Robust nanobubble and nanodroplet segmentation in atomic force microscope images using the spherical Hough transform

• Yuliang Wang,
• Tongda Lu,
• Xiaolai Li,
• Shuai Ren and
• Shusheng Bi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2572–2582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.257

• light harvesting [11], adsorb onto nanocrystal and microcrystal surfaces for direct heterogeneous engineering [12], and help functional oil deposition from emulsions [13]. NBs and NDs can also act as templates for nanomaterial engineering, such as assembling nanoparticles into nanorings [14], generating

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• negative, must be considered for nanotechnology and nanomedicine in particular to develop to its full potential. Keywords: co-exposure; endocytosis; live cell imaging; nanoparticles; quantitative microscopy; Introduction Over the past two decades, improvements in nanomaterial research were followed by a

• rise of nanotechnology-containing products [1]. Numerous contemporary developments in consumer products (e.g., food additives, cosmetics and sporting equipment), environmental remediation, medicine and information technology heavily rely on innovative nanomaterial-driven industrial technology [2]. A

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• . Deionized water was used in all the synthesis processes. Preparation of PAN–PMMA latex Preparation of seed PAN nanolatex The seed PAN latex nanomaterial (nanolatex) was prepared via an AIBN-initiated semicontinuous emulsion polymerization method [39]. The typical process was as follows. 150 mg of AIBN, 400

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• fluorescent CNOs is fast and reversible both in solution and in vitro, making this nanomaterial suitable as pH-dependent probes for diagnostic applications. Keywords: carbon nanomaterials; fluorescence; imaging; nanomedicine; nano-onion; Introduction Nanomaterial-based probes (nano-probes) that are able to

• intracellular pH change. HeLa cells treated with fluo-CNOs exhibited no fluorescence at neutral and basic environment (≥7.0) and a bright red fluorescence in acidic condition (≤5.0). The on/off process was fast and reversible, making this nanomaterial suitable as a pH-sensitive probe for diagnostic applications

Synthesis and functionalization of NaGdF₄:Yb,Er@NaGdF₄ core–shell nanoparticles for possible application as multimodal contrast agents

• Dovile Baziulyte-Paulaviciene,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas,
• Marius Stasys,
• Greta Jarockyte,
• Vilius Poderys,
• Simas Sakirzanovas and
• Ricardas Rotomskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1815–1824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.183

• uptake and cytotoxicity evaluation study showed that the UCNPs internalized into breast cancer cell lines and possessed low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility. All these findings indicate that Tween 80-coated NaGdF4:Yb,Er@NaGdF4 UCNPs are a promising nanomaterial platform for imaging and detection in

Evaluation of preparation methods for suspended nano-objects on substrates for dimensional measurements by atomic force microscopy

• Petra Fiala,
• Daniel Göhler,
• Benno Wessely,
• Michael Stintz,
• Giovanni Mattia Lazzerini and
• Andrew Yacoot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1774–1785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.179

• either as nanostructured materials; internal dimension ≤100 nm, external dimension typically greater than 100 nm or as nano-objects, i.e., individualized particles with at least one dimension ≤100 nm. Another widely used nanomaterial definition is the recommendation of the European Commission [4]. The

• recommendation focuses on the number-weighted constituent particle size distribution by which a material is classified as nanomaterial when the median constituent particle diameter is ≤100 nm. This is seen, especially for complex-nanostructured particles, as a metrological challenge for particle measurement

• electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or atomic force microscopy (AFM) are seen as most appropriate methods for nanomaterial classification and therefore traceability for these methods will become more and more important [7]. Despite the strengths of these imaging methods for

Near-infrared-responsive, superparamagnetic Au@Co nanochains

• Varadee Vittur,
• Arati G. Kolhatkar,
• Shreya Shah,
• Irene Rusakova,
• Dmitri Litvinov and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1680–1687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.168

• , University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA 10.3762/bjnano.8.168 Abstract This manuscript describes a new type of nanomaterial, namely superparamagnetic Au@Co nanochains

• explored the optical properties of the Au-coated magnetic Co nanochains. Consequently, there have been no reports characterizing both the optical and the magnetic properties of this unique class of nanomaterial. In the present investigation, we describe a one-pot synthesis of magnetic Au@Co nanochains

Synthesis of [Fe(L_eq)(L_ax)]_n coordination polymer nanoparticles using blockcopolymer micelles

• Christoph Göbel,
• Ottokar Klimm,
• Florian Puchtler,
• Sabine Rosenfeldt,
• Stephan Förster and
• Birgit Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1318–1327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.133

• (bpey)]n and the previously investigated [FeLeq(bipy)]n the expected order with regard to the rigid nature of the ligand is observed. With increasing solubility of the complex (increasing flexibility of the ligand) in the solvent used for the synthesis of the nanomaterial, the probability for the

Carbon nanomaterials sensitize prostate cancer cells to docetaxel and mitomycin C via induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation

• Kati Erdmann,
• Jessica Ringel,
• Silke Hampel,
• Manfred P. Wirth and
• Susanne Fuessel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1307–1317, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.132

• ][44]. Consequently, a local application of nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems directly to the tumor site would limit their systemic resorption and thus adverse effects to other organs. Conclusion In this study we could demonstrate that the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of two

• nanomaterials (1–200 µg/mL) or chemotherapeutics (DTX: 1.5–2.5 ng/mL, MMC: 0.3–0.5 µg/mL) were conducted for 24 h or 2 h, respectively. For combinatory treatments the respective solutions with the chemotherapeutic or the carbon nanomaterial were prepared separately. Then, the cells were first treated with

• chemotherapeutics alone or in combination. Combinatory treatments contained the respective carbon nanomaterial and chemotherapeutic in the same concentrations as indicated for the individual treatments. Results are depicted as averaged relative cellular proliferation or clonogenic survival (%) ± relative mean

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• [37]. The evaluated frameworks for environmental risk/impact characterization were Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) [38][39][40], DuPont’s NanoRisk [41], US EPA’s Comprehensive Environmental Assessment (CEA) [42][43], NanoHAZ [44], Nanomaterial risk screening tool (NRST) [45], Engineered Nanoparticles

• product meets the definition of “nano-relevant” using the European Union regulatory recommendation of 2011 [57]. According to this recommendation, a nanomaterial is defined as “an unknown material containing primary particles in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50

• developers [31]. The potential effect (W) is a score assigned on the basis of the ENMs’ reactivity (e.g., redox activity, catalytic activity, oxygen radical formation potential or induction potential for inflammation reactions) and stability (e.g., half-life of the nanomaterial in the human body, or under

Modeling adsorption of brominated, chlorinated and mixed bromo/chloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins on C₆₀ fullerene using Nano-QSPR

• Piotr Urbaszek,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz,
• Celina Sikorska,
• Maciej Haranczyk and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 752–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.78

• number and type of substitution. The investigations have been performed with quantitative structure–property relationship modelling for nanomaterials (Nano-QSPR) – a method of defining a mathematical function that connects the structure of the investigated nanomaterial (fullerene) and the POPs (dioxin

• experimental and theoretical studies on sorption mechanisms of organic pollutants on carbon nanomaterial surfaces are critical. Experimental Congener characterization A set of 1,701 congeners containing all combinatorial possibilities of bromine, chlorine and mixed (Br/Cl) substitutions of dibenzo-p-dioxins

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• @Fe2O3 core–shell NP–graphene hybrids which show good reversible lithium storage [160]. Another core–shell hollow nanomaterial, a γ-Fe2O3@graphene hybrid, was prepared through the Kirkendall process by Hu et al. and showed high performance as an anode material for LIBs [161]. The improved performance of

Nanostructured carbon materials decorated with organophosphorus moieties: synthesis and application

• Giacomo Biagiotti,
• Vittoria Langè,
• Cristina Ligi,
• Stefano Caporali,
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda,
• Anna Flis,
• K. Michał Pietrusiewicz,
• Giacomo Ghini,
• Alberto Brandi and
• Stefano Cicchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.52

• corresponding phosphine derivatives and applied one of the materials produced as heterogeneous organocatalyst in a Staudinger ligation reaction. Keywords: azides; click chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis; organocatalysis; phosphorus; Introduction The term of carbon nanomaterial (CNMs) comprises many different

Self-assembly of silicon nanowires studied by advanced transmission electron microscopy

• Marta Agati,
• Guillaume Amiard,
• Vincent Le Borgne,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Richard Dolbec,
• Maurizio De Crescenzi,
• My Alì El Khakani and
• Simona Boninelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 440–445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.47

• correctors [3]. In order to access a more realistic three-dimensional vision of nanomaterial components, 3D characterization techniques are highly demanded. For this purpose, atom probe tomography (APT) [4] and X-ray tomography [5] have been used. Nevertheless, while X-ray tomography has a rather limited

Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination

• Paolo Visconti,
• Patrizio Primiceri,
• Daniele Longo,
• Luciano Strafella,
• Paolo Carlucci,
• Mauro Lomascolo,
• Arianna Cretì and
• Giuseppe Mele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.14

• photo-induced electron transfer in the MWCNT–FeCp2 nanomaterial hybrid. This leads us to postulate intermolecular electron transfer to give MWCNT.−–FeCp2.+, depending on the selected wavelength range of the incident Xe light used to trigger the photo-induced ignition process. From a chemico-physical

Nanocrystalline TiO₂/SnO₂ heterostructures for gas sensing

• Barbara Lyson-Sypien,
• Anna Kusior,
• Mieczylaw Rekas,
• Jan Zukrowski,
• Marta Gajewska,
• Katarzyna Michalow-Mauke,
• Thomas Graule,
• Marta Radecka and
• Katarzyna Zakrzewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 108–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.12

• this data one can conclude that in the case of 90 mol % SnO2/10 mol % TiO2, O2− and O− are adsorbed and the ratio of O−/O2− increases with temperature. Considering the 10 mol % SnO2/90 mol % TiO2 nanomaterial, n is in the range of 0.25–0.40. The reduction of titanium dioxide leads to the formation of

A novel electrochemical nanobiosensor for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of femtomolar-level gastric cancer biomarker miRNA-106a

• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Kobra Omidfar and
• Hossein Ghanbarian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2023–2036, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.193

• seems that labeled approaches provide more feasible options for overcoming the difficulty of detecting small miRNAs [19]. Based on this idea, various miRNA-biosensors have been fabricated using different enzymes [32], nanomaterials [33], and enzyme–nanomaterial combinations [34]. Due to unique

• -characterized nanomaterial and the complementarity principle of nucleic acid molecules, this electrochemical nanobiosensor showed remarkable accuracy in evaluating miRNA target concentrations via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analyses. The principal steps of the biosensing procedure are schematically

Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

• Sylwia Kuśnieruk,
• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Agnieszka Chodara,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1586–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.153

• , the HAp nanomaterial density gradually increased and the SSA considerably decreased – the data are presented in Table 4. For Type 6 hydroxyapatite, a SSA of 51 m2/g and a density of 3.04 g/cm3 were found. The average particle diameter was calculated based on SSA and density results. For Type 1

• scale-up in nanomaterial production is very problematic [58]. This is mainly due to the nonuniform heating of precursors. Despite the fact that we employ the microwave heating method [35][38][59], i.e., the most efficient and quickest method of supplying energy to reagents, an increase in the size

Graphene-enhanced plasmonic nanohole arrays for environmental sensing in aqueous samples

• Christa Genslein,
• Peter Hausler,
• Eva-Maria Kirchner,
• Rudolf Bierl,
• Antje J. Baeumner and
• Thomas Hirsch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1564–1573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.150

• the nanohole array surface. Furthermore, a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sensor surface was layered over the nanohole array. Reduced graphene oxide is a 2D nanomaterial consisting of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms and is an attractive receptor surface for SPR as it omits any bulk phase and therefore

• the fabrication of the plasmon–graphene hybrids, the nanostructured substrates were functionalized with rGO via spin coating. The resulting two-dimensional graphene nanomaterial was characterized using Raman microscopy (Figure 5). Reduced graphene oxide is identified by the three distinct Raman bands

• analytes with the ability of π-stacking. This clearly demonstrates the advantage of the interplay of the nanostructured gold layer with the carbon nanomaterial as neither rGO on continuous gold nor a nanohole array without rGO modification will lead to such sensitive signal changes. Conclusion Nanosphere

Enhanced detection of nitrogen dioxide via combined heating and pulsed UV operation of indium oxide nano-octahedra

• Oriol Gonzalez,
• Sergio Roso,
• Xavier Vilanova and
• Eduard Llobet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1507–1518, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.144

• oxide nano-octahedra as gas-sensitive nanomaterial (a detailed description of the sensor fabrication procedure can be found in the Experimental section). The dynamics of sensor response towards different concentrations of nitrogen dioxide under pulsed UV light activation are presented and discussed

• performed to study the morphology of the indium oxide nanomaterial. Figure 1 shows a SEM micrograph of the as-grown material. The image shows that the nanomaterial consists of well-defined octahedral shaped structures. No other morphologies are observed, which indicates the uniformity of the process

• At first, the response of the nanomaterial to nitrogen dioxide was measured when the sensor was operated at room temperature (22 °C) and in the absence of UV light. Under these conditions, the sensor response was weak and not reversible. Figure 3 shows the evolution of the resistance of the sensor

An efficient recyclable magnetic material for the selective removal of organic pollutants

• Clément Monteil,
• Nathalie Bar,
• Agnès Bee and
• Didier Villemin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1447–1453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.136

• (NP-PEIP). The special feature of the PEIP is the presence of numerous ammonium and, more original, phosphonate groups spread on the polymer. Its zwitterionic structure allows the adsorption of any kind of charged contaminant. Unlike many others sorbents, this nanomaterial strongly resists the

A composite structure based on reduced graphene oxide and metal oxide nanomaterials for chemical sensors

• Vardan Galstyan,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Iskandar Kholmanov,
• Andrea Ponzoni,
• Veronica Sberveglieri,
• Nicola Poli,
• Guido Faglia and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1421–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.133

• nanofibers loaded with reduced graphene oxide [23]. These recent studies indicate that the combination of graphene and its modified structures with ZnO nanomaterials may open new perspectives for the fabrication of ZnO-based chemical sensors. In this paper, we describe a hybrid nanomaterial consisting of RGO

• and ZnO with a highly improved performance in sensing the VOCs ethanol and acetone. The highly improved sensing behavior of the obtained structures shows that our hybrid nanomaterial may be used to fabricate gas sensor devices for the detection of VOCs. Experimental The method used for fabricating the

• ZnO nanoparticles. Figure 3 reports the EDX spectrum and the quantitative analysis of the prepared structure. The morphological and the compositional studies confirm that the surface of ZnO nanomaterial is partially covered by GO. The variation of the C/O ratio in the GO platelets was checked by EDX

Viability and proliferation of endothelial cells upon exposure to GaN nanoparticles

• Tudor Braniste,
• Ion Tiginyanu,
• Tibor Horvath,
• Simion Raevschi,
• Serghei Cebotari,
• Marco Lux,
• Axel Haverich and
• Andres Hilfiker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1330–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.124

• functionalized by nanoparticles and signs of toxicity were not observed even with an increased density of fixed nanoparticles, thus indicating to a high biocompatibility of the GaN nanomaterial. By further exploration of the semiconducting and piezoelectric properties of GaN nanoparticles, the characteristics of

• growth of GaN, the ZnO core decomposed due to hydrogen flow in the reaction chamber. In the process of GaN growth, the HCl, NH3, and H2 flow rates were 15 sccm, 500 sccm, and 3600 sccm, respectively. The resulting nanomaterial was used in culture with porcine aortic endothelial cells. Figure 1a shows the

• schematic of the fabrication process of GaN nanoparticles and SEM pictures of initial ZnO and GaN composite nanomaterial are presented in Figure 1b and Figure 1c. Functionalization of surfaces with GaN nanoparticles Cellular nonadherent, biocompatible silicone (Rema®Sil) was used for the nanoparticle

Photocurrent generation in carbon nanotube/cubic-phase HfO₂ nanoparticle hybrid nanocomposites

• Protima Rauwel,
• Augustinas Galeckas,
• Martin Salumaa,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Erwan Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1075–1085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.101

• TEM. The various HAADF-STEM images presented here give an overview of the morphology of the hybrid nanomaterial. Most of the HfO2 nanoparticles are agglomerated and appear to be attached only in certain particular regions of the CNT. In our previous study we observed that cubic HfO2 nanoparticles on

Gold nanoparticles covalently assembled onto vesicle structures as possible biosensing platform

• M. Fátima Barroso,
• M. Alejandra Luna,
• Juan S. Flores Tabares,
• Cristina Delerue-Matos,
• N. Mariano Correa,
• Fernando Moyano and
• Patricia G. Molina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 655–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.58

• bilayers with the aim of using this nanomaterial as platform for the future design of immunosensors. A novel methodology for the self-assembly of AuNPs onto large unilamellar vesicle structures is described. The vesicles were formed with 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1-undecanethiol

• decorate vesicles that could be used as a model system to illustrate controlled delivery of molecules under mild hyperthermia. These systems were prepared by using cetyltrimethylammonium chloride and myristic acid, and the nanomaterial was synthetized in aqueous alkaline solution by a co-precipitation

• vesicle systems and, in doing so, lose the specific qualities of nanoparticles [21]. Moreover, the conventional synthesis of AuNPs is carried out in water and uses chemicals such as NaBH4, which is toxic and can damage functional groups. In addition, some nanomaterial syntheses need involve high