N-Heterocyclic carbene-based gold etchants

• Robert B. Chevalier,
• Justin Pantano,
• Matthew K. Kiesewetter and
• Jason R. Dwyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.71

• scanning electron microscope instrument and image settings across samples, and indeed the comparison between process conditions is centered on this prevailing result. The degree of gold loss varied with solvent, reagent concentration, and exposure time. In Figure 3 we show the effect of solutions of 1 in

Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• with varying heights were printed via two-photon polymerization on a “Quantum X shape” lithography system, and the 10 × 10 microneedle array was printed in 130 min. The scale bar is 1 mm in both images. (A) Scanning electron microscopy image of microcones. (B) Optical microscopy image of transparent

• microcones. Various solid and hollow microneedle designs printed via two-photon polymerization on a “Quantum X shape” lithography system. (A) Scanning electron microscopy image of a 4 × 4 array consisting of both solid and hollow microneedles. The designs were inspired by Mizuno et al. [32] and Cordeiro et

• al. [29]. The scale bar is 500 μm. (B) Optical microscopy image of a large 2 cm × 2 cm array with 1746 individual microneedles. The microneedles are 1200 μm tall, 250 μm wide at the base, and spaced 500 μm apart. The large microneedle array was printed in 18 h. The scale bar is 1 mm. Simple twisted

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• Mail, Kerstin Koch, Thomas Speck, William M. Megill and Stanislav N. Gorb Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Kleve, Freiburg, and Kiel, July 2023 Biological archetype and eponym of the lotus effect: The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). a) Photo of a lotus plant. b) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of

A wearable nanoscale heart sound sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR and its application in cardiac disease detection

• Yi Luo,
• Jian Liu,
• Jiachang Zhang,
• Yu Xiao,
• Ying Wu and
• Zhidong Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 819–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.67

• sensor packaging. Actual sensor. Acoustic-electric conversion performance test platform. Block diagram of the heart sound acquisition and classification system. XRD patterns of the three composite piezoelectric nanofilms. (a) FTIR spectrum and (b) variation curve of β-phase content. (a) SEM image of the

• P(VDF-TrFE) film, (b) enlarged part of (a), (c) SEM image of the P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO film, (d) enlarged part of (c), (e) SEM image of the P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR film, and (f) enlarged part of (e). (a–c) Voltage distribution and (d–f) stress distribution in the piezoelectric film at sound pressures of (a, d

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• different types of nanoparticles and BNZ, including SLN and NLC [21]. The NLC-BNZ formulation was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm the presence of nanoparticles showing a spherical morphology and a narrow distribution of sizes (Figure 1). Image analysis through ImageJ [22

• increasing in the third month up to 155 nm. The Z-average parameter was chosen to report the nanoparticles size. The size values were consistent with the TEM image analysis. The zeta potential (ζ) was measured by Doppler anemometry and operated as a report of the formulation surface characteristics. The

• tests. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. TEM image of NLC-BNZ. DSC thermograms of BNZ, myristyl myristate, poloxamer 188, NLC VEHICLE, and NLC-BNZ. Thermogravimetric (A) and derivative thermogravimetric (B) curves of BNZ, myristyl myristate, poloxamer 188, NLC-VEHICLE, and NLC-BNZ. ATR-FTIR

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• with an increase in the concentration of reactants. Structural characterization of the SERS substrate In Supporting Information File 1, Figure S10a shows the SEM image of the SAM of Ag NPs on the surface of methanol, while Figure S10b displays the image of the PS substrate after covering with the Ag

• NPs. The SEM image of PS@Ag reveals the presence of nanoscale gaps between the Ag NPs, which act as hot spots with a high electric field intensity when exposed to laser irradiation (Figure S10c). To confirm the distribution of chemical elements on the SERS substrate, energy-dispersive X-ray

Control of morphology and crystallinity of CNTs in flame synthesis with one-dimensional reaction zone

• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Ni Luh Wulan Septiani and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 741–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.61

• wire. The CNT diameters, which often correlate to the particle size, show a similar trend, as discussed in the next section. CNT characterization The diameter of the synthesized CNTs has been measured using the image post-processing software DigimizerTM with 200–300 data points per sample to produce

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• charge regions and, thus, the presence of several junctions along the stack. Furthermore, a contrast enhancement in the surface potential image was observed when KPFM was performed under illumination, which is analysed in terms of the reduction of surface band bending induced by surface defects by

• , immediately after the chemical cleaning step. The topography and the associated VCPD image are reported in Figure 2a and Figure 2b, respectively. Note that the origin (0;0) is identified as a point in the InP substrate. Moving along the positive direction of the y axis, one will reach the end of the sample

• , that is, the surface of the 2D wafer (e.g., around 3.09 μm in Figure 2). In order to achieve a successful KPFM analysis, a low surface roughness is essential to obtain high-quality images since surface inhomogeneities can cause a topographical image imprint on the surface potential image. With

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• spherical shape. Figure 3b shows the size distribution and the log-normal fit, from which a mean of 12.75 nm and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 15.41 nm were obtained. The GQDs vary in size from 5 to 40 nm, with the highest number of dots having a size in the 10–20 nm range. The HRTEM image of the

• GQDs in Figure 3c shows their crystalline structure. The lattice spacing obtained is 0.34 nm, which can be related to the (002) crystal planes of GQDs. Figure 3d shows an AFM image of the synthesized GQDs. The x axis and the y axis in the inset of the AFM image show the horizontal distance and vertical

• -based nanosensor described here could be used in future to develop portable monitoring systems for water contamination. Fabrication of the GQDs/GCE electrochemical nanosensor for the detection of malathion. (a) UV–vis absorption spectrum and (b) photoluminescence spectra of GQDs. (a) TEM image, (b) size

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert

• Alexander E. Filippov,
• Wencke Krings and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50

• represents soft setae, and line 4 represents hard setae with soft tips. It is obvious that line 2 corresponds to the maximal value of Neaten(t). As above, a bold line highlights the optimal case, and some typical avalanches are magnified in Figure 3. The above CLSM image reveals that the long setae do not

Thermal transport in kinked nanowires through simulation

• Alexander N. Robillard,
• Graham W. Gibson and
• Ralf Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 586–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.49

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• images derived from the red box area in image (b). XPS survey spectra of SCZ samples. 3D RL plots of the hybrids with different sample thicknesses in the range of 2–18 GHz with 30 wt % filler load. (a) SCZ0.5; (b) SCZ1; (c) SCZ2; (d) SCZ4. Dielectric tangent loss and impedance of SCZ/wax samples in the

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• morphology. This image focusses on a “hollow region” of yeast cells encapsulated into the silica gel substrate. In Figure 2B, pseudohyphal growth is clearly observed, yielding long filaments of associated cells that expand as a three-dimensional network within the matrix. In this hollow region within the

• shown. This image shows how single cells or groups of a few of them can be confined into a self-assembled silica nanoparticle shell in which there is also a small hollow region between the cells and the silica particles. Nonetheless, an excessive presence of silica nanoparticles that has not been self

• where there are no cavities where the yeast can be entrapped. Figure 4C shows the ESD map (upper image) composed from the elemental distribution images (bottom) of a yeast–silica gel nanoarchitecture. The embedded yeast cells are not fully integrated within the smaller particles of the silica material

On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• sample preparation protocol for GNPref is to obtain a dispersion that contains primarily graphene nanoplatelets [6] without unexfoliated graphite particles. To evaluate this [30][31][32], AFM was carried out to measure the thickness of the flakes from the dispersion. A representative AFM image of the

• -light image of the sample with 65 wt % sediment addition, with the sub-maps used overlaid. When taking 14 sub-maps of 30 points and applying the criteria for “sediment-like” spectrum defined above for the R2 value of 2D peak fitting, the fraction of sediment measured varied from 0% to 10.3%, with a mean

• production of materials. (A) Example AFM image of flakes from the GNPref sample; the scale bar is 2 μm. (B) Example SEM image of flakes from the GNPref sample; the scale bar is 200 nm. (C) Flake sizes of GNPref sample measured by AFM with histograms of the lateral size and thickness distributions. (A

The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

• Manuela Rebora,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Silvana Piersanti,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 496–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.41

• spot was one millimetre in diameter. The illuminated area was calculated based on the microscopy image of the leg (similar to Figure 1f). The mosquito hind leg was fixed using double-sided adhesive tape (Tesa®, Hamburg, Germany) so that the tarsus was parallel to the horizontal plane with the dorsal

• tarsal segments of the hindlegs, where the black scales are close to the white scales (in the inset the same image under stereomicroscope is shown). Note that both scales are spatulate, convex and show a rounded apex. Their size is variable, and some small scales are visible under wider scales (arrow

Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation

• Chia-Yang Lin and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36

• B. Shao et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 8, issue 23, © 2020); permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (a) SEM images of the poly(1,3,5-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine)-based foams at low (up) and high (down) magnifications. (b) An optical image

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• oligomeric chains were significantly elongated. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscope (STM) topography shows alternating bright twin spots, which correspond to phenylene and tetrafluorophenylene, respectively. A high-resolution atomic force microscope (AFM) image of an entirely elongated fine

• precursor caused macrocyclization, resulting in a polyphenylene dendrimer. Further annealing at 623 K for 2 min resulted in surface-assisted cyclic hydrogenation and eventual conversion to the target zigzag coronoid C144. A magnified STM image of zigzag coronoid C144 reveals a hexagonal graphene nanoflake

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• TEM due to energetic electron bombardment causing burn, negative staining using uranyl acetate was performed. Figure 4d shows the TEM image of the Ch/Q-Ag NPs exposed by negative staining. It is seen that the chitosan/quercetin shell structure uniformly covers the core Ag NPs (see insets of Figure 4d

• analysis of the synthesized Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag NPs. (d) TEM image of the Ch/Q-Ag NPs taken by the negative staining method using uranyl acetate. The insets of (d) show the images of the stained shell structure of the Ch/Q-Ag NPs. (a) UV–vis absorption spectra of the quercetin–AlCl3 complex and quercetin

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• (only 6% used 3D imaging, Figure 1a3) [19]. Furthermore, the subjective interpretation of results obtained by imaging techniques cannot be neglected [17]. Based on 50 studies regarding NP-mediated delivery of plasmid DNA to cells/tissues, only a small fraction reported systematic image quantification

• after image capture (26%, Figure 1a2). Flow cytometry, also a fluorescence-based method, is an alternate assessment of uptake and transfection. It is commonly used for high-throughput cell studies and is known for both rapid data acquisition and large data sets [17]. Flow cytometry can generate large

• ]. This technology measures the mean fluorescence intensity and percent positive value of cells, while also capturing an image of each individual event; this provides information, such as cellular distribution patterns of NPs [22], while also allowing for investigating cellular uptake pathways and

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• . Application of biomimetic cancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles in different types of diseases: therapeutic and diagnostic methods. Figure 1 was drawn using Figdraw (https://www.figdraw.com), export ID PSWIPb05cf. The materials contained in the image are copyrighted by Home for Researchers. This content

• is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Different roles of the cancer cell membrane. Figure 2 was drawn by Figdraw (https://www.figdraw.com), export ID SWOTY96667. The materials contained in the image are copyrighted by Home for Researchers. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Schematic representation of

• fluorescent dye Cy5.5 (Cy5.5@HMnO2-AM) in mice. (A) In vivo fluorescence imaging. (B) Statistical analysis of the fluorescence intensity of tumors in different treatment groups. (C) Mouse image. (D) Ex vivo fluorescence imaging of major organs. (E) T1-weighted MR image of the biomimetic nanoparticles. (F) T1

A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Bogusław Budner,
• Wojciech Tokarz,
• Sławomir Dyjak,
• Andrzej Czerwiński,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19

• carbon material C-11, and (c) SEM image of the Vulcan XC-72R reference material. N2 adsorption–desorption curves for synthesized C-11 and commercial Vulcan XC-72R carbon materials. Results of TEM and EDX measurements of selected samples with Pt deposited using PLD and reference catalyst 20% Pt XC-72R. In

High–low Kelvin probe force spectroscopy for measuring the interface state density

• Ryo Izumi,
• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yan Jun Li and
• Yasuhiro Sugawara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 175–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.18

• . Results and Discussion First, we performed AFM/KPFM measurements on the pn-patterned Si surface to identify the dopant regions on the semiconductor surface. Figure 6a and Figure 6b show the topographic and CPD images of the pn-patterned Si substrate, respectively. The CPD image in Figure 6b was obtained

• by KPFM using an AC bias voltage with a low modulation frequency of fm = 100 Hz. Figure 6c and Figure 6d show the line profiles corresponding to the white lines in Figure 6a and Figure 6b, respectively. From the topographic image and the line profile, there are rodlike protrusions on the surface with

• image and the line profile, there is a difference of approximately 30–40 mV between the CPD values of the two rodlike protrusions; the region with the highest CPD value is the p-type region, the region with a CPD value 30–40 mV below the highest value is the n-type region, and the region with the lowest

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• image of CQDs is presented in Figure S1b (Supporting Information File 1). TEM and AFM images show that the CQDs are spherical. Statistical analysis conducted on more than 20 AFM images in Gwyddion software showed that more than 80% of the CQDs had a diameter between 2 and 5 nm while their height was 2.6

• ). After 48 h of treatment, the cells were washed in PBS and visualized using an Olympus BX51 fluorescence microscope with a Spectrum Aqua filter. All images were captured using a 20× objective and analyzed with Cytovision 3.1 software (Applied Imaging Corporation). (a) Top-view AFM image of neat PU and (b

• ) top-view AFM image of a CQDs/PU composite. (a) FTIR spectra of PU and CQDs/PU; (b) UV–vis spectrum of CQDs/PU; (c) PL spectra of CQDs/PU. (a) Intensity of the EPR signal of control (left) and CQDs/PU composite sample (right); (b) luminescence of the CQDs/PU composite at 1270 nm in different