Oriented attachment explains cobalt ferrite nanoparticle growth in bioinspired syntheses

• Annalena Wolff,
• Walid Hetaba,
• Marco Wißbrock,
• Stefan Löffler,
• Nadine Mill,
• Katrin Eckstädt,
• Axel Dreyer,
• Inga Ennen,
• Norbert Sewald,
• Peter Schattschneider and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 210–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.23

• primary-building-block-like substructures as well as mesocrystal-like structures, were observed in HRTEM measurements. These structures display regions of substantial orientation and possess the same shape and size as the resulting discs. An increase in orientation with time was observed in electron

• stages of the growth process using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and electron diffraction measurements. Results In this bioinspired synthesis, stoichiometric Co2FeO4 discs of hexagonal, diamond

• : one at Dsmall = 5–20 nm and a second one at Dlarge = 35 nm. Incomplete discs, as displayed in Figure 3d,e can be found in addition to the discs throughout the entire growth process. HRTEM measurements of an incomplete, irregularly-shaped particle (Figure 3e) reveal that it is composed of several

Preparation of NiS/ZnIn₂S₄ as a superior photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation

• Liang Wei,
• Yongjuan Chen,
• Jialin Zhao and
• Zhaohui Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 949–955, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.107

• successfully prepared via a facile two-step hydrothermal process. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Their photocatalytic performance

• were observed in the XRD patterns, the existence of NiS in the nanocomposite is confirmed by the HRTEM image (Figure 2c). Clear lattice fringes of 0.32 nm and 0.29 nm, which can be ascribed to the (102) plane of hexagonal ZnIn2S4 and the (300) plane of rhombohedral NiS respectively, can be observed. As

• Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images were measured by a JEOL model JEM 2010 EX instrument at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The powder particles were supported on a

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes from unprocessed colemanite

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 843–851, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.95

• imaging and spectroscopic techniques including SEM, TEM, HRTEM, FTIR, Raman, UV–vis. The impurity of the BNNTs was verified with ICP-MS and XRD. It was found that the metallic impurities could be removed from crude BNNTs by washing in a hot HCl solution. With this method, randomly oriented BNNTs with 10

• NH3, which is 450 °C. The decomposed NH3 has an important role in the synthesis of BNNT. It was observed that while the BNNTs were formed on top of the alumina boat, BNNT was not formed at the bottom of the reaction mixture (Figure 2f). TEM and HRTEM analysis The structure of BNNTs was further

• 6 nm (Figure 3e and f). The HRTEM image of the synthesized BNNT showed that the distance between the walls was 0.34 nm. We propose that the BNNTs are synthesized according to the base growth mechanism. In this mechanism, metallic Fe in a certain size forms from the Fe2O3 catalyst. This initial step

A facile synthesis of a carbon-encapsulated Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite and its performance as anode in lithium-ion batteries

• Raju Prakash,
• Katharina Fanselau,
• Shuhua Ren,
• Tapan Kumar Mandal,
• Christian Kübel,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 699–704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.79

• bare Fe3O4 nanoparticles could also be observed (Figure S2 in Supporting Information File 1). Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of various HRTEM images (of crystallites located inside or outside of carbon shells, see Figure S3 in Supporting Information File 1) reveal that the observed lattice

A nano-graphite cold cathode for an energy-efficient cathodoluminescent light source

• Alexander N. Obraztsov,
• Victor I. Kleshch and
• Elena A. Smolnikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 493–500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.58

• resolution imaging with transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and electron diffraction analysis [15] confirm this conclusion and indicate that these flakes consist of a few graphene layers (of 5 to 50) oriented predominantly perpendicular to the substrate surface (see Figure 4). The thickness of only a

• layers are connected with each other. In HRTEM images these connections look like arced structures at the top ends of the graphene layers (see Figure 4). This specific structure results from the material formation process in the plasma activated gaseous environment [13][14][15]. It is noteworthy that

• HRTEM images (Figure 4) clearly demonstrate the atomic structure for only a small range of depth in the focal plane. Consequently, we suppose that the pairing for each layer switches from one side to the other, preventing the mutual shift of the atomic layers. This greatly increases the mechanical

Nanoscopic surfactant behavior of the porin MspA in aqueous media

• Ayomi S. Perera,
• Hongwang Wang,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 278–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.30

• microscopy (TEM). The TEM were prepared by immersing carbon-coated 200-mesh copper grids in aqueous liposome-containing solutions, followed by counter-staining by 2% aqueous uranyl acetate solution, and overnight drying in a desiccator. The dried grids were analyzed by using a HRTEM FEI Tecnai F20 XT Field

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

Low-dose patterning of platinum nanoclusters on carbon nanotubes by focused-electron-beam-induced deposition as studied by TEM

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Sara Bals and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 77–86, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.9

• the formation of a novel stripe-patterning of nanoclusters on the surface of the CNTs, which may open up new prospects of nanostructuring for applications in nanodevices dependent on the distribution of metal clusters. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and high-angle annular

• proximity effect can be ignored and the site-specificity is achieved at the nanoscale. The irradiated and nonirradiated parts of the CNT are investigated by HRTEM (Figure 3c,d). We observe that the graphitic walls under the region covered by Pt nanoclusters (Figure 3c) show similar structure in comparison

• manually and visualized in the Amira software. High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) of the as-deposited nanostructures is performed on the same microscope at 200 kV. Post treatment using electron-beam irradiation is, however, performed using a FEI Titan 80–300 microscope fitted with aberration-correctors for the

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• ≤ 0.4). Coarse- and fine-tuning of the Sb concentration was achieved by selecting proper electrolyte composition and potential [60]. Figure 10 displays HRTEM images of 20−30 nm diameter nanowires deposited at U = −200 mV versus SCE and for different Sb concentrations in the electrolyte (c(Sb) = 0.01 (a

• evident by white lines in the HRTEM images (Figures 10a–d). XRD investigations on the preferred crystallographic orientation of Bi2Te3 and Bi1−xSbx nanowires grown in templates are described in references [58][60]. All experimental results reported so far clearly demonstrate that electrodeposition of

Physics, chemistry and biology of functional nanostructures

• Paul Ziemann and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 843–845, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.94

• (SHIM). Remarkable also are the breakthroughs in structural insight due to the advent of Cs-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) [3][4] or spectroscopic imaging in scanning TEM (STEM) [5]. Related to facilities, certainly the worldwide impressive progress of synchrotron

Towards atomic resolution in sodium titanate nanotubes using near-edge X-ray-absorption fine-structure spectromicroscopy combined with multichannel multiple-scattering calculations

• Carla Bittencourt,
• Peter Krüger,
• Maureen J. Lagos,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo,
• Chris Ewels,
• Polona Umek and
• Peter Guttmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 789–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.88

• 5000, equipped with a monochromatic Al Kα X-ray source. The relative amount of sodium was evaluated to be 12% in accordance with EDS (11%) [FE-SEM (Carl Zeiss, Supra 35 LV)]. TEM image of sodium titanate nanotubes (a) typical region used to record the NEXAFS–TXM data. (b) HRTEM image revealing the

• hollow core of these nanostructures (inset shows the interlayer spacing). (c–d) HRTEM images showing typical image contrast pattern associated with the scroll-like morphology. Note the number of layers in opposing tube walls is different in each case. (a) X-ray images at different photon energies E from

Influence of the diameter of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles on the optoelectronic performance of dry-deposited thin films

• Kimmo Mustonen,
• Toma Susi,
• Antti Kaskela,
• Patrik Laiho,
• Ying Tian,
• Albert G. Nasibulin and
• Esko I. Kauppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 692–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.79

• transmission electron microscope observation (HRTEM, double aberration-corrected JEOL JEM-2200FS) of the SWCNT bundle diameters (dbundle), a similar dry-transfer approach was implemented. Copper grids with holey-carbon coating were manually pressed against quartz substrates with the SWCNT networks

Nano-structuring, surface and bulk modification with a focused helium ion beam

• Daniel Fox,
• Yanhui Chen,
• Colm C. Faulkner and
• Hongzhou Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 579–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.67

• the corresponding ion beam used to modify the area indicated below. This graph clearly shows a significant reduction in gallium contamination implanted by the FIB lift-out process. Typically around a 32% reduction in gallium concentration is achieved by HIM modification. High resolution TEM (HRTEM

• ) was performed on the HIM modified grooves and the unmodified sidewalls to afford further insight into the material modification. Figure 2a is the HRTEM image of the unmodified region of silicon; Figure 2b is the corresponding selected area diffraction (SAED) pattern from the region. Figure 2c is the

• HRTEM image of the HIM modified region of the sample, Figure 2d is the corresponding SAED pattern. Figure 2a displays a noisy HRTEM image when compared with that of Figure 2c from the HIM modified region of the sample. The inset FFT of the images also show the increase in high frequency information

Synthesis and electrical characterization of intrinsic and in situ doped Si nanowires using a novel precursor

• Wolfgang Molnar,
• Alois Lugstein,
• Tomasz Wojcik,
• Peter Pongratz,
• Norbert Auner,
• Christian Bauch and
• Emmerich Bertagnolli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 564–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.65

• decomposition of the precursor and therefore increases the growth rate. With PCl3 as the dopant, at least 800 °C, 20 sccm H2, and a 2 nm layer of Au were needed to produce epitaxial NWs in considerable quantity. For a more detailed view of the morphology of the intrinsic and doped Si-NWs we performed HRTEM

• investigations. The TEM image in Figure 2a shows a slightly tapered, intrinsic Si-NW with a catalytic particle atop. The HRTEM micrograph of the crystalline core in Figure 2b shows clearly the Si(111) atomic planes (separation 3.14 Å) perpendicular to the NW axis. The reciprocal lattice peaks in the diffraction

• , they have comparable diameters to those of the intrinsic NWs grown with pure OCTS. The growth orientation of the p-type doped NWs appears to be [112], as shown in the HRTEM image and the respective diffraction pattern (Figure 2c,d). Stacking faults run along the entire NW from the base to the top, and

Directed deposition of silicon nanowires using neopentasilane as precursor and gold as catalyst

• Britta Kämpken,
• Verena Wulf,
• Norbert Auner,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Michael Huth,
• Daniel Rhinow and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 535–545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.62

• confirm the buckled structure as well as the branched surface of the NWs (Figure 3, center). The HRTEM measurements show that the NWs are crystalline. The lattice constant of 3.2 Å, which can be seen in the fast Fourier transformed (FFT) image and the selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern, as

• spectra obtained (a) at the base, (b) at the tip of the NWs. TEM images of NWs grown on gold-sputtered Si[111] for 1 h at 375 °C. The FFT of the HRTEM image and the SAED pattern indicate the crystallinity of the Si NWs. SEM images of NWs grown on gold-sputtered Si[111] by exposure to NPS vapor for 1 h at

A facile approach to nanoarchitectured three-dimensional graphene-based Li–Mn–O composite as high-power cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Wenyu Zhang,
• Yi Zeng,
• Chen Xu,
• Ni Xiao,
• Yiben Gao,
• Lain-Jong Li,
• Xiaodong Chen,
• Huey Hoon Hng and
• Qingyu Yan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 513–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.59

• surface of the nanosheets. The corresponding TEM image (see Figure 2b) reveals that these nanowalls are 3–5 nm in thickness and 25–30 nm in diameter. The high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image (Figure 2c) and the selected-area electron diffraction pattern (Figure 2d) confirms the formation of the cubic Mn2O3

• phase. The observed interlattice spacing of 0.470 nm in the HRTEM corresponds to the (200) planes of the cubic Mn2O3 (JCPDS No. 41-1442) phase. The formation of graphene is confirmed using Raman spectroscopy (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1a). The Raman spectra of the samples show that the

• ). The SAED pattern (see Figure 5c) obtained for these nanoparticles indicates that they are cubic LiMn2O4 (JCPDS No. 35-0782), which is consistent with the XRD results. The HRTEM image (see Figure 5d) shows that these LiMn2O4 nanoparticles are polycrystalline with grain sizes in the range of 3–10 nm

Magnetic-Fe/Fe₃O₄-nanoparticle-bound SN38 as carboxylesterase-cleavable prodrug for the delivery to tumors within monocytes/macrophages

• Hongwang Wang,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Matthew T. Basel,
• Raj K. Dani,
• Gwi-Moon Seo,
• Sivasai Balivada,
• Marla M. Pyle,
• Heidy Prock,
• Olga B. Koper,
• Prem S. Thapa,
• David Moore,
• Ping Li,
• Viktor Chikan,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 444–455, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.51

• revealed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) (Figure 1c and Figure 1d), the SN38 loaded Fe/Fe3O4 nanoparticles are crystalline with distinct lattice fringes. Figure 2 shows the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of SN38-loaded Fe/Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. Highly crystalline

• Mo/Ma-cell-delivered thermochemotherapy. TEM of the core/shell Fe/Fe3O4 nanoparticles: (a) freshly synthesized MNPs; (b) MNP-SN38; (c) HRTEM of MNP; (d) HRTEM of MNP-SN38. (Note that the dark spots in a and b result from the presence of multiple layers.) Powder XRD patterns of MNP-SN38. Fluorescence

Template-assisted formation of microsized nanocrystalline CeO₂ tubes and their catalytic performance in the carboxylation of methanol

• Jörg J. Schneider,
• Meike Naumann,
• Christian Schäfer,
• Armin Brandner,
• Heiko J. Hofmann and
• Peter Claus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 776–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.86

• diameter of ca. 0.75 µm, composed of nanocrystalline agglomerated ceria particles were thus obtained. The 1-D ceramic ceria material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), UV–vis and photoluminescence

• agreement with the ceria particle size obtained from the HRTEM studies but significantly larger than that observed for the ceria material obtained without Pluronic P123® surfactant. Again the only phase observed in the XRD is the crystalline cubic-fluorite-type phase of CeO2. To study the thermal processing

• . Samples were fabricated, using PMMA fibre templates, coated with a ceria sol containing surfactant Pluronic P123®. TEM (left) and HRTEM (right) images of nanostructured ceria thin film interconnecting the ceria tubes (with addition of Pluronic P123® to the sol) at different magnifications. XRD spectra of

Approaches to nanostructure control and functionalizations of polymer@silica hybrid nanograss generated by biomimetic silica mineralization on a self-assembled polyamine layer

• Jian-Jun Yuan and
• Ren-Hua Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 760–773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.84

• visualization indicated that Au nanoparticles were well-distributed over the whole nanoribbon structure, with a slight enrichment in the center part of the ribbon (Figure 8c), which probably reflects the presence of LPEI in the hybrid silica structure. HRTEM observation revealed that the Au nanoparticles had a

Generation and agglomeration behaviour of size-selected sub-nm iron clusters as catalysts for the growth of carbon nanotubes

• Ravi Joshi,
• Benjamin Waldschmidt,
• Jörg Engstler,
• Rolf Schäfer and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 734–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.80

• the line (Mitchel instruments). The gas flow was controlled by using commercially available mass flow controllers (MKS instruments, Munich, Germany). TEM characterization of the metal catalysts and the CNTs was performed with a Technai F20 (HRTEM) instrument with a field-emission gun, operated at an

• nanoparticles; b) HRTEM of double walled CNTs at 750 °C formed from the same catalyst particles; c) as a), showing mainly bamboo-shaped multiwalled CNTs of ca. 20 nm diameter from the same sample; d) HRTEM micrograph of crystalline iron nanoparticles obtained from 0.6–0.9 nm size-selected iron clusters by

Investigation on structural, thermal, optical and sensing properties of meta-stable hexagonal MoO₃ nanocrystals of one dimensional structure

• Angamuthuraj Chithambararaj and
• Arumugam Chandra Bose

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 585–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.62

• illustrates that the as-synthesized powder comprises 1D structures of ~200 nm diameter and length of about 800 nm. Figure 6 shows the HRTEM image and the inset is the corresponding SEAD pattern of h-MoO3. From the lattice resolved HRTEM image, the distance between the two planes was found to be 0.345 nm

• . The one-dimensional hexagonal rod structure, with regular arrangement and preferred orientation, was observed in SEM, TEM and HRTEM images. From EELS, the O-K edge and Mo-M2,3 peaks confirmed the existence of molybdenum and oxygen. From thermal analysis, the structural transformation from hexagonal to

• (HRTEM) images and EELS spectrum were acquired by means of a JEOL model JEM FX II 2000 instrument. The thermal behavior was analyzed by means of an EXSTAR6200 thermal analyzer at a heating rate of 10 °C/min, from room temperature to 550 °C in air. The weight loss and the corresponding phase transition

Nanoscaled alloy formation from self-assembled elemental Co nanoparticles on top of Pt films

• Luyang Han,
• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Kai Fauth,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 473–485, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.51

• formation of a CoPt phase with strongly increased magnetic anisotropy compared to pure Co. At higher temperatures, however, the Co atoms diffuse into a nearby surface region where Pt-rich compounds are formed, as shown by element-specific microscopy. Keywords: alloy; Co; CoPt; epitaxy; HRTEM; magnetometry

• measurements, however, we cannot distinguish different modes of diffusion on Pt(100) and Pt(111) films. In the context of the following magnetic measurements and HRTEM investigations, this point is discussed in more detail. Magnetic properties of Co NPs on Pt(100) and Pt(111) films Co L3,2 XMCD measurements

• coupling between neighbouring magnetic entities, and the annealing does not lead to agglomeration of Co atoms, although significant diffusion of Co atoms is expected. HRTEM of Co NPs on Pt(100) films Since the CoPt phases with high MAE were only formed by annealing on epitaxial Pt(100) films, we

Simulation of bonding effects in HRTEM images of light element materials

• Simon Kurasch,
• Jannik C. Meyer,
• Daniela Künzel,
• Axel Groß and
• Ute Kaiser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 394–404, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.45

• Theoretical Chemistry, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.2.45 Abstract The accuracy of multislice high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) simulation can be improved by calculating the scattering potential using density functional theory (DFT) [1][2]. This approach accounts

• boron nitride monolayers, the DFT based simulation scheme turned out to be necessary to prevent misinterpretation of weak signals, such as the identification of nitrogen substitutions in a graphene network. Furthermore, this implies that the HRTEM image does not only contain structural information (atom

• on the final result. Furthermore we apply the simulation scheme to three model systems: A single atom boron and a single atom oxygen substitution in graphene and an oxygen adatom on graphene. Keywords: chemical bonding; DFT; graphene; HRTEM; Introduction Conventional HRTEM image simulation so far

Studies towards synthesis, evolution and alignment characteristics of dense, millimeter long multiwalled carbon nanotube arrays

• Pitamber Mahanandia,
• Jörg J. Schneider,
• Martin Engel,
• Bernd Stühn,
• Somanahalli V. Subramanyam and
• Karuna Kar Nanda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 293–301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.34

• is interesting to note from Figure 2c that the diameter was almost independent of the preparation temperature. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) images (Figure 5a–f) of CNTs, prepared in the temperature range between 650–1100 °C, confirm the well crystallized multi-layered graphitic tubular structure with

• more than 50 layers and outer diameters of 75–85 nm (Figure 5g and 5h). HRTEM micrographs taken on one side of a MWCNT prepared at 650 and 1100 °C reveal that the CNTs are well crystallized. No catalyst particles were found either inside the tubes or embedded in the wall structure of the CNTs. It has

• results from the HRTEM studies for individual CNTs samples, e.g., prepared at 1100 °C (Figure 7a). However, a diameter of 100 nm was determined for CNTs prepared at a significantly lower synthesis temperature of 650 °C (Figure 7b). Therefore the diameter for these CNTs obtained at lower temperatures was

Zirconium nanoparticles prepared by the reduction of zirconium oxide using the RAPET method

• Michal Eshed,
• Swati Pol,
• Aharon Gedanken and
• Mahalingam Balasubramanian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 198–203, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.23

• , and then drying in vacuum. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) was measured using a JEOL JEM-2100 electron microscope. The morphology and the size of the nanoparticles were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a JEOL-JSN 7000F instrument. Oxygen elemental analysis was measured by CHNS-O analyzer

• hcp Zr (dashed line). SEM images for (a) ZrO2 and (b) Zr. (a) TEM images of ZrO2, the reactant (b) HRTEM of the reaction product.