Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

• international research efforts, such as the European Union’s NanoSafety Cluster [4] and associated research projects, such as BIORIMA [5], which has proposed a risk management framework for nanomaterials used in advanced therapeutic medicinal products and medical devices [6]. Indeed, in 2008, an iron oxide ENM

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• depicts the different stages of fractal formation and conditions that lead to a specific fractal shape. Initially, when the sol starts drying, voids are created due to effusion of gases from the sol. Thereafter, random nucleation and cluster growth takes place. After clusters form on the substrate

• , further growth into specific fractal shapes depends mainly on availability of sol flux near the growing cluster and the Marangoni effect that includes both thermal energy and diffusion aspects. With limited flux but lower diffusion, rhombohedral fractals are formed that are sparsely spaced on the

• substrate, respectively. Figure 22d illustrates the SEM image of Au–Bi2O3 fractal employed for box-counting. Figure 22e–g shows the estimation of the fractal dimensions of the fabricated cluster. Pang et al. synthesized a dendrite-like Co3O4 nanostructure composed of numerous nanorods (15–20 nm diameter and

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• accumulation of Pt atoms enabling the formation of larger metal clusters. The growth of the deposits can be quantified by the total number of atoms and the number of metal atoms in the largest cluster. Figure 5 shows the evolution of maximal cluster size for Edep = 205 and 300 kcal/mol as a function of

• deposition of new precursor molecules. An interplay of these phenomena results in a much faster increase of the number of atoms in the largest cluster as a function of electron fluence. The growth of Pt clusters as a function of the number of added precursor molecules follows the same trend for both values

• of Edep, but the growth rate is higher at the larger Edep. Simultaneously, a much faster growth rate as a function of electron fluence is observed for Edep = 300 kcal/mol. The similar evolution of the maximum cluster size for both values of Edep suggests that the results obtained in the two studied

Criteria ruling particle agglomeration

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1093–1100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.81

• change of the free enthalpy and ΔH is the change of the enthalpy. It is obvious that the change of the binding energy, , may depend on the number of particles in an agglomerate. Since the binding energy depends on the actual arrangement of the particles in the cluster, one has to assume a new

• particles is relatively small. One of the possibilities for the exchange of energy between particles could be the van der Waals interaction. However, for particles touching each other, the van der Waals energy is not properly defined [11]. Since the real arrangement of the particles in a cluster is not

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• electron beam, which caused the particles to appear larger. Consequently, the stacked deflection peaks (Figure 5b, 14.7 nm, red and green mark) correspond to a nanoparticle cluster similar to those found in Figure 4b. Chemical composition To confirm the XRD results for stibnite and to examine the

• after 30 s reaction time: (a) small, individual nanoparticles, (b) raspberry-like, larger nanoparticles, intermediate state, and (c) raspberry-like, larger nanoparticles, final state. AFM measurements of nanoparticles obtained after 30 s reaction time: (a) individual single nanoparticles and (b) cluster

• nm), and a sum-up of marked distances along the drawn line. The particle/cluster size is given as the horizontal distance (Horiz distance (L)). EDX spectra of the nanoparticles obtained after (a) 2 min and (b) 5 min of reaction time. The samples were measured on a carbon-coated copper grid on an

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• multiplied by n, the number of atoms in adsorbed Con or Run. 2. Binding energy with reference to a free Con or Run cluster: where Emetal_cluster is the single point energy of the Con or Run nanocluster structure in vacuum. Emonolayer* is the single point energy of the monolayer after relaxation. We chose to

• approximate metal–metal interaction energy, by applying Equation 3: 3. Metal–metal interaction energy: 4. Addition energy: where n is the number of Co or Ru atoms. This models the addition of a metal atom to an existing adsorbed cluster with (n − 1) Co or Ru atoms. Results and Discussion Ru and Co on Pristine

• according to the initial cluster adsorption structure, to avoid confusion due to any geometry rearrangements that occur. In the following sections we elaborate how factors influencing structure stability vary as the cluster size increases. Such factors include the presence or absence of metal–metal bonds

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• , the spectral evidence points to the generation of AgNPs with GSH as both the reducing and coating agent, which likely binds to the surface in its oxidised form. Similarly, Ag cluster nucleation finally leading to AgNP formation was observed also for the interaction of Ag+ with CYS [60]. Similar to our

• previous NMR observation on the CYS oxidation to cystine during Ag cluster nucleation [60], the experiments presented here also indicate the conversion of GSH to GSSG during the nucleation of Ag clusters with subsequent AgNP synthesis. Conclusion The evaluation of NP behaviour in biological media is a

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• areas of the Moiré superstructure. Additionally, the cluster of values close to 0 m·N−1 suggests that the short range forces between rim and bridge sites are almost identical. Conclusion We report the electronic and mechanical characterisation of h-BN/Cu(111) using an STM/AFM. Our STM studies

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• charging effects [39]. A low coverage of C60 on KBr(001) obtained after HV-ESD is shown in the topography image of Figure 3b. The KBr(001) surface presents similar large terraces and step edges as clean KBr(001). The C60 molecules are forming small cluster visible as many small dots dispersed on the

• terraces or along step edges. A zoom on such a cluster is shown in Figure 3d. The presence of these small clusters indicates a low diffusion of the C60 molecules, contrary to the TE deposition. At higher coverages, but still below one monolayer, C60 molecules form islands dispersed on the surface, as shown

• cluster of Figure 3d. The number of layers ranges from one to at least five. Moreover, the islands present a more rounded shape, compared to TE islands, and no direction favored by the sixfold symmetry is observed. The influence of HV-ESD on the surface itself can also be seen. First, monolayer-deep pits

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• structuration around the AgNPs. Further molecular interpretation of the effects of this structure requires the adoption of a specific model of the water structure – continuum or cluster. The obtained results are consistent with the work from Pastorczak et al. [20], regarding the resonance Raman effect in liquid

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene

• Zhao Liu,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Stefan Peeters,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Maria Clelia Righi and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 432–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.35

• special interaction and reconstruction of this system, the experimental results are not reproduced in all details. Therefore, a periodic 4 × 2 cell was utilized including such a cluster to relax and optimize the structure presented in Figure 3. The structure is built up by repeating KBr clusters forming

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• particles, two particles combine with a single neighbor (Figure 2c), which results in a cluster of three particles with one lone particle remaining. Again, the spacing between each singlet/triplet pair is 2d. The total force, F13, on a single particle is, therefore, the sum of the contributions from

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• breakpoint cluster region (BCR) gene from chromosome 22. Due to different possible breakpoints on chromosome 22, several transcripts can originate from this translocation. However, all BCR-ABL1 gene fusions described so far encode for a constitutively active BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase that promotes growth and

• nanomedicines [67]. Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) promotes carcinogenesis and progression. It also acts as a co-receptor in the EGFR signaling cascade [2][68]. The expression level of CD44 is positively correlated with the wild-type EGFR level in cancer tissues. Its downregulation/inhibition

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• -coordinated tungsten site possesses a localized 5d electron pair and, thus, can be regarded as an oxygen-deficient defect site [11]. This results in a significantly increased oxygen adsorption energy of −78 kcal·mol−1 for the W3O8 cluster. During the past decades, W3O9 clusters were investigated on different

• W3O9. To stabilize and utilize different charge states of the cluster outside the gas phase, we have prepared a substrate material, which, on the one hand, offers a sufficient template effect for the self-organization of the nanoclusters and, on the other hand, exhibits a rather low electronic surface

• W3O9 clusters as the most probable explanation. Hereby, six clusters shape again a hexagonal framework, on top of which a seventh W3O9 is adsorbed (Figure 3f). The rather exact doubled height of the inner lobes (Figure 3e) indicates a physical rise of the inner cluster, although electronic effects

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• of micrometers, which demonstrates the high depth of field of HIM compared to SEM [37]. In image 3a3, at the surface of the cell, a cluster of virus particles seems to be bound to the cell membrane (arrow). We suggest that this resembles the particle clustering by host defense protein BST-2 as it was

• presented here not only allow for the quantification of particles and clusters, but also enable an unveiled view on the interaction of virus particles with the cell membrane. The presented particle cluster seems to have a coalesced appearance, which might be caused by the virus–virus and virus–membrane

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• constant at 10 mm, OD and voltage were varied to increase substrate coverage and orientation. As seen in Figure 1c–f, complete orientation with improvable coverage has been achieved. To prevent cluster formation of the WT PM patches at higher OD, the distance between the capacitor plates was reduced to 2

• that were prepared with incubation time less than 3 min did not show any fusion. Instead, cluster formation and bending of single PM sheets were observed. An incubation time of more than 4 min results in the decomposition of the fused regions. After 5 min or more small pieces of circularly ordered PM

• no fusion but rather agglomeration is observed. Above 10 V, the patches seem to decay into smaller pieces, see Figure S4, Supporting Information File 1. A voltage of 5 V is optimal regarding the fusion results as shown in Figure 3. OD had to be low to prevent cluster formation. The number of merged

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• –Au clusters are formed with chemical compositions corresponding to the composition of the evaporated material [14]. In the case of cluster deposition onto amorphous carbon, various cluster morphologies were observed, such as cuboctahedral and decahedral. For clusters supported on a MgO substrate

• distribution of the evaporated primary fragments of the cluster due to the high ambient temperature. This interferes with the combination of the resulting clusters as a result of the high kinetic energy of the atoms, and, possibly, also of the short time of approach to the substrate. As a result, in the case

• of Cu3Au, spherical nanoparticles well separated in space were obtained with an average size of 1.9 ± 0.7 nm [3]. The maximum possible cluster size was 5.5 nm. The nanoparticles were single crystals with the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure displayed along the [110] axis and their lattice

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• , Gainesville, Florida, 32611-7200, USA Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA Department of Chemistry and the Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816-2366, USA 10.3762/bjnano.11.161 Abstract Two

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• tested using the breath media from healthy participants as a control. Cluster analysis of the testing results using the criteria we developed earlier [41] was performed to select sensors with the most similar parameters. As a result of these procedures, a set of 25 sensors was selected in which any pair

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• main etching mechanism remains the same. However, these structures stick together at the topmost point. The nanostructure bundles form during the drying process. This occurs when the capillary forces during drying are high enough to cluster neighbouring single Si wires, and the adhesion force of the

Transient coating of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with glutamate for its delivery to and removal from brain nerve terminals

• Konstantin Paliienko,
• Artem Pastukhov,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Olga Vasylchenko and
• Tatiana Borisova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1381–1393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.122

• version of ArgusLab 4.0.1 (Mark Thompson and Planaria Software LLC©) for modeling a biomodified nanoparticle, and a trial version of the Materials Sciences Suite 2015 (Schrödinger Software©) software package to generate appropriate images of the whole protein–nanoparticle cluster. Statistical analysis The

Analysis of catalyst surface wetting: the early stage of epitaxial germanium nanowire growth

• Owen C. Ernst,
• Felix Lange,
• David Uebel,
• Thomas Teubner and
• Torsten Boeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1371–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.121

• silicon oxide is related to the size of the gold droplets formed during dewetting. Since the VLS-induced nanowire growth is a catalytic process, a minimum amount of gold atoms inside the droplet is necessary to dissolve germanium inside the gold cluster. This minimum amount is exceeded only on silicon but

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• nanoparticles, without doping or doped with rare earth metals, were designed in our labs for the use in MRI. Our studies showed that their effects on cells depend on the cell type, cluster design and concentration [158][159]. Asgari et al. [160] produced 50 nm SPION–carbon dot nanoparticles, which were designed

Transition from freestanding SnO₂ nanowires to laterally aligned nanowires with a simulation-based experimental design

• Jasmin-Clara Bürger,
• Sebastian Gutsch and
• Margit Zacharias

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 843–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.69

• control of the powder temperature, and by reducing the competing Au cluster density (i.e., using a well-separated Au cluster or an abrupt gold film edge). This gives the possibility to look deeper into the laterally aligned NW growth and to achieve higher control of the resulting NW properties. To use the