A porous 3D-RGO@MWCNT hybrid material as Li–S battery cathode

• Yongguang Zhang,
• Jun Ren,
• Yan Zhao,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Fuxing Yin and
• Yichao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.52

• @MWCNT composite. The cathode was fabricated by coating a slurry of S-3D-RGO@MWCNT, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and carbon black (mass ratio 8:1:1) on a carbon-coated Al foil. Materials characterization X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the as-prepared 3D-RGO@MWCNT composite were obtained using XRD

Zn/F-doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis: structural and optical properties

• Florian Dumitrache,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Elena Dutu,
• Ion Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Alina Ilie,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Cristian Mihailescu,
• Adriana Smarandache and
• Gabriel Prodan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.2

• fluorine provided by SF6 decomposition with the alkyl radicals from metallic precursors) at 686.35 eV. The ≈685 eV F1s XPS peak was also detected in fluoride-doped SnO2 from milled PVdF (polyvynilidene fluoride)/SnO2 mixtures [42] and in solid or hollow fluoride-mediated hydrothermal synthesized SnO2

Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells

• Mirco Ruttert,
• Florian Holtstiege,
• Jessica Hüsker,
• Markus Börner,
• Martin Winter and
• Tobias Placke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223

• -111; Umicore; D90: 17.0 µm; mass loading ≈6.5 mg cm−2) electrodes with an active material: polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) binder: Super C65 composition of 93:4:3 wt % and Li-metal was used as reference electrode. A six-layered polyolefin separator (Freudenberg 2190; diameter: 13 mm) soaked with 140

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

Synthesis of rare-earth metal and rare-earth metal-fluoride nanoparticles in ionic liquids and propylene carbonate

• Marvin Siebels,
• Lukas Mai,
• Laura Schmolke,
• Kai Schütte,
• Juri Barthel,
• Junpei Yue,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Bernd M. Smarsly,
• Anjana Devi,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1881–1894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.180

• ErF3 working electrodes were prepared by coating an (N-methyl pyrrolidone)-based slurry composed of 75 wt % ErF3, 15 wt % conductive agents (Super P active carbon from Temical) and 10 wt % binder (PVDF) on a current collector (aluminium foil). A half-cell was assembled in an Ar-filled glovebox, with

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles as sulfur encapsulator for high-performance lithium/sulfur batteries

• Yan Zhao,
• Zhengjun Liu,
• Liancheng Sun,
• Yongguang Zhang,
• Yuting Feng,
• Xin Wang,
• Indira Kurmanbayeva and
• Zhumabay Bakenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1677–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.159

• wt % polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The resulting homogeneous slurry was coated on nickel foam and subsequently dried at 75 °C overnight. Metallic lithium foil served as a counter and reference electrode, and micro-porous polypropylene film (Cellgard 2300) was used as

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• under the elastic field from the polymer matrix [33] (Figure 3). The stretching ratio depends on the length ratio of the thin layer before/after stretching. Yao et al. prepared a MWCNT/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposite at a relatively high concentration of CNTs and aligned them inside the

• ]. For example, Park et al. described how better alignment and mechanical and actuating performance of CNT/PVDF ES nanofibers was achieved by changing the drum collector parameters [51]. Their results indicated that the mechanical properties were improved up to 300% in the arranged direction. A standard

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• with acetylene black and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) at a weight ratio of 7:2:1. The slurry was spread onto aluminum foil (thickness: 20 μm) and dried in vacuum at 60 °C for 12 h. Electrodes were made from punching circular discs with a diameter of 12 mm and sulfur

• loadings of 1.5 mg cm−2 were applied. The thickness of the electrodes was 35 μm. For comparison, a pure sulfur cathode was prepared using the same procedure by mixing sulfur, acetylene black and PVDF at the weight ratio of 7:2:1. The S/MoO2–CNF electrode is schematically displayed in Scheme S2 of

L-Lysine-grafted graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue and metal ions

• Yan Yan,
• Jie Li,
• Fangbei Kong,
• Kuankuan Jia,
• Shiyu He and
• Baorong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2680–2688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.268

• . Reduced graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent can be used for the removal of malachite green dye and metal ions [10][11]. A high-performance hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride/graphene oxide (PVDF/GO)–lysine composite membrane can be used for sea water desalination and purification [12]. However, the

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• slurry composed of 75 wt % FeF2-TRGO, 15 wt % active carbon and 10 wt % PVDF in NMP on an aluminum foil. A half-cell was assembled in Ar-filled glovebox with lithium foil as counter electrode and 1 M LiFeF6 in ethylene carbonate/ethylmethyl carbonate (50:50) as electrolyte. The galvanostatic charge

High-stress study of bioinspired multifunctional PEDOT:PSS/nanoclay nanocomposites using AFM, SEM and numerical simulation

• Alfredo J. Diaz,
• Hanaul Noh,
• Tobias Meier and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2069–2082, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.207

• other of which demonstrated feasibility as an electrode [24]. The multifunctionality of the brick-and-mortar structure is an important advantage compared to other architectures, for electrically conductive nanocomposites. For example, a recently developed piezoelectric sensor exploited the PVDF/nanoclay

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• carbon, Timcal) and 20% of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF) binder (Kynar 2801) by weight in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP, 99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich). This was coated on a copper foil with a doctor blade (gap height of 300 μm) then oven-dried at 60 °C overnight and roll-pressed with 20 tons. The dried

• intermediate-sized and elongated nanorods, galvanostatic delithiation/lithiation and rate testing with error bars, ex situ XRD reflections for α-Fe2O3-E1.5 before and after cycling, and galvanostatic delithiation/lithiation for a half-cell composed of pure carbon black and PVdF (80% carbon black), cycled at

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• and ultrasonicated for another 1 h. The GO/MnO2 solution was filtered on a PVDF membrane by a vacuum filtration technique. In order to reduce the GO to graphene, the as-synthesized GO/MnO2 was subjected to a hydrazine solution after filtration of GO. 5.6 mL of a hydrazine solution was slowly poured

• onto GO/MnO2 and filtered. Then the obtained solid was peeled-off from the PVDF membrane and the freestanding graphene/MnO2 was obtained (approximate thickness is 15 μm). This process was carried out for all MnO2 phases. The microstructural morphology of the freestanding graphene/α-, β-, and γ-MnO2

Phospholipid arrays on porous polymer coatings generated by micro-contact spotting

• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Monica de Freitas,
• Lea-Marie Tröster,
• Tobias Jochum,
• Pavel A. Levkin,
• Michael Hirtz and
• Harald Fuchs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 715–722, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.75

• of different inks into single arrays within the polymer mesh. Spotting with SPT probes on HEMA-EDMA polymer increases the spatial resolution of lipid pattern as compared to conventional spotting/ink jet printing on 3D substrates, such as PVDF or nitrocellulose membranes, from 50–300 µm in current

• still unknown, just like in case of lipids spotted on PVDF membranes [7], how the polymer mesh accommodates lipid geometry and packaging, and how it affects the accessibility of the target lipid regions for the binding of proteins and antibodies. However, the infiltrated lipid arrays show high stability

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• %), conductive carbon black (Super P, 20 wt %) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, 10 wt %) were mixed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to form a uniform slurry that was and stirred for 6 h. The slurry was spread on to the surface of a copper foil using a medical blade. The casted film was heated at 110 °C for 12 h in a

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

• electrode. Black et al. exposed battery components to potassium superoxide dissolved in aprotic liquids and found that polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a common binder material, decomposes while lithium fluoride (LiF) is formed [81]. They suggest that LiO2, a strong base that is formed as an intermediate in

• a Li/O2 cell, extracts protons from the PVDF polymer. From the thermodynamic point of view, carbon is also reactive towards, for example, Li2O2 or oxygen at high oxidative potentials, too. For this purpose McCloskey et al. employed a 13C carbon electrode and monitored CO2 species via DEMS evolved

Hybrid spin-crossover nanostructures

• Carlos M. Quintero,
• Gautier Félix,
• Iurii Suleimanov,
• José Sánchez Costa,
• Gábor Molnár,
• Lionel Salmon,
• William Nicolazzi and
• Azzedine Bousseksou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2230–2239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.232

• deposited on the gold and the graphite substrates where the ferroelectric PVDF–TrFE film was poled “down”. However, if the interfacial dipoles of the PVDF–TrFE film are poled “up” instead, the characteristic inverse photoemission (IPES) signature of the SCO complex in the HS form persists down to 100 K

• layer of [Fe(H2B(pz)2(bipy)] deposited on PVDF–TrFE poled “up” (red) and “down” (blue). Each spectrum corresponds to the characteristic signature of the complex in the HS and LS form, respectively. Adapted with permission from [35], copyright 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Thermal SCO curves for

Silica nanoparticles are less toxic to human lung cells when deposited at the air–liquid interface compared to conventional submerged exposure

• Alicja Panas,
• Andreas Comouth,
• Harald Saathoff,
• Thomas Leisner,
• Marco Al-Rawi,
• Michael Simon,
• Gunnar Seemann,
• Olaf Dössel,
• Sonja Mülhopt,
• Hanns-Rudolf Paur,
• Susanne Fritsch-Decker,
• Carsten Weiss and
• Silvia Diabaté

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1590–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.171

• (OptEIA kits, Heidelberg, Germany). 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and the chemicals for sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). For the Western blots Immobilon-P PVDF membranes (Millipore, Eschborn, Germany

• for 15 s and then stored at −20 °C. Equal amounts of the lysates were loaded onto 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and after electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred onto Immobilon-P PVDF membranes. The membranes were blocked with 5% (w/v) non-fat dry milk in 1% Tween20 in Tris-buffered saline (TBS

Magnesium batteries: Current state of the art, issues and future perspectives

• Rana Mohtadi and
• Fuminori Mizuno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1291–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.143

• electrolyte in polymeric matrices such as poly(vinylene difluoride) PVDF and poly(ethylene oxide) PEO, was reported by Chusid et al. [36]. The group impregnated magnesium organohalo-aluminate salts, such as Mg(AlCl2EtBu)2 dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and tetraglyme, in both PEO and PVDF matrices. These

• complex solutions were found to be inert towards the polymers used and reversible magnesium deposition/stripping from these gel electrolytes was shown. The best electrochemical performance reported was for the Mg(AlCl2EtBu)2/tetraglyme/PVDF gel as high specific conductivity (3.7 mS cm−1 at 25 °C) was

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li₂Co_1−xM_xPO₄F (M = Fe, Mn) cathode materials

• Nellie R. Khasanova,
• Oleg A. Drozhzhin,
• Stanislav S. Fedotov,
• Darya A. Storozhilova,
• Rodion V. Panin and
• Evgeny V. Antipov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 860–867, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.97

• consisted of Al2O3/C/PVdF in a ratio of 80/10/10, in order to imitate the effect of the carbon- and binding electrode components at high potentials. Because the loading mass and the effective surface area of the active material on the electrodes that were used for electrolyte testing were similar in all

• -configuration cells with Li-metal foil acting both as the reference and counter electrodes, borosilicate glass was used as a separator. The positive electrodes were prepared by thoroughly mixing the active material (80 wt %) with carbon Timcal Super C (10 wt %) and PVdF (10 wt %) dissolved in a minimal amount

• 3D-Li2MPO4F, positions of Li atoms are denoted. Cyclovoltammetry curves (first cycle) of 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC (black) and 1 M LiBF4 in TMS (red) at scan rate of 0.1 mV·s−1. (a) Aluminum electrode, (b) idle electrode consisting of Al2O3/C/PVdF in an 80/10/10 ratio. Powder XRD patterns of Li2CoPO4F/C (a

Influence of particle size and fluorination ratio of CF_x precursor compounds on the electrochemical performance of C–FeF₂ nanocomposites for reversible lithium storage

• Ben Breitung,
• M. Anji Reddy,
• Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula,
• Michael Engel,
• Christian Kübel,
• Annie K. Powell,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 705–713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.80

• and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in the mass ratio 90:10. A slurry containing the above mixture was prepared by using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. It was spread on a stainless steel (SS) foil (area: 1.13 cm2) and dried on hot plate at 160 °C for 12 h. Typically, each electrode contained 3–4 mg of

Electrochemical and electron microscopic characterization of Super-P based cathodes for Li–O₂ batteries

• Mario Marinaro,
• Santhana K. Eswara Moorthy,
• Jörg Bernhard,
• Ludwig Jörissen,
• Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens and
• Ute Kaiser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 665–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.74

• cells were prepared by airbrushing a suspension of Super-P (Timcal) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PvdF) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (mass ratio Super-P/PvdF 8:2) on a gas diffusion layer (Toray paper). The obtained electrodes of 12 mm in diameter were first dried at 100 °C in order to allow the evaporation

AFM as an analysis tool for high-capacity sulfur cathodes for Li–S batteries

• Renate Hiesgen,
• Seniz Sörgel,
• Rémi Costa,
• Linus Carlé,
• Ines Galm,
• Natalia Cañas,
• Brigitta Pascucci and
• K. Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 611–624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.68

• samples prepared by either suspension-spraying or doctor-blade coating with different binders. Morphological studies of the cathodes before and after the electrochemical tests were performed by using AFM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cathodes that contained polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and

• ]. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binders were used to test the influence of the binders on the battery performance. The suspension-spraying technique is advantageous because it can be used in mass production processes. In a first step the focus was on the preparation of a porous

• the battery, whose cathode was coated by hand (doctor-blade coated, referred to as DBC-PVDF), has a high initial discharge capacity (872 mAh·g−1), the capacity decreases significantly upon cycling. After 50 cycles, the remaining capacity is only 242 mAh·g−1. This behaviour is quite typical for the Li

Single-pass Kelvin force microscopy and dC/dZ measurements in the intermittent contact: applications to polymer materials

• Sergei Magonov and
• John Alexander

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 15–27, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.2

• ) (PVAC) were prepared from their solutions in toluene. A thin film of a blend of PMMA with poly(vinyledenefluoride) (PVDF) blend was spin cast from its solution in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. The polymers with molecular weights in the 100–150 K range, solvents and ITO glass substrates were purchased from

• thin film of a PMMA and PVDF blend. The relation between the polymer morphology and material performance is the key question for polymer technology that reinforces the importance of compositional imaging. The film was prepared by spin-casting of PMMA and PVDF solutions, and the blend was formed during

• evaporation of the solvent and crystallization of PVDF. Therefore, dendritic structures observed on film surface represent crystalline PVDF. The dark surface potential contrast of the structures is consistent with the presence of a molecular dipole (~2.1 V) in this polymer and the preferential orientation of