheral vascular bundles (nvb), parenchyma (pa) and central vascular bundle (cvb). (b, c) Cross-sections of vascular tissues with xylem (xy) and phloem (ph), (b) central vascular bundle, (c) peripheral vascular

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• investigated by XPS and NEXAFS spectroscopy. The nitrogen concentration was determined from the ratio of the area under the C 1s and N 1s peaks taking into consideration the photoionization cross-sections for elements at the given photon energy. The values derived from the survey XPS spectra of the samples

Robust nanobubble and nanodroplet segmentation in atomic force microscope images using the spherical Hough transform

• Yuliang Wang,
• Tongda Lu,
• Xiaolai Li,
• Shuai Ren and
• Shusheng Bi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2572–2582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.257

• morphological characterization of NBs and NDs can be implemented using three approaches, as shown in Figure 11. Here they are referred to as direct measurement, circle fitting, and sphere fitting methods. The direct measurement method is applied to cross sections of NBs and NDs, as shown in Figure 11a. After

• cross sections are extracted, the height H and width D can be directly measured. The radius of curvature R and contact angle θ can then be obtained with H and D. The circle fitting method also applies to cross sections. In the method, the data points on NBs and NDs are fitted as circles using the least

Amplified cross-linking efficiency of self-assembled monolayers through targeted dissociative electron attachment for the production of carbon nanomembranes

• Sascha Koch,
• Christopher D. Kaiser,
• Paul Penner,
• Michael Barclay,
• Lena Frommeyer,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Patrick Stohmann,
• Tarek Abu-Husein,
• Andreas Terfort,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2562–2571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.256

• hand, is a more statistical process with an onset slightly above the ionization limit of the respective molecules, and a maximum in the range between 40–100 eV, after which the cross sections slowly taper off as the energy transfer in the electron–molecule collision becomes less efficient. The bond

• selectivity in DEA and the fact that the cross sections for this process may be significant at 0 eV electron incident energy opens up the attractive possibility to use this process to purposely enhance the cross-linking efficiency and explore the potential of site selectivity in the cross-linking step as a

• tool to control the properties, and ultimately, the functionality of the produced nanomembranes. However, for single bond rupture in DEA, the prerequisite at 0 eV incident electron energy (where the attachment cross sections are highest) is that the electron affinity (EA(X)) of the charge-retaining

Electron beam induced deposition of silacyclohexane and dichlorosilacyclohexane: the role of dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment in the deposition process

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Krishna K Damodaran,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2376–2388, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.237

• and we compare the proximity effect observed for these compounds. The two precursors show similar behaviour with regards to fragmentation through dissociative ionization in the gas phase under single-collision conditions. However, while DCSCH shows appreciable cross sections with regards to

• asterisk identifies electronically excited species and ε1 and ε2 are the energies of the electron before and after the inelastic scattering event, respectively. These reactions have very different energy dependencies, their cross sections also have different dependencies on the respective molecular

• heteroleptic precursor [21][24][25][26] and on large heteronuclear carbonyl cluster compounds [22][23][30] that have partly proven to perform well in the FEBID deposition of magnetic alloys [31]. In fact, both DEA and DI cross sections of typical metal-containing FEBID precursors can be very high [32][33]. The

Increasing the stability of DNA nanostructure templates by atomic layer deposition of Al₂O₃ and its application in imprinting lithography

• Hyojeong Kim,
• Kristin Arbutina,
• Anqin Xu and
• Haitao Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2363–2375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.236

• , and (e) 15 days after pattern transfer of the same area. White lines on the AFM images indicate where the cross-sections were determined. (f) Height/depth and (g) FWHM of the DNA nanotubes and their replica trenches in four different locations of the AFM images from (a) to (e). Locations 1, 2, 3, and

• 4 correspond to 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the cross-sections of the AFM images (a) and (c). Scale bars represent 500 nm. Note: The AFM images from (c) to (e) are mirror-flipped to match the orientations of the AFM images (a) and (b). Stability of a DNA nanotube master template with a ca. 2 nm thick Al2O3

• , and (h) UV/O3 treatment for 1 h and washing with DI water. White lines on the AFM images indicate where the cross-sections were determined. (i) Histograms of the AFM height images from (a) to (h). (j) Height and (k) FWHM of the DNA nanotubes in three different locations of the AFM images from (a) to

Expanding the molecular-ruler process through vapor deposition of hexadecanethiol

• Alexandra M. Patron,
• Timothy S. Hooker,
• Daniel F. Santavicca,
• Corey P. Causey and
• Thomas J. Mullen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2339–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.233

• ). The surface morphology of the 10-layer Cu-ligated MHDA multilayer with a C16 capping layer appears rougher with protruding islands with larger cross sections when compared to the 10-layer Cu-ligated MHDA multilayer without a C16 capping layer. Although the nanogaps produced from the Cu-ligated MHDA

Dissociative electron attachment to coordination complexes of chromium: chromium(0) hexacarbonyl and benzene-chromium(0) tricarbonyl

• Janina Kopyra,
• Paulina Maciejewska and
• Jelena Maljković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2257–2263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.225

• molecules via various decomposition processes such as dissociative ionization (DI), dipolar dissociation (DD), neutral dissociation (ND), and dissociative electron attachment (DEA) [8]. These reactions occur with relatively high cross sections and typically result in partial fragmentation of the precursor

Comprehensive investigation of the electronic excitation of W(CO)₆ by photoabsorption and theoretical analysis in the energy region from 3.9 to 10.8 eV

• Mónica Mendes,
• Khrystyna Regeta,
• Filipe Ferreira da Silva,
• Nykola C. Jones,
• Søren Vrønning Hoffmann,
• Gustavo García,
• Chantal Daniel and
• Paulo Limão-Vieira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2208–2218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.220

• with clear vibrational structure, and a few lower-energy shoulders in addition to a couple of lower-energy metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) bands reported in the literature before. Absolute photoabsorption cross sections are reported and, where possible, compared to previously published results

• of relevance to estimate neutral dissociation cross sections of W(CO)6, a precursor molecule in focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) processes, from electron scattering measurements. Keywords: cross sections; density functional theory (DFT) calculations; focused electron beam induced

• and theoretical methods are also demanded to assess the nature of the excited states from which estimates of ND cross sections can be obtained from electron energy loss spectroscopy. From the experimental point of view, such electron impact excitation spectra cannot be recorded with higher energy

Suppression of low-energy dissociative electron attachment in Fe(CO)₅ upon clustering

• Jozef Lengyel,
• Peter Papp,
• Štefan Matejčík,
• Jaroslav Kočišek,
• Michal Fárník and
• Juraj Fedor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2200–2207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.219

• have stressed the importance of electrons with energy below 1 eV [1][2][3]. In many cases, these cause the cleavage of one metal–ligand bond via dissociative electron attachment (DEA) and corresponding cross sections reach unusually high values [2][3]. Iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5, is no exception: the

Advances and challenges in the field of plasma polymer nanoparticles

• Andrei Choukourov,
• Pavel Pleskunov,
• Daniil Nikitin,
• Valerii Titov,
• Artem Shelemin,
• Mykhailo Vaidulych,
• Anna Kuzminova,
• Pavel Solař,
• Jan Hanuš,
• Jaroslav Kousal,
• Ondřej Kylián,
• Danka Slavínská and
• Hynek Biederman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2002–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.200

• ; b) GLAD of nylon-sputtered plasma polymer over the preseeded NPs. SEM images with combined top view and cross-sections of the deposits produced as a result of RF magnetron sputtering of nylon: a) normal deposition on blank Si substrate; b) GLAD at 80° on blank Si substrate; c) normal deposition over

Identifying the nature of surface chemical modification for directed self-assembly of block copolymers

• Laura Evangelio,
• Federico Gramazio,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Michaela Gorgoi,
• Francisco Miguel Espinosa,
• Ricardo García,
• Francesc Pérez-Murano and
• Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1972–1981, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.198

• %) functions under the constraint of identical full width at half maximum (FWHM) values for all components. AFM topography (a) and phase (b) images of a chemical guiding pattern created by EBL followed by oxygen plasma modification on the brush sample cooled in nitrogen (see Figure 1). Representative cross

• sections are shown below both images. HAXPES spectra corresponding to the C 1s region of (a) unmodified and (b) modified samples, respectively, taken with 3000 eV photons including a deconvolution of the components using a least-square fit after background subtraction. Comparison of spectra taken with 2700

Intercalation of Si between MoS₂ layers

• Rik van Bremen,
• Qirong Yao,
• Soumya Banerjee,
• Deniz Cakir,
• Nuri Oncel and
• Harold J. W. Zandvliet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1952–1960, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.196

• clusters on top of MoS2 become visible. A close-up image of the transition of a hill to a valley is represented in Figure 1e. The line profiles indicated in the figure correspond to the cross sections shown in Figure 1f. The typical height variation of a transition is found to be of several angstroms. We

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

• tissue. This technique makes use of low-coherence interferometry with a near-infrared light source to create two-dimensional images of tissue cross-sections by exploring elastic light scattering from internal tissue microstructures [117]. OCT provides depth-resolved images, where the contrast results

Collembola cuticles and the three-phase line tension

• Håkon Gundersen,
• Hans Petter Leinaas and
• Christian Thaulow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1714–1722, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.172

• Equation 5. This form of the equation is very similar to the equation proposed by Wong and Ho [22]. The Zheng equation includes the dependency of the total three-phase line length on the cross-sectional shape of the surface roughness features, for the case of circular cross sections the two are identical

Effect of the fluorination technique on the surface-fluorination patterning of double-walled carbon nanotubes

• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Emmanuel Flahaut,
• Jérémy Rio,
• Christopher P. Ewels,
• Victor O. Koroteev,
• Gregory Van Lier,
• Denis V. Vyalikh and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1688–1698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.169

• Figure 4b, left part), which well reproduces the spectral features at energies below the σ*-edge. The lack of –CF3 groups in the XPS C 1s spectrum (Figure 3, curve 2) might be related to a substantial difference between the ionization cross-sections of C 1s electrons of bare carbon atoms and of

Air–water interface of submerged superhydrophobic surfaces imaged by atomic force microscopy

• Markus Moosmann,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Matthias Mail

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1671–1679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.167

• , the interfaces separating the wetted areas from the air-retaining areas followed exactly the alignment of the micro-pillars. AFM images (a, c) and the corresponding cross-sections (red lines in b, d) of the sample. The image in a) was taken in ambient conditions in tapping mode and confirms the pillar

Process-specific mechanisms of vertically oriented graphene growth in plasmas

• Subrata Ghosh,
• Shyamal R. Polaki,
• Niranjan Kumar,
• Sankarakumar Amirthapandian,
• Mohamed Kamruddin and
• Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1658–1670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.166

• HRTEM in Figure 2b clearly shows the thickness of a NG layer grown at 600 °C to be 15.44 nm, matching well with that obtained from the SEM cross sections (17 ± 2 nm). TEM of VGNs grown at 800 °C, shown in Figure 2c, reveals transparent sheets with the corrugated and wrinkled structure. The HRTEM in

• (b) growth mechanism of vertical graphene nanosheets. Scanning electron micrographs and corresponding cross sections of VGNs grown at different distances from the plasma source, namely, (a) 40 cm, (b) 30 cm, (c) 20 cm, and (d) 10 cm. (a) Raman spectra of VGNs grown at different distance, (b

Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• 12-well plates). Figure 2 shows cross-sections taken from confocal imaging of Caco-2 cell barriers cultured for 4 and 21 days following exposure to 50 nm SiO2-NPs for 6 h. A first clear outcome is that, in general, not many 50 nm SiO2-NPs (green) could be visualized inside cells, regardless of

Growth, structure and stability of sputter-deposited MoS₂ thin films

• Reinhard Kaindl,
• Bernhard C. Bayer,
• Roland Resel,
• Thomas Müller,
• Viera Skakalova,
• Gerlinde Habler,
• Rainer Abart,
• Alexey S. Cherevan,
• Dominik Eder,
• Maxime Blatter,
• Fabian Fischer,
• Jannik C. Meyer,
• Dmitry K. Polyushkin and
• Wolfgang Waldhauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.113

• focussed-ion-beam (FIB) prepared cross-sections of the PVD MoS2 films. According to the fit of the experimental XRR curves (not shown here) the surface roughness (σsurf) is ≈1.2 nm for the RT film and ≈0.6 nm for films deposited at 400 °C. While the σsurf of the RT films is consistent with the AFM results

• increased accessible surface area can be excluded because of the non-porous, compact film structure demonstrated in AFM and SEM surface images (Figure 1) and TEM cross sections (not shown here).) Second, the nanocrystalline MoS2 deposited at 400 °C shows a significantly better performance compared to the

• -cut film cross-sections. The large number of experimental characterisation methods required comparison of different film thicknesses, however all give a consistent picture of the film properties. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy A NT-MDT Ntegra Spectra coupled AFM and Raman

Bio-inspired micro-to-nanoporous polymers with tunable stiffness

• Julia Syurik,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Prerna Sudera,
• Stephan Weyand,
• Siegbert Johnsen,
• Gabriele Wiegand and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 906–914, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.92

• equal to 3. Preparation of cross sections The porous PMMA films were fractured perpendicular to the surface in the middle of the sample. In order to obtain a surface of sufficient quality for nanoindentation testing, the samples were cooled with liquid nitrogen for 180 s, then broken with tweezers

Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• cross section of the wire can reveal the conformal coating [26]. Imaging a series of cross sections can inform conformality along the length of the wire. Not all complex substrates are amenable to forming physical cross sections. In this case, ion or electron beam ablation can expose the substrate so

• difficult. Insufficient Z contrast and charging effects makes SEM cross sections difficult to analyze. Using a focus ion beam (FIB) system to make transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples is a route often used with inorganic materials. However, ion damage, particularly for very thin films, is an issue

• creating nanowire cross sections by physical cleavage is nearly impossible. Using EMPA to determine the signal of constituent atoms fails as both the nanowire and polymer film contain nearly the same elements (Si and O). Previously unpublished work by Gleason and coworkers used a combination of SEM and TEM