Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• et al. used high-resolution low-energy electron diffraction and normal incidence X-ray standing wave techniques to detect the large separation of 3.24 Å between the h-BN sheet and the topmost Cu(111) layer [29]. They found almost no height difference between B and N atoms and excluded significant

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• nanoparticles when they are subjected to chloride-containing biological media [34]. The generation of AgCl leads, for example, to a partial passivation of the silver surface for further reactions. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to confirm the presence of chloride on the Ag SERS substrates

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• , of one hundred particles were calculated using ImageJ software. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were conducted using Thermo Scientific’s SuperX G2 and Gatans’ Enfinium ER, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (PerkinElmer TGA7) was

• nanoceria and their fate and effects. Transmission electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy images of NM-212 and its chemical composition determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. (A, B) TEM images, (B) is a part of (A) at higher magnification

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• Tübingen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.12.39 Abstract We study interface properties of CoPcFx and FePcFx (x = 0 or 16) on niobium-doped SrTiO3(100) surfaces using mainly X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. For all studied molecules, a rather complex, bidirectional charge

• 100 (X-ray photoelectron diffraction) or 150 (monochromatized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) hemispherical analyzers (SPECS), and a four-grid LEED optics (SpectaLEED, Omicron, Germany). The PES binding energy scale is calibrated to reproduce the binding energies of Cu 2p3/2 (932.6 eV), Ag 3d5/2

• (368.2 eV), and Au 4f7/2 (84.0 eV). For X-ray photoelectron diffraction measurements, the angular acceptance of the analyzer was set to ±4°. Angular distribution curves were measured for the Sr 3d, Ti 2p, and O 1s photoemission peaks at two azimuths ([100] and [110], determined by LEED); the step width

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• terminal amino groups (–NH2 or =NH) [53][54]. The spectra do not show Cl-containing functional groups, which can be attributed to their relatively low amount and the signal may be overlapped by the CN vibration. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns (Figure 3b) showed that both samples displayed a similar

• Cl modification resulted in the maintenance of the chemical skeleton [43][44][45][46][47]. The chemical composition and relative atomic percentages of the obtained materials were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS spectra revealed that the samples are composed of carbon

• energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) elemental mappings of N, C, O, and Cl in Cl-PCN (f). AFM images and height profile of PCN (a, b) and Cl-PCN (c, d). (a) FTIR spectra and (b) XRD patterns of PCN and Cl-PCN. C 1s and N 1s XPS spectra of polymeric carbon nitride (a, b) and Cl-PCN (c, d). Structure

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• anionic and stable. Another important point is that with the increase in ionic strength the diffuse layer becomes more compact while the ZP decreases, and vice versa [153]. X-ray diffraction: The principle of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is based on Bragg's law. The crystallographic planes of a

• crystal act as mirrors so that the X-ray beams are reflected in a reflected wavefront forming a second angle, θ [33]. The Bragg's Law relates the incident wavelength, λ, to the interplanar spacing, d, between the planes. When the specified conditions are met, we have: nλ = 2Δ = 2dsin θ [157]. The

• sizes smaller than 100 nm can have their crystallite size estimated by the Scherrer formula, according to Equation 5: where, K is the Scherrer constant (K = 0.89 rad), λ (nm) is the X-ray wavelength, β (rad) is the peak width at half the maximum intensity, and θ (rad) is the Bragg angle [160

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• , the resulting gel precursor was heated in an alumina crucible from 300 to 700 °C for 5 h in air. The flowchart of the synthesis is presented in Figure 4. Characterization of the Co3O4 material: The structural properties of the Co3O4 material were determined using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• layer of silicone rubber and the middle layer of SCGMs. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image (Figure 1b) and the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurement (Figure 1c) show that the SCGMs are evenly dispersed across the silicone rubber. Figure 1d presents the flow chart for the

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). We demonstrate that the thickness of the Mn layer and the annealing conditions finely control the shape transition, resulting in NWs up to ≃1.5 μm length with uniform width and homogeneous composition

• strained Mn wetting layers with different thickness after annealing at 650 °C for 15 min: (a) 2.2 ML, (b) 6.7 ML, and (c) 9 ML. X-ray diffraction pattern of the 9 ML thick Mn wetting layer, upon annealing at 650 °C for 15 min. Both Mn5Ge3 and Mn11Ge8 phases have been detected, the former being dominant

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• dioxide (SiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on quartz substrates was investigated. The deposition conditions were optimized to achieve stoichiometric thin films. The orientation of crystallites, structure, and composition were investigated by X-ray

• diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while the surface topography of the samples was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optical characteristics were measured for samples with the same composition but obtained with different deposition parameters, such as increasing

• ). The system is equipped with an X-ray source and an EDX unit with elementary energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). These analyses employ different magnifications depending on the quality of the thin films and the structure of their surface. Using cross-section imaging and a magnification of 20000×, it

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• mbar for several days. Then rGO was dispersed with Ni(COD)2 in [BMIm][NTf2] to gain 0.5 wt % metal nanoparticles and 0.5 wt % rGO. In order to stir the reaction mixture during the microwave decomposition, 0.5 wt % rGO could not be exceeded. The obtained nanomaterial was analyzed using powder X-ray

• powder (diameter 10 mm, thickness 2.5 mm, weight 0.75 g), which were sintered in air at 450 °C (4 h). Characterization Powder X-ray diffraction, P-XRD data were measured at ambient temperature on a Bruker D2 Phaser using a flat sample holder and Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54182 Å, 35 kV). Samples had been

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• nanometer-scale domain configurations were imaged via soft X-ray holography [39], exploiting X-ray magnetic circular dichroism [40] and giving rise to an absorption contrast of areas with different out-of-plane magnetization. Areas irradiated with an ion dose of 50 ions/nm2 no longer show an out-of-plane

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• -dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The final concentration of the PVP-AgNP batch was measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES; Varian 710-ES). PVP-AgNP characterization in RPMI medium without cells was conducted using UV–vis spectrometer (extinction spectra of PVP-AgNPs

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• grown. The growth of the deposited pillars was studied as a function of the deposition time, and some larger cube-shaped deposits were made to determine the composition of the deposited material using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. Experimental Synthesis and characterization All chemicals

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• detector is able to determine the thickness of membranes with sub-nanometer precision by quantitatively evaluating the image signal and comparing the results with Monte Carlo simulations. The thickness determined by the dark-field transmission detector is compared to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and

• between the two cases, and the error of this particular measurement is 9%. To test the validity of the determined thickness and the approach described above, the results from the STIM dark-field imaging are compared to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-filtered transmission electron

• steps of 1 mrad. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was conducted on an Omicron Multiprobe instrument using a monochromatized Al Kα X-ray source (1486.7 eV, 225 W) and an Omicron Sphera hemispherical electron energy analyzer at a constant analyzer energy of 12.5 eV. The data was acquired under a

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• histidine-tag at the extracellular side of a PM mutant (c-His PM). The functionalization and the resulting hybrid membrane were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and infrared

• . Afterwards the sample was rinsed with ethanol, dried in a stream of nitrogen, and stored under argon gas. Sample characterization X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been conducted in an Omicron Multiprobe UHV system (Scienta Omicron GmbH, Taunusstein, Germany) using monochromatic Al Kα irradiation, a

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• and copper alloy ranging from 45 to 200 nm in size and with pronounced pentagonal structures were synthesized in [5] by the joint reduction of gold and copper salts. Here, elemental mapping of Cu and Au, using scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, confirms the

• the case of physical methods for producing Cu–Au nanoparticles, it seems possible to create particles with the desired chemical composition. In [3], the Cu–Au nanoparticles obtained by laser deposition on a graphite substrate were analyzed via transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• tantalum carbide MXene sheets was carried out using X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The results of XRD, FE-SEM, and Raman showed that tantalum carbide MXenes are layered solid

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• current (on the order of 0.01 mA/cm2). Hence, this current is mainly assigned to water reduction. This mechanism is still unclear at this stage of our research. X-ray diffraction patterns of unprotected FTO layers, polarized for 1 and 5 h, are shown in Figure S9 (Supporting Information File 1). Upon

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• were unavailable due to a lack of X-rays created under a 30 kV He+ beam due to conservation of momentum. This is in stark contrast to SEM in which X-ray detection methods, such as energy dispersive X-ray spectoscopy (EDX), are more or less available as standard. The turning point for bio-imaging with

• and to enable fluorescent X-ray de-excitation (this would require energies of several kiloelectronvolts). However, recent analytical developments of the HIM have focused on the detection of secondary ions which are sputtered when the primary ion beam of the HIM is scanned across the sample material

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• manganese ferrite nanoparticles inside the tubes is observed as a shift in the X-ray diffraction peaks and as an increase in stress, hyperfine field, and coercivity when compared to free manganese ferrite nanoparticles. On the other hand, a strong charge transfer from the multiwall carbon nanotubes is

• , and Mössbauer characterization The X-ray diffraction patterns were acquired using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5404 Å) at a Philips PW1820 diffractometer. The instrument was calibrated using a silicon disc. Free manganese ferrite nanoparticles were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron

• microscopy (HRTEM) on a JEOL JEM-2100F microscope working at 200 kV. Partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles were characterized using HRTEM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS); the elemental mapping was performed on a JEOL JEM-ARM200F. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM

Scanning transmission imaging in the helium ion microscope using a microchannel plate with a delay line detector

• Eduardo Serralta,
• Nico Klingner,
• Olivier De Castro,
• Michael Mousley,
• Santhana Eswara,
• Serge Duarte Pinto,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1854–1864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.167

• combination of MCPs with a delay line readout structure as a position-sensitive detector was first implemented for the detection of 1–15 keV electrons [33]. Since then, it has been used in many other applications such as in astrophysics [34], transmission electron microscopy [35], and hard X-ray photoelectron

Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor

• Jianqi Dong,
• Liang Chen,
• Yuqing Yang and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166

• (right panel). It can be seen that there is a clear dividing line (ultrathin AlN layer) between AlGaN and GaN. An interplanar spacing of 0.52 nm was measured in the GaN layer along the [2] direction. Furthermore, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) scan of the epitaxial structure is shown in Figure 1c. The full

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• , and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to elucidate the morphological and textural features, optoelectronic properties, and elemental composition of the core–shell nanomaterials. These core–shell nanostructures were also employed as catalysts in a model reaction, that is, the

• hydroxy groups bonded to nickel atoms (δ(NiO–H) band) in NiPS as multiple peaks were recorded between 630 and 710 cm−1 [57]. XPS analysis of mSiO2@NiPS and mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the surface composition of mSiO2@NiPS and mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2. The complete scans