The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• distributions can provide critical insights into the mechanisms of uptake and transfection. Alternatively, imaging flow cytometry combines the high-throughput nature of flow cytometry with a high degree of spatial resolution and has been recently developed and employed in nonviral gene delivery research [21

• intracellular trafficking [23]. In the absence of imaging flow cytometry, a two-pronged approach (high-resolution imaging plus a separate high-throughput analysis) is recommended to ensure the highest confidence in the result. Our literature assessment also revealed an increasing preference among the community

• complicated and sometimes ambiguous [32]. To circumvent these issues, given the advancement and prevalence of high- or super-resolution microscopy, imaging-based approaches can be used to directly visualize uptake and determine whether the NP is co-localized or associated with key endocytic structures or

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

• Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

• structures, high cost, labor-intensiveness, resolution limits, and high throughput time limit the scalability [8]. Self-assembly allows to circumvent some of the constraints of the top-down techniques to obtain ordered 2D or 3D nanostructures. Self-assembly, however, presents challenges of its own. One major

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• advantages in better tissue penetration and spatial resolution [124]. Since US and PA commonly depend on the signal conversion of US transducers, the combination of US and PA dual-mode imaging shows good integration and enables the high-quality real-time imaging of tumors [125]. A biomimetic nanoagent with

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• also confirmed in an in vivo lung cancer mouse model [133]. Models for drug targeting via nanocarriers and ideas for the resolution of the main drawbacks regarding their performance are numerous. Only a choice of approaches was discussed in this section giving rational solutions for improving the

A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Bogusław Budner,
• Wojciech Tokarz,
• Sławomir Dyjak,
• Andrzej Czerwiński,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19

• . The most important observation from the TEM analysis is that the PLD method allows for the deposition of PtNPs with even smaller dimensions than the size of PtNPs in the reference catalyst and with a denser distribution. EDX images taken with a spatial resolution of 160 pm confirm the presence of

• particles, which also correlates well with the TEM results (Figure 3). It also shows that the Pt-to-C ratio determined based on XPS measurements is inconsistent with the number of laser pulses used for Pt deposition on various carbon supports. The high-resolution spectra of the Pt 4f band of material A and

• spatial resolution of 160 pm using the HAADF (high-angle annular dark-field) detector. Statistical analysis was performed on the HRTEM images using the Digimizer software. About 200 particles were measured to assess their mean area and area distribution. For the measurement of the chemical composition of

High–low Kelvin probe force spectroscopy for measuring the interface state density

• Ryo Izumi,
• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yan Jun Li and
• Yasuhiro Sugawara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 175–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.18

• of the effects of semiconductor interface states with high spatial resolution using high and low AC bias frequencies compared with the cutoff frequency of the carrier transfer between the interface and bulk states. Information on the energy spectrum of the interface state density is important for

• [1][2][3]. Therefore, direct observation of semiconductor surfaces with nanoscale spatial resolution will become even more important for understanding and controlling the effects of these properties on devices and for evaluating semiconductor device operation. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is

• known as a method that can measure the contact potential difference (CPD) between a tip and a sample with high spatial resolution [4][5]. KPFM is based on the detection of the electrostatic force between a tip and a sample using atomic force microscopy (AFM) [6][7][8]. CPD and topographic measurements

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• to 4000 cm−1 with a spectral resolution of 4 cm−1. UV–vis spectra were recorded on a LLG-UNISPEC2 spectrophotometer (LLG, Germany) in the range of 190 to 900 nm at ambient temperature. The PL intensity measurements of CQDs and CQDs/PU composite samples were performed on a RF-5301PC spectrofluorometer

Formation of nanoflowers: Au and Ni silicide cores surrounded by SiO_x branches

• Feitao Li,
• Siyao Wan,
• Dong Wang and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 133–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.14

• annealed at 1050 °C was named 15Au5Ni. The morphology was imaged by optical microscopy (OM, Zeiss Axiotech) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM, Hitachi S-4800) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, Thermo Scientific). The SEM images were recorded by using mixed

Intermodal coupling spectroscopy of mechanical modes in microcantilevers

• Ioan Ignat,
• Bernhard Schuster,
• Jonas Hafner,
• MinHee Kwon,
• Daniel Platz and
• Ulrich Schmid

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 123–132, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.13

• of nanotechnology. Fundamental research in atomic interactions, molecular reactions, and biological cell behaviour are key focal points, demanding a continuous increase in resolution and sensitivity. While renowned fields such as optomechanics have marched towards outstanding signal-to-noise ratios

Characterisation of a micrometer-scale active plasmonic element by means of complementary computational and experimental methods

• Ciarán Barron,
• Giulia Di Fazio,
• Samuel Kenny,
• Silas O’Toole,
• Robin O’Reilly and
• Dominic Zerulla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 110–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.12

• method therefore investigates the thermal response of this active plasmonic element at a high spatial resolution. Knowledge of the distribution leads to predictions on how the near field will be locally affected, which is key for understanding the behaviour of the active plasmonic element. The heating

• reference light is recorded after the aperture and reflected from a cube beam splitter, with the signal photodiode placed on the 2θ arm of a high-accuracy (18 arcsec resolution) Siemens θ–2θ X-ray diffractometer stage with inbuilt goniometer to collect light reflected from the interface. The absolute

Combining physical vapor deposition structuration with dealloying for the creation of a highly efficient SERS platform

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Walter Puglisi,
• Damien Thiry,
• Cristina Satriano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.10

• a sample and on two samples made in the same conditions. To evaluate the surface composition and oxidation state, XPS was used. The XPS measurements were carried out on a PHI 5000 VersaProbe using a monochromatic Al Kα X-ray source (1486.6 eV). The high-resolution spectra were recorded with a pass

Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape

• Samuel M. Sousa,
• Helane L. O. Morais,
• Joyce C. C. Santos,
• Ana Paula M. Barboza,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Elisângela S. Pinto and
• Mariana C. Prado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 68–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.8

• contact mode using commercial silicon probes (MikroMasch, HQ:NSC35/AlBs or HQ:NSC36/AlBs). For each sample, nine different 5 μm × 5 μm fields were chosen at random and scanned at 0.5 Hz with 500 pixels/line (lateral resolution of 10 nm/pixel). Image processing (line and plane corrections) and flake

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• and device fabrication [13][14]. Nevertheless, pattern resolution and reproducibility in contact printing approaches are affected by several factors, most notably the ink molecule lateral diffusion, gas phase transportation, and rubber stamp deformation [15][16]. These are unavoidable issues in soft

• lithography operations and could severely limit the obtainable feature resolution if neglected. Chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) is a rapidly emerging subtractive lithographic technique that aims to overcome the lateral diffusion and gas phase transfer obstacles present in conventional soft lithography [17

• to allow high-resolution patterning over a large area. In addition to standard lithographic operations using this approach, the CLL process can also be applied to create functional molecular patterns by backfilling post lift-off regions with various molecules [20][21][22]. Interestingly, the CLL

From a free electron gas to confined states: A mixed island of PTCDA and copper phthalocyanine on Ag(111)

• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Emily Roche and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1572–1577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.131

• stacked configuration [19]. When CuPc is on top of PTCDA, the interface state can still be observed [19], and CuPc has a strong bond to the underlying PTCDA layer [20]. In this paper, we present STM and AFM data of P2C and PC phases on Ag(111), concentrating on the PC phase. The high-resolution AFM allows

• single PTCDA molecules. To further investigate the nature of the stripe pattern shown in Figure 2d, we collected data at higher resolution. Figure 3 shows images of a different island that also includes both PC and P2C phases. In Figure 3a, the STM image clearly shows the CuPc and PTCDA molecules. The

Single-step extraction of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of riboflavin

• Polina M. Kalachikova,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Eldar M. Khabushev,
• Timofei V. Eremin,
• Timofei S. Zatsepin,
• Elena D. Obraztsova,
• Konstantin V. Larionov,
• Liubov Yu. Antipina,
• Pavel B. Sorokin and
• Albert G. Nasibulin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.130

• -resolution imaging of specific tissues [29]. Notably, single-step extraction of carbon nanotubes in an aqueous media without surfactants or organic additives can significantly shorten the path from industrial or laboratory reactors to in vitro and in vivo biomedical research and further. Conclusion We

• received from Sigma-Aldrich and OCSiAl, respectively, and used without further purification. Riboflavin (98%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar and used as received. Sephacryl S-200 High Resolution was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. Preparation of dispersion of riboflavin-wrapped SWCNTs 40 mg of SWCNT powder was

Induced electric conductivity in organic polymers

• Konstantin Y. Arutyunov,
• Anatoli S. Gurski,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Azat R. Yusupov,
• Danfis D. Karamov and
• Alexei N. Lachinov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1551–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.128

• polymer film thickness, which is just 3 nm. After electric measurements, a number of heterostructures was sent for analysis by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and/or scanning electron microscopy. None of the studied samples showed a systematic ‘sticking’ of lead electrodes through the

• side view microphotographs made by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy occasionally reveal some macroscopic features such as lead electrode shortcuts through the polymer film (Figure 2c). These defects are episodic, and their character does not resemble the ‘melting through’ of the PDP

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• times with DI water, and dried overnight at 60 °C. The commercially available HBN was used as a control sample. Characterization techniques A Rigaku Smart Lab high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (HR-XRD) equipped with a HyPix-3000 detector and Cu anode emitting Kα radiation was employed to obtain the

• crystallographic characterization. The morphology of the obtained nanostructures was captured by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, Talos F200X G2, Thermo Scientific). The optical properties were characterized with a Shimadzu UV 2600 UV–vis spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere

• attachment using BaSO4 as the standard. The electronic arrangement of the studied materials was revealed through a PHI 5000 versa probe III high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (HR-XPS). The mineralization efficiency was estimated through the variation in the total organic carbon content by using

Dry under water: air retaining properties of large-scale elastomer foils covered with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures

• Matthias Mail,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Lars Heepe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1370–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.113

• (HCX APO L 63x/0.90 W U-V-I, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar) with 63-fold magnification directly after submergence and after two weeks. Using the total reflection of the laser light at the air–water interface this method allowed us to analyze the shape of the air–water interface at high resolution. The

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

• Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
• Nina Burduja,
• Marco Abbate,
• Claudio Stagno,
• Guy Caljon,
• Louis Maes,
• Nicola Micale,
• Massimiliano Cordaro,
• Angela Scala,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

• ultrapure water. The results are reported as the mean of three separate measurements ± the standard deviation (SD). The morphological characterization was performed using a high-resolution TecnaiG2 F20 XTWIN TEM with a 200 kV accelerating voltage. NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian 500 MHz spectrometer

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

• Roopakala Kottayi,
• Ilangovan Veerappan and
• Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

• QDSCs. Physical characterization The crystalline structure and size of the synthesized QDs were examined by X-ray diffraction (Riganku Ultima IV XRD spectrometer with nickel-filtered Cu Kα radiation with a step width of 0.02°) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was carried out on a JEOL

Enhanced electronic transport properties of Te roll-like nanostructures

• E. R. Viana,
• N. Cifuentes and
• J. C. González

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1284–1291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.106

• (SEM, FEI Quanta 3D FEG) at an acceleration voltage of 15.0 kV. An EDS system attached to the SEM was employed to analyze the chemical composition. TEM, high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images, and SAED measurements were carried out in an FEI Tecnai G2-20 S-TWIN operated at 200 kV in a bright-field (BF) TEM

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• top surface of the laser-processed Ti6Al4V sample through structural color effects, that is, optical diffraction of the ambient light at the sub-micrometric grating-like LIPSS. High-resolution optical microscopy (OM) confirmed the presence of LSFL-LIPSS with average spatial periods Λ between 700 and

• [16]). (b) Photography of the cosmopolitan feather-legged lace weaver Uloborus plumipes (body size up to 0.6 cm [17]). (c) Scanning electron micrograph of the calamistrum of Jamberoo johnnoblei (body size up to 0.8 cm [18]). (d) FIB-cut high resolution SEM image through the nanoripples on the

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• factor in determining the resolution of microscopy, and the performance of probes varies in various modes and application requirements. This paper reviews the latest research results in metal, carbon nanotube, and colloidal probes and reviews their related methods and techniques, analyses the advantages

• and disadvantages of the improved probes compared with ordinary probes by comparing the differences in spatial resolution, sensitivity, imaging, and other performance aspects, and finally provides an outlook on the future development of AFM probes. This paper promotes the development of AFM probes in

• mechanical properties of the cantilever beam directly affect the performance, measurement resolution, and image quality of the AFM instrument. AFM probe tips [9][10] are generally fabricated with coatings, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, or even protein functionalization. A combination of probe

A super-oscillatory step-zoom metalens for visible light

• Yi Zhou,
• Chao Yan,
• Peng Tian,
• Zhu Li,
• Yu He,
• Bin Fan,
• Zhiyong Wang,
• Yao Deng and
• Dongliang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.101

• years, the super-oscillation method based on the fine interference of optical fields has been successfully applied to sub-diffraction focusing and super-resolution imaging. However, most previously reported works only describe static super-oscillatory lenses. Super-oscillatory lenses using phase-change

• two focal lengths within a certain field of view. The designed device consists of nanopillars with high efficiency of up to 80%, and the super-resolution focusing with 0.84 times of diffraction limit is verified by the full-wave simulation. The proposed method bears the potential to become a useful

• tool for label-free super-resolution microscopic imaging and optical precision machining. Keywords: geometric phase; phase-change material; step-zoom lens; super-oscillatory; Introduction Due to the diffraction limit, conventional optical imaging systems are unable to surpass a theoretical resolution

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• electrodes for (1) the anode and (2) the cathode. (f) Infrared spectra of g-PDA near (1) the anode and (2) the cathode. (g) High-resolution C 1s spectra of the g-PDA film for (1) the anode and (2) the cathode. Figure 8e–g were reprinted with permission from [84], Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society