The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• ubiquitous in ion beam machining with well-established applications in material characterization, for example, TEM lamella fabrication, cross sections or tomographies [19][20], or in the fabrication of prototype nanostructures, such as plasmonic antennas [2]. In contrast, appropriate fields of application

Doxorubicin-loaded gold nanorods: a multifunctional chemo-photothermal nanoplatform for cancer management

• Uzma Azeem Awan,
• Abida Raza,
• Shaukat Ali,
• Rida Fatima Saeed and
• Nosheen Akhtar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 295–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.24

• -dispersion. A CTAB bilayer remained non-covalently bound onto the GNRs surface to maintain the stability of the final product. The longitudinal localized plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the transverse plasmon resonance (TSPR) of the prepared GNRs were found to be 780 and 526 nm, respectively. TEM images display

• . After that, cells were illuminated with a 808 nm NIR laser (power density = 1.5 W/cm2 for 2 min) with a beam spot of 6 mm in diameter and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The MTT assay was performed to measure cell inhibition. (a) TEM image of monodispersed GNRs. (b) Histogram showing the aspect ratio of

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• pristine AgNPs, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). DLS gave a Z-average hydrodynamic size of 33.7 ± 0.7 nm (mean ± standard deviation) and a PDI (polydispersity index) of

• -AgNPs). UV–vis spectra exhibited a characteristic absorption peak at 390 nm for Ag (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1b). TEM imaging of the AgNP stock indicated a mean core size of 16.9 ± 0.3 nm and confirmed a spherical shape of NPs (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1c and Figure S1d

• hydration shell around NPs and should be the same as, or larger than, the core size of NPs measured by TEM. Characterization values for pristine PVP-AgNPs can be found in Table 1. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of 1000 µg·L−1 PVP-AgNPs in RPMI medium at the beginning of the

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• samples. These membranes are made from aromatic molecules, typically from self-assembled monolayers. Upon electron irradiation, cross-linking of the molecules is induced. A mechanically stable membrane is formed, which can be transferred onto any other substrate, such as TEM grids [22][23]. Since CNMs

• contribution that is overlaying the STIM signal in later experiments, a CNM with a thickness of about 2 nm was imaged (Figure 2). This amorphous and insulating membrane is placed on a conductive Quantifoil TEM support grid. The sample was first imaged in a configuration that excludes all transmitted ions from

• thickness decreased with increasing measurement time. In an extreme test scenario, the same area on the thick CNM was irradiated in TEM for 60 min while the thickness was monitored by EFTEM imaging (Figure 7a). The thickness decreases by 35% over 60 min. It should be noted, however, that one hour is very

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• , while many more cell lines have been reported to be refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection [15]. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to image SARS-CoV-2 [16][17][18][19][20]. While TEM achieves unsurpassed resolution and can visualize

• ), these junctions can also be observed (arrowheads). We assume that this resembles the tubulating cell membrane, which is stabilized by BST-2 to prevent viral scission. This alternative BST-2 interaction was already described for HIV-infected cells via immuno-TEM [42] but has not yet been observed for

• are bound to the cell membrane or/and have a coalesced appearance. It is known that the spike glycoproteins can be visualized by TEM. As the HIM images depicted the virus particles without conductive coating, it is an interesting question, whether or not the spike glycoproteins could, in principle, be

Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system

• Wescley Walison Valeriano,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade,
• Juan Pablo Vasco,
• Angelo Malachias,
• Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves,
• Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães and
• Wagner Nunes Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11

• Stavenga [7] and Stavenga et al. [8], except that in those works the spatial profile of the refractive index was taken to be proportional to the gray scale in TEM images. That is, it was assumed that the optical density is directly proportional to the electronic density. We consider our method to be more

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• spectroscopy (TEM-EDS). Based on the analysis of the spectra, the average of Cu content was 20 ± 1 atom % in the sample with the target composition of Au3Cu and 73 ± 3 atom % in the sample with the target composition of Cu3Au. Also, a MD modeling based on bond-order potential simulated the synthesis of SiC2

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• tantalum carbide MXene sheets was carried out using X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The results of XRD, FE-SEM, and Raman showed that tantalum carbide MXenes are layered solid

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• SEMs (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM). On the other hand, HIM is less demanding in terms of sample preparation compared to both SEM and TEM. In particular, the advantage of HIM is that opaque and non-conductive specimens, which possess a relatively strong topography, can be imaged

• attachment of bacterial parasites to the outer membranes of bacteria at high resolution in, at least compared to TEM, a relatively natural state makes HIM a very powerful tool for the investigation of living antibiotics. The work on the life cycle of the bacterial predator Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus by Said

• range of applications to thin sections, similar to the transmission option in SEMs. In combination with the well-established heavy-metal staining techniques used in transmission electron microscopy (TEM), this would allow for ultrastructural research comparable to standard TEM. SRIM [57] simulations

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• ) bright-field and dark-field images were acquired at 80 kV. MnFe2O4 nanoparticles and MnFe2O4/MWCNTs samples were dispersed in absolute ethanol and sonicated for 15 min to obtain a homogenous dispersion. Then, the supernatant was micropipetted onto a TEM grid and dried at room temperature (approx. 300 K

• the cubic spinel structure of free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles with a crystallite size of 12 ± 1 nm. The lattice parameter was found to be 0.8488 nm, which is in good agreement with the reported value of 0.8499 nm for bulk MnFe2O4 [14]. A careful analysis of the TEM images indicated that MnFe2O4

• ) Rietveld refined pattern of XRD for free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. (b) TEM image of free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. (c) HRTEM image of free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles showing a lattice spacing of the (311) planes. (d) Line profile shown in (c). (e) UPS spectrum of free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. The circle indicates the

Towards 3D self-assembled rolled multiwall carbon nanotube structures by spontaneous peel off

• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1865–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.168

• ., within the MWCNT). This scenario is supported by EDS and TEM data (Figure 4). Nanoparticles with higher atomic weight ratio appear as white features in SEM micrographs and as dark features in TEM micrographs. SEM characterization of vertically aligned MWCNTs, together with Raman spectra acquired on the

• same cross section, unambiguously assign a given morphology to a given structure in a confirmed root-growth mechanism, since the sample can be kept on a substrate [16]. TEM characterization is more challenging since the information regarding the relative position of the different sections is lost

• of iron catalyst particles. (a–d) TEM characterization of a N1/C2 interface marked by the presence of metal (iron) nanoparticles before and after a clear change in the typical structure of N (larger inner diameter and corrugated structure) and C (smaller inner diameter) sections. Panels (a,d) were

Scanning transmission imaging in the helium ion microscope using a microchannel plate with a delay line detector

• Eduardo Serralta,
• Nico Klingner,
• Olivier De Castro,
• Michael Mousley,
• Santhana Eswara,
• Serge Duarte Pinto,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1854–1864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.167

• transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grid coated with evaporated thallium chloride (available on https://scienceservices.de/ with product code: Sku:E80045) was also analyzed using STIM. This sample has several small crystallites randomly oriented and it is used as a diffraction standard for TEM. Here, we

• . The pixel dwell time used in the STIM data acquisition was 200 μs. Thallium chloride evaporated on a TEM grid. (a) Secondary electron image. Inset of (a) shows the regions of the detector used to generate the following STIM images. (b) BF STIM image with acceptance angle of 0 to 4°. (c) DF STIM using

Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor

• Jianqi Dong,
• Liang Chen,
• Yuqing Yang and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166

• (ZEISS Ultra 55), and a TEM (JEM-2100HR, JEM-1400 PLUS). The I–V characteristic curves were measured using a source table including a SR570 low-noise current preamplifier and a DS345 function generator. (a) Schematic diagram of the epitaxial structure. (b) STEM image taken of the AlGaN/AlN/GaN

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• @NiPS/TiO2) core–shell nanostructures. The TEM results showed that the mSiO2@NiPS composite has a core–shell nanostructure with a unique flake-like shell morphology. XPS analysis revealed the successful formation of 1:1 nickel phyllosilicate on the SiO2 surface. The addition of TiO2 to the mSiO2@NiPS

• . Therefore, in this study we report on the growth of mesoporous SiO2@NiPS and titania-coated mSiO2@NiPS (mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2) core–shell nanostructures using a simple deposition-precipitation method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 physisorption analysis, diffuse reflectance UV–visible spectroscopy

• nanostructures (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1a,b). The mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2 composite comprises spherical mSiO2@NiPS with aggregates of TiO2 on the surface (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1c). The TEM images of the mesoporous SiO2 spheres show more clearly that the sample comprises an inner solid

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• analyze the BiFeO3 nanomaterial are powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–visible reflectance spectroscopy. Furthermore, we investigated the photocatalytic efficiency of this nanomaterial under visible light in the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) as a model

• sieve. Mesoporous silica SBA-15 with a pore size diameter of approximately 8 nm was prepared according to the procedures describe elsewhere [38][42]. Please find the corresponding small-angle xrd pattern (Figure S3), BET analysis (Figure S4, Table S2) and a TEM image (Figure S5) of the synthesized SBA

• electron microscope (TEM). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the nanoscale materials were recorded using a Jasco FT IR-4700 spectrometer. Bandgap information was obtained using the spectra recorded in a Perkin Elmer UV–vis spectrometer with an integrating sphere. Spectra were suitably

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• PANalytical B.V. Empyean X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). The surface morphology of the film catalyst was studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on a Carl Zeiss Ultra Plus scanning electron microscope. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), and

• remained, and a new peak at 29.4° was observed and indexed to the (111) plane of NiCx (JCPDS: 45-00979). In other words, nickel carbide was formed during the calcination process, which indicates that NiCx was formed at 900 °C. The detailed structure of NiFe-PBA/PP-900 was further investigated by HR-TEM. A

• flocculent morphology of NiFe-PBA/PP-900 was observed in the HR-TEM image (Figure 3a), and was found to be composed of many irregular sheet-like materials. In the zoomed HR-TEM image (Figure 3b), many cavities and wrinkles are clearly observed in the carbon material. Moreover, irregular black particles were

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• whole. The results presented in this work can be used as a tool to support future experimental investigations and for adjusting and optimizing technological processes related to the production of multilayer nanosystems and devices for spintronics. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a

• layered nanostructure consisting of Nb, CuNi, CoOx and Co layers, prepared by magnetron sputtering. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) image of a layered Co, CoOx and CuNi nanostructure prepared by magnetron sputtering. Sketch of a Nb/Co spin-valve nanosystem. The numbers next to

• metamaterials based on them using multilevel mathematical modeling” (Section 2 of this article). This work was partially supported by the European Union H2020-project “SPINTECH” under grant agreement Nr. 810144 (high-resolution TEM images in Figure 1 and 2) and by the Russian Science Foundation Grant (RSF) Nr

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• helium beam were measured by examining sputtered lines [42] as well as pores [43] in membranes. Gallium is used and optimized for industrial and scientific applications and sputtering beam profiles were measured by TEM [44][45]. The additional influence of the required ExB filter for multi-element or

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM-200CX). To determine particle size and zeta potential, a sample of 200 μL (with a concentration of 50 μg·mL−1) was dispersed in deionized water to a final volume of 3 mL. Particle size and zeta potential were measured using laser particle analysis (Malvern Zetasizer

• mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), and promote their cellular uptake and in vivo stability. TEM images of shortened and of functionalized CNTs are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 (with different magnifications), respectively. TEM images show that the raw SWCNTs are long curved aggregates, which appear to be a

• bundles of aggregates, and many long tubes stay close together, which is consistent with TEM images. Compared with the raw SWCNTs (Figure 5A), CNTs-COOH, CNTs-PEG and CNTs-PEG-PEI samples are evenly dispersed on the substrate exhibiting tubular structures (Figure 5B–D), confirming their good dispersion

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• HAp nanoparticles were prepared using the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion method. The characterization of the prepared HAp nanoparticles was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). TEM provided insight into the

• centrifuged and washed with distilled water and ethanol to remove oil and surfactant. The resulting particles were dispersed in distilled water. Physicochemical characteristics were examined using XRD (D8 Advance, Bruker), FTIR (FT/IR-4100, Jasco), and TEM (H-7100, Hitachi). The product was filtered using a

• 0.45 µm filter to remove aggregated nanoparticles. The concentration of the filtered solutions was measured using a calcium assay kit in accordance with the guidelines of the manufacturer (BioAssay Systems). TEM was performed to observe the size and shape of HAp nanoparticles at an acceleration voltage

Amorphized length and variability in phase-change memory line cells

• Nafisa Noor,
• Sadid Muneer,
• Raihan Sayeed Khan,
• Anna Gorbenko and
• Helena Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1644–1654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.147

• essential physical parameter that contributes to the programming variability is the random location and dimensions of different phases formed in the cell. The amorphous and crystalline regions in PCM devices can be distinguished by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging [8]. However, this is a

• difficult and time-consuming process, and the sample preparation and imaging processes themselves may disturb the state of the material [9][10]. Hence, TEM becomes impractical for variability analysis using a large number of devices. In this study, the length values of the amorphized regions are calculated

Oxidation of Au/Ag films by oxygen plasma: phase separation and generation of nanoporosity

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Said A. Mansour,
• Mujaheed Pasha,
• Atef Zekri,
• Janarthanan Ponraj,
• Akshath Shetty and
• Yousef Haik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1608–1614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.143

• formation of unique features, consisting of silver oxide nanoporous microspheres (Figure 1). Our observation was supported by various characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). We conducted our

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• ) mixed with cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant. The effect of the CTAB surfactant on the structural, morphological, optical, and elemental composition of Ag2S NPs was evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy

• , Shimadzu) was employed to estimate the chemical composition of the Ag2S NPs. The morphology and size of the nanocrystals were examined via transmission electron microscopy (TEM; EM208, Philips). Raman spectroscopy was performed on colloidal Ag2S and thiourea solution using a Raman spectrometer (Bruker

• addition of the CTAB surfactant [23]. The presence of these new peaks was due to the addition of the surfactant, which modified the morphology of the structure. The NPs became nearly spherical, as described in the TEM analysis. These results revealed that the cationic surfactant CTAB substantially

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129