Four self-made free surface electrospinning devices for high-throughput preparation of high-quality nanofibers

• Yue Fang and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2261–2274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.218

• preparation of the corresponding four FSE devices were studied by simulating the electric field distribution using the Maxwell 3D software. The properties of the electric field in the device are very important for the FSE process. The effects of the particular technique on the morphology and the yield of

• device performs best, providing the highest quality and yield of nanofibers. The SSFE device could yield 20.03 g/h of nanofibers at an applied voltage of 40 kV. Keywords: electric field; free surface electrospinning; high-throughput preparation; Maxwell 3D; mechanism; nanofibers; Introduction Due to

• its surface tension. The effects of the MBE, MFSE, OSFSE and SSFSE device design on the morphology and the yield of the produced nanofibers were experimentally investigated. The differences between them were explained based on simulations of the electric field distribution using the Maxwell 3D

Liquid crystal tunable claddings for polymer integrated optical waveguides

• José M. Otón,
• Manuel Caño-García,
• Fernando Gordo,
• Eva Otón,
• Morten A. Geday and
• Xabier Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2163–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.209

• Discussion Propagation in waveguide structures Figure 1 depicts the electric field distribution in a directional coupler and two multimode interferometers (MMIs) with symmetric and asymmetric input, respectively. The optical power is split between the guides of the directional coupler, showing an alternating

• literature [12]. Repeating the above calculation with waveguides having the same dimensions, and ncore = 2.10, the results vary considerably. The electric field is substantially confined to the core, with no leaks even for neff = 2.08 of the LC. The drawback is that the interaction between core and cladding

• conditioned with spin-coated polyimide (PIA-2304, Lixon Aligner) for homogeneous LC alignment, parallel to the plate, along the waveguide. Both the glass surface and the waveguide were gently rubbed with a velvet cloth to induce the desired orientation. If an external electric field is applied to the LC

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

• (NV−). Room temperature manipulation of electron spins at the NV centers by means of magnetic or electric field, microwave or light irradiation, or a combination thereof, allows the generation of sharp resonances in the intensity and wavelength of the NV photoluminescence. The origin of these

• properties with theoretical models. An array of NV sensors under the diamond surface were used in [58] for the spatial mapping of band bending, where the NV sensors probe the electric field associated with the surface distribution of space charge density under different diamond surface termination. The

Gold-coated plant virus as computed tomography imaging contrast agent

• Alaa A. A. Aljabali,
• Mazhar S. Al Zoubi,
• Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh,
• Ali Al-Radaideh,
• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Abeer Al Sharabi,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Bayan AbuFares,
• Tasnim Al-Zanati,
• Murtaza M. Tambuwala,
• Naveed Akbar and
• David J. Evans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1983–1993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.195

• directly, rather it is deduced from the electrophoretic mobility of the charged NPs under an applied electric field. The electrophoretic mobility toward the positive or the negative electrode determines the zeta potential values as negative or positive. The zeta potential values for Au-CPMV particles of

Prestress-loading effect on the current–voltage characteristics of a piezoelectric p–n junction together with the corresponding mechanical tuning laws

• Wanli Yang,
• Shuaiqi Fan,
• Yuxing Liang and
• Yuantai Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1833–1843, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.178

• on how much influence of the deformation-induced electric field can reach the SCZ. Furthermore, it is also found that the deformation-induced electric field becomes weak with increasing doping because the higher doping is corresponding to the stronger electric leakage. Thus, the higher mechanical

• present are third-generation semiconductors, for instance, ZnO, GaN, CdS, and AlN, with wide bandgap, high breakdown electric field, high thermal conductivity, and even mechanical tunability [3]. They show numerous application prospects in electric devices and sensors, such as energy harvesters [4][5][6

• I–V characteristics of p–n junctions are especially important. There is a steady current through a p–n junction when an electric bias voltage is applied. Because mechanical loadings can tune electric potential and electric field of a piezoelectric p–n junction, the corresponding I–V characteristics

Novel hollow titanium dioxide nanospheres with antimicrobial activity against resistant bacteria

• Carol López de Dicastillo,
• Cristian Patiño,
• María José Galotto,
• Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez,
• Claudia Torrent,
• Daniela Alburquenque,
• Alejandro Pereira and
• Juan Escrig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1716–1725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.167

• spherical particles due to the low-viscosity-based solution. In this process, the electric field generated monodisperse drops that contracted due to the fast evaporation of the solvent induced by Columbic explosion [21][22]. Figure 2a–c shows photographs of the three steps of the process: electrosprayed

Effects of surface charge and boundary slip on time-periodic pressure-driven flow and electrokinetic energy conversion in a nanotube

• Mandula Buren,
• Yongjun Jian,
• Yingchun Zhao,
• Long Chang and
• Quansheng Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1628–1635, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.158

• Economics, Hohhot, China 10.3762/bjnano.10.158 Abstract Time-periodic pressure-driven slip flow and electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency in a nanotube are studied analytically. The slip length depends on the surface charge density. Electric potential, velocity and streaming electric field are

• streaming potential induces an electric field called streaming electric field. Acting on the net mobile charge in EDL, the steaming electric field generates an electric force in the opposite direction of the flow. The flow rate is decreased under the action of the electric office. This effect is called

• , and t is the time. From the continuity equation, we find ∂u/∂z = 0 and so u depends on the variables r and t. Therefore, the momentum balance equations for the incompressible viscous Newtonian liquid becomes where ρ is the mass density, μ is the dynamic viscosity, Es is the streaming electric field

Direct observation of oxygen-vacancy formation and structural changes in Bi₂WO₆ nanoflakes induced by electron irradiation

• Hong-long Shi,
• Bin Zou,
• Zi-an Li,
• Min-ting Luo and
• Wen-zhong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1434–1442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.141

• amorphous layer. These observed features on the Bi2WO6 flake indicate that bonds were broken in the nanoflake, and atoms were expelled towards the surface of the irradiated flake by the released gas and/or the electron-beam-induced electric field [28][29]. The bubbles appeared to be mobile, and the bubbles

• irradiation, in this case, is far too low to decompose Bi2WO6 nanoflakes. Besides, loops or defect clusters were not observed during the whole irradiation process suggesting that the knock-off or sputtering effects can be neglected. When a high-energy electron beam passes through the sample, an electric field

• will be induced by the accumulation of secondary electrons and Auger electrons in the irradiation region [28][29]. The charged ions in the crystal will be displaced, and ionic bonds can be broken when the induced electric field, which can be enhanced with the increase of the irradiation time, is

Kelvin probe force microscopy of the nanoscale electrical surface potential barrier of metal/semiconductor interfaces in ambient atmosphere

• Petr Knotek,
• Tomáš Plecháček,
• Jan Smolík,
• Petr Kutálek,
• Filip Dvořák,
• Milan Vlček,
• Jiří Navrátil and
• Čestmír Drašar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1401–1411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.138

• been observed for Si [51][52], Ti, Ni or Al [53][54][55], carbon [56] and organic–inorganic compounds [57]. We suggest, in our case, that OH− or O−/O2− ions diffuse through our polycrystalline Au layer with many defects (grain boundaries, dislocations) forced by the strong electric field (8 V/53 nm of

• nanometers for SiO2 on Si [51][52]). In our case it is increased by the electric field and good oxygen mobility in BiOx due to the formation of charged Bi vacancies [59][60]. This assumption is in good agreement with the observed increase of the cut-in potential barrier upon thinning of the Au layer (see

• Figure 3) as a reminiscence of the diffusion limitation of oxygen/hydroxy anions due to the electric field through the polycrystalline Au layer. Bare Bi2Se3 had no diffusion limits and the I–V curves are not measurable as electrons immediately form isolating BiOx on the surface. The abovementioned facts

A silver-nanoparticle/cellulose-nanofiber composite as a highly effective substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Yongxin Lu,
• Yan Luo,
• Zehao Lin and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1270–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.126

• SERS application. This SERS substrate is usable for the trace detection of the analyte. In order to better understand the high SERS activity of the substrate Ag-NP/cellulose-NF–C, finite element method (FEM) modeling was performed to investigate the localized electric field intensity (Emax) of the

• silver nanoparticles (diameter 70 nm) with different inter-particle spacings. The obtained electric field intensity distributions are shown in Figure 5. The maximum values of the electric field intensities for inter-particle spacings of 15, 5, and 1 nm are 5.7, 9.2, and 40.7 V/m, respectively, and the

• to the fourth-power dependence of the enhancement factor on the electric field intensity, the enhancement factor of this substrate was estimated to be ca. 3 × 106. Compared with previously reported cellulose-based SERS substrates, our current substrate shows a better SERS activity. For example, the

Electroluminescence and current–voltage measurements of single-(In,Ga)N/GaN-nanowire light-emitting diodes in a nanowire ensemble

• David van Treeck,
• Johannes Ledig,
• Gregor Scholz,
• Jonas Lähnemann,
• Mattia Musolino,
• Abbes Tahraoui,
• Oliver Brandt,
• Andreas Waag,
• Henning Riechert and
• Lutz Geelhaar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1177–1187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.117

• with increasing current densities as shown for spectrum C is similar to what we recently observed analyzing single-NW spots in top-view EL maps of a comparably processed NW-ensemble LED [7]. By modeling strain, electric field, and charge carrier density inside the active region of a single-NW LED, it

A highly efficient porous rod-like Ce-doped ZnO photocatalyst for the degradation of dye contaminants in water

• Binjing Hu,
• Qiang Sun,
• Chengyi Zuo,
• Yunxin Pei,
• Siwei Yang,
• Hui Zheng and
• Fangming Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1157–1165, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.115

• chose a ZnO sphere with diameter of 1 µm and a ZnO rod with length of 3 µm and width of 1 µm for comparison (refractive index was given by Querry [39]). From the results in Figure 6 and Figure 7, we can see that the electric field along the propagation direction of the incident field on the ZnO sphere

• to implement the field-only surface integral method used to calculate the electric field on the particle surface. Synthesis of ZnO Zn(OAc)2·2H2O (4.39 g, 0.02 mol) and 2-methylimidazole (6.16 g, 0.075 mol) were dissolved in 150 mL of methanol (MeOH). Then the solution of 2-methylimidazole was poured

• activity of samples with different Ce doping percentages. The cycle usage of the CZO-4 photocatalyst under optimized conditions in 2 h. XRD patterns of ZnO and CZO-4 (3% Ce doping). Ce 3d XPS of the catalyst CZO-4. SEM micrographs of (a) ZnO and (b) CZO-4 (3% Ce doping). The total electric field on the

Quantitative analysis of annealing-induced instabilities of photo-leakage current and negative-bias-illumination-stress in a-InGaZnO thin-film transistors

• Dapeng Wang and
• Mamoru Furuta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1125–1130, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.112

• results demonstrate that the high concentration of VO defects near EV is excited to VO+/VO2+, located below the bottom of the conduction band [12]. Meanwhile, the photo-excited electron–hole pairs from the EV are separated because of a vertical electric field (VGS = −20 V). Consequently, the transfer

• carriers are driven by the electric field and drift to the interfaces (Figure 5b). In virtue of the relative high quality of the IGZO bulk as well as its adjacent interfaces, the transfer curves show only a small hump and a small gap-shift without SS distortion in the forward and reverse scanning. When the

Revisiting semicontinuous silver films as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates

• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Małgorzata Norek,
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz and
• Piotr Nyga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1048–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.105

• dielectric constant of the metal, surrounding dielectric, shape and size of the nanostructure, and its orientation with respect to the electric component of the electromagnetic field [1][2]. At resonance, the electric field near the surface of metallic nanostructures can be greatly enhanced and localized in

Correlation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with the surface density of gold nanoparticles: evaluation of the critical number of SERS tags for a detectable signal

• Vincenzo Amendola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1016–1023, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.102

• phenomena, the local electric field enhancement due to the surface plasmon resonance of the metal nanostructure (electromagnetic enhancement) and the charge transfer between the molecule and the metal substrate (chemical enhancement) [6][7][8]. In addition, given the generally low Raman scattering cross

• local field enhancement in a AuNT with structure reproducing the aggregate in Figure 1B. In particular, the SERS enhancement factor (GSERS) was obtained from the 4th power of the ratio between the local electric field, Eloc, in the proximity to the surface of the metal nanostructure and the incident

• electric field, E0, from linearly polarized 633 nm electromagnetic radiation propagating in a medium with refractive index of PVA (n = 1.526) [6][55]. As shown in Figure 1D, GSERS can reach values as high as 106 and consistently between 105–106, depending on the hot spot considered. Importantly, by

Experimental study of an evanescent-field biosensor based on 1D photonic bandgap structures

• Jad Sabek,
• Francisco Javier Díaz-Fernández,
• Luis Torrijos-Morán,
• Zeneida Díaz-Betancor,
• Ángel Maquieira,
• María-José Bañuls,
• Elena Pinilla-Cienfuegos and
• Jaime García-Rupérez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 967–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.97

• scenario of water cladding. Figure 5 shows the electric-field profile simulated when considering upper claddings of air or water, as well as the variation of its intensity as a function of the distance to the sensor surface for these two scenarios. Note that, in order to consider an equivalent situation

• cladding of air (λ = 1550 nm) and (b) an upper cladding of water (λ = 1600 nm). (c) Variation of the electric field intensity as a function of the distance to the sensor surface for the FDTD simulations when considering an air (blue) and a water upper cladding (red). As for Figure 4, the shaded areas

Nanoscale optical and structural characterisation of silk

• Meguya Ryu,
• Reo Honda,
• Adrian Cernescu,
• Arturas Vailionis,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Jitraporn Vongsvivut,
• Jing-Liang Li,
• Denver P. Linklater,
• Elena P. Ivanova,
• Vygantas Mizeikis,
• Mark J. Tobin,
• Junko Morikawa and
• Saulius Juodkazis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 922–929, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.93

• the real part of the index via Snell’s law [11]. As a result, comparative measurements of the absorbance by different near- and far-field techniques are essentially required to understand differences in electric-field determination of the local light and its interaction with the sample [12]. Different

Rapid, ultraviolet-induced, reversibly switchable wettability of superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic surfaces

• Yunlu Pan,
• Wenting Kong,
• Bharat Bhushan and
• Xuezeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 866–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.87

• sensors, smart filtration and separation, and microfluidic devices [9][10][11][12]. While controlling wettability through heating is mostly limited to toxic materials, such surfaces cannot be applied in human science [13][14]. Although the application of an electric field is an efficient method to achieve

Novel reversibly switchable wettability of superhydrophobic–superhydrophilic surfaces induced by charge injection and heating

• Xiangdong Ye,
• Junwen Hou and
• Dongbao Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 840–847, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.84

• ], temperature [12][13][14][15], pH [16][17][18], and electric field [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] stimulation. Zhang et al. [4] reported that superhydrophobic titanium dioxide surfaces become hydrophilic with a contact angle of 0° after 240 min of ultraviolet radiation. Nishimoto et al. [5] developed a method

• environments. At 150 V, the maximum contact angle could be reduced by 23° by electrical wetting in a reversible manner. Li et al. [23] studied the diffusion of droplets of ionic liquids on an insulating electrode subjected to an external voltage. The catalytic effect of a vertical electric field on the

• by an electrochemical process. The surface wettability could be controlled from superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic. When the sample was dried at room temperature or heated at 100 °C, the wettability could be reversed. Compared with the electrowetting phenomenon caused by electric-field-driven solid

Electronic properties of several two dimensional halides from ab initio calculations

• Mohamed Barhoumi,
• Ali Abboud,
• Lamjed Debbichi,
• Moncef Said,
• Torbjörn Björkman,
• Dario Rocca and
• Sébastien Lebègue

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 823–832, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.82

• electronic bandgaps, as obtained with the HSE hybrid functional, range between 3.0 and 7.5 eV and that their phonon spectra are dynamically stable. Additionally, we show that under an external electric field some of these systems exhibit a semiconductor-to-metal transition. Keywords: density functional

• fact that electronic screening is much more efficient in a bulk material, and therefore reduces the value of the bandgap significantly in comparison with the one of the corresponding monolayer. Effect of an external transverse electric field Earlier theoretical studies have reported that applying an

• external electric field to a rippled MoS2 monolayer [45] or a MoS2 nanoribbon [46][47] causes important changes in the electronic structure and reduces the bandgap. Also, applying an electric field to a 2D material mimics the presence of a gate voltage [48], and understanding the resulting changes in the

An iridescent film of porous anodic aluminum oxide with alternatingly electrodeposited Cu and SiO₂ nanoparticles

• Menglei Chang,
• Huawen Hu,
• Haiyan Quan,
• Hongyang Wei,
• Zhangyi Xiong,
• Jiacong Lu,
• Pin Luo,
• Yaoheng Liang,
• Jianzhen Ou and
• Dongchu Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 735–745, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.73

• simultaneous way, into a stable structure possessing a regular geometric appearance. In contrast, electrodeposition involves the nucleation at an electrode surface under the action of an electric field [25]. For example, a high-purity aluminum foil was directly used as a template, on which anodic aluminum

• stainless steel tube and a carbon fiber as the anode and cathode under the action of a circular electric field, respectively, resulting in a cylindrical fibrous structure. The control over the electrodeposition voltage and time allowed for the fabrication of fibers with different thicknesses, and the

Review of time-resolved non-contact electrostatic force microscopy techniques with applications to ionic transport measurements

• Aaron Mascaro,
• Yoichi Miyahara,
• Tyler Enright,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Peter Grütter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 617–633, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.62

• techniques have been developed aimed at measuring local electronic and ionic properties on a wide range of samples. By carefully controlling the electric field between the tip and sample many properties can be measured with high spatial resolution including static properties such as local contact potential

• therefore be modulated by the electric field between the tip and sample, which may vary with time. The first use of an AFM to measure the time evolution of sample charge carriers was reported by Schönenberger and Alvarado [25]. They first applied a voltage pulse between the tip and sample to inject charge

• conducting materials as well. To probe ionic transport a step potential is applied between the AFM tip and a conducting back electrode, creating an electric field across the tip–sample gap and through the sample, illustrated in Figure 1b. The mobile ions inside the sample move in response to this field over

Coexisting spin and Rabi oscillations at intermediate time regimes in electron transport through a photon cavity

• Vidar Gudmundsson,
• Hallmann Gestsson,
• Nzar Rauf Abdullah,
• Chi-Shung Tang,
• Andrei Manolescu and
• Valeriu Moldoveanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 606–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.61

• the center of the z = 0 plane. For the Coulomb gauge used here the polarization of the electric field of the cavity photons parallel to the transport in the x-direction (with the unit vector ex) is realized in the TE011 mode, or perpendicular to the transport (defined by the unit vector ey) in the

Integration of LaMnO_3+δ films on platinized silicon substrates for resistive switching applications by PI-MOCVD

• Raquel Rodriguez-Lamas,
• Dolors Pla,
• Odette Chaix-Pluchery,
• Benjamin Meunier,
• Fabrice Wilhelm,
• Andrei Rogalev,
• Laetitia Rapenne,
• Xavier Mescot,
• Quentin Rafhay,
• Hervé Roussel,
• Michel Boudard,
• Carmen Jiménez and
• Mónica Burriel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 389–398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.38

• –insulator/semiconductor–metal, MIM), namely memristors, when a non-volatile change of resistance is produced under the effect of an applied current or electric field [1]. As these resistance changes are reversible, RS is suitable for redox-based resistive switching random access memory (Re-RAM) applications

Geometrical optimisation of core–shell nanowire arrays for enhanced absorption in thin crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells

• Robin Vismara,
• Olindo Isabella,
• Andrea Ingenito,
• Fai Tong Si and
• Miro Zeman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 322–331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.31

• absorption profile of the NW model, on the other hand, presents a significantly larger number of peaks. Still the typical shape of F-P interference can be observed, only lifted to higher absorption values due to the diffraction promoted by the presence of nanowires. The electric field (E) distribution inside

• two effects combine to increase the total intensity of the electric field within the absorber layer. This in turn results in a value of absorption, for the NW model, significantly enhanced with respect to the FLAT sample, as shown in (II) in Figure 4. Finally, at λ(III) = 983 nm a peak in can be seen

• considered, while (b) focuses on the spectrum between 800 and 1000 nm. Black vertical lines in (b) indicate the position of interference resonances, calculated with Equation 2. The corresponding electric field distributions are presented in Figure 5. Distribution of the electric field inside the absorber