Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• surface of CDs. They observed the change in PL characteristics of CDs during a period of one to four weeks and concluded that when amino-rich CDs come in contact with oxygen in the air, agglomeration of CDs is induced, and, hence, luminescence changes slowly from red to green color (Figure 5) [102]. A

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• tensile strength of ≈7.05 MPa. According to the findings in vitro, the combination of scaffolds promotes fast cell-to-cell contact, which boosts the regeneration impact on pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation [94]. The impact of a hybrid nanocomposite of poly(3

• wettability of the chitosan/reduced graphene oxide composites with specific acetic acid and lactic acid shows water contact angles of (75.40° ± 4.32°) and (36.71° ± 4.53°) [60]. The anticancer agent cisplatin was loaded into graphene oxide/hydroxyapatite/chitosan composites to enable proliferation of

• computed tomography (CT) scan radiographs which show good bone lodging in all implants. There are noticeable holes at the hydroxyapatite implant interface. Ag–Si hydroxyapatite implants, on the other hand, have a smooth contact between the host bone and the implant. Acemannan and chitosan coatings have

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

• Chen-chen Hao,
• Fang-yan Chen,
• Kun Bian,
• Yu-bin Tang and
• Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

• ). Figure 3d shows an HRTEM image of BOM-20 composites. The lattice fringes of 0.37 nm correspond to the (120) facet of α-Bi2O3 [55]. Meanwhile, the tight contact interface between Bi2O3 and MIL101(Fe) can be clearly observed. Furthermore, the elemental mapping images of BOM-20 (Figure 3e–h) reveal the

• nanoparticles and tridimensional MIL101(Fe). This 0D/3D heterojunction is conducive to fast separation and migration of the photoproduced electron–hole pairs due to more contact areas between Bi2O3 and MIL101(Fe) and shorter transfer distances of photoinduced charge carriers [8], which results in enhanced

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity of AgCoCu oxides on reduced graphene oxide in alkaline media

• Iyyappan Madakannu,
• Indrajit Patil,
• Bhalchandra Kakade and
• Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha Datta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1020–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.89

• the interaction between electrolyte and the electrode surface. We probed the water wetting ability of supported ACC-2 and supportless ACC-2* by measuring the water contact angles (Figure S8a,b, Supporting Information File 1). The rGO-supported ACC-2 material showed a higher water wettability (14 ± 1

• , materials, characterization data, electrochemical measurements, water contact angle measurements, and comparison of reported ORR activities of Ag-based catalysts. Acknowledgements Authors thank SRM IST for providing Microwave reactor facility and DST-FIST, Department of Chemistry [SR/FST/CST-66/2015(c

Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces

• Jānis Sniķeris,
• Vjačeslavs Gerbreders,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Ēriks Sļedevskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1004–1010, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.87

• -contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) using the model Park NX10 AFM. The first experiment was conducted with beam current I as the variable parameter ranging from 7 to 500 pA. However, changing the value of I also changed the beam diameter d, which is a function of I and the working distance (WD). The

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• development process that led to the anatomical investigation of honeybee mandibles. The hypothesis is that animal species that regularly have close contact with resinous plants or even actively harvest resins may have developed counter-stickiness strategies. This is because animals that permanently stick to a

• surface is in intensive contact with the sticky material during biting and shaping it. Therefore, the anatomy of bee mandibles was studied, focusing on the medial surface of the mandible tip to find possible reasons for reduced adhesion. Once physical and adhesive propolis properties as well as the

• , Germany) was attached to the metal spring with cyanoacrylate glue (5925 Ergo® Elastomer–Kisling GmbH, Bad Mergentheim, Germany). The freshly formed, cone-shaped sample of propolis was then mounted on the tip of the capillary without any additional glue. The propolis sample was brought into contact with

Design of a biomimetic, small-scale artificial leaf surface for the study of environmental interactions

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth,
• Lukas Schreiber and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 944–957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.83

• electron microscopy, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and by the determination of water contact angles, contact angle hysteresis, and tilting angles. Wheat leaves of different ages were covered exclusively with wax platelets. The extracted wheat wax was composed of alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and

• the plant cuticle and, thus, the first contact site of the plant with its biotic and abiotic environment. They form a thin crystalline wax film (less than 1 µm) and often various three-dimensional emerging wax crystals in the nano- and micrometer range (0.5–100 µm) [14][15][16]. Recrystallization of

• formation of biofilms [25][26]. A measure of the degree of wetting is the contact angle θ (CA). It describes the angle between the liquid–vapor interface and the liquid–solid interface. According to the CA, surfaces can be classified as superhydrophilic (0° < θ < 10°), hydrophilic (10° ≤ θ < 90

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• governing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) techniques in both air and water. Metrics such as minimum detectable contact potential difference, minimum required AC bias, and signal-to-noise ratio are compared and contrasted both off resonance and utilizing the

• local contact potential difference (CPD) between the probe and the sample. This, in turn, allows the work function of the sample to be measured if the work function of the probe is known and vice versa. The mapping of local electrical properties of the interface is essential to further our understanding

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• , natural biological adhesives are complex materials that have evolved to meet the various functional demands. Bioadhesion can be found in the range of the micro- to the macroscale [7]. Adhesion principles include contact mechanical principles such as capillary interactions, viscous forces, non-covalent

• achieve proper organization and communication, cells produce a large number of adhesion molecules that mediate cell contact phenomena based on receptor–ligand interactions [8]. The ability of mammalian cells to adhere to other cells, tissues, or the extracellular matrix (ECM) via specific molecular

• cells but to even display antiviral attachment properties [58]. Superhydrophobic surfaces inspired by the Lotus-effect® (>150° contact angle) have been found to diminish bacterial adhesion due to reduced protein surface adsorption [59][60][61]. Superhydrophobicity relies on the combination of chemical

DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection

• Nathalie B. F. Almeida,
• Thiago A. S. L. Sousa,
• Viviane C. F. Santos,
• Camila M. S. Lacerda,
• Thais G. Silva,
• Rafaella F. Q. Grenfell,
• Flavio Plentz and
• Antero S. R. Andrade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78

• B2902A Precision Source/Measure Unit, immediately after the functionalization process. The source–drain bias was fixed at 1 mV, and we applied the gate voltage via a gold electrode in contact with 100 mM PBS or human serum. PBS was used as electrolyte for validation of the graphene functionalization with

Numerical modeling of a multi-frequency receiving system based on an array of dipole antennas for LSPE-SWIPE

• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 865–872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.77

• of 1.1 × 10−16 W/Hz1/2. This was achieved by replacing one of two superconductor–insulator–normal tunnel junctions with a superconductor–normal metal contact. Keywords: cosmic microwave background (CMB); cold-electron bolometer; dichroic antenna; dipole antenna; LSPE-SWIPE; waveguide horn

• current noise of 4–10 pA/Hz1/2. To optimize the receiver for better noise characteristics, we consider optimized CEBs with a single superconductor–insulator–normal (SIN) tunnel junction and a single superconductor–normal (SN) contact [12]. Combined together, they form a SINS structure. This solution can

• NEP level for photon-noise limited operations, we have performed a very important optimization for cold-electron bolometer design. We changed one of two SIN tunnel junctions to the SN contact, so it became a SINS structure. This change allowed us to increase current responsivity twice and to improve

Micro-structures, nanomechanical properties and flight performance of three beetles with different folding ratios

• Jiyu Sun,
• Pengpeng Li,
• Yongwei Yan,
• Fa Song,
• Nuo Xu and
• Zhijun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.75

• nanomechanical characteristics were tested using a nanoindenter (TriboIndenter, Hysitron Inc., USA). The reduced Young’s modulus, Er, is calculated as where β is a constant related to the shape of the head (for a Berkovich indenter, the value is 1.034). Ac is contact the area and a polynomial function of

• contact depth. S is the contact stiffness. A Berkovich tip with a tip radius of approximately 100 nm was used for the tests. In order to study the effect of nanomechanical properties of different veins on the lift of the beetle hind wings, the same location of the same vein of three beetles was selected

Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

• Yujin Han,
• Pierre-Marie Thebault,
• Corentin Audes,
• Xuelin Wang,
• Haiwoong Park,
• Jian-Zhong Jiang and
• Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

• . The authors compared different modifications of the Hertzian contact mechanical model for elastic solids to account for adhesion. The authors found that the measured adhesion significantly depends on the maximum load applied before retraction. In the case of a plastic contact, adhesion was larger than

• for an elastic contact, owing to the formation and rupture of chemical bonds between tip and sample in the former case. Furthermore, we used the approach part of the curves to calculate the force–penetration curves according to δ = Z − Fn/Cn. The determination of the interfacial energy γ between an

• AFM tip and a metallic liquid alloy is based on a balance between the pressure applied by the tip onto the liquid surface and the restoring pressure due to the line tension at the liquid interface, that is, p(δ) = Fn(δ)/A(δ) = γ/P(δ), where A(δ) is the contact area and P(δ) is the perimeter between

Hierachical epicuticular wax coverage on leaves of Deschampsia antarctica as a possible adaptation to severe environmental conditions

• Elena V. Gorb,
• Iryna A. Kozeretska and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 807–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.71

• . macrophylla Jebb and Cheek, N. mirabilis (Lour.) Druce, and N. rafflesiana Jack [16][17]. The waxy (slippery) zone located inside the pitchers is highly specialized for trapping and retaining of insect prey mainly due to contamination of attachment organs of insects [16], reduction of the real contact area

• epicuticular wax structures [36]. It was found that on waxy leaves, icing started from nucleation sites on the surface of wax projections or in nanoscale depressions between them. This is why the real contact area of ice crystals was limited to a few sites at the nanoscale on or between wax projections. After

• thawing, water drops flow off the surface and therefore cannot be potentially re-frozen. The study demonstrated the following effects caused by the wax coverage: (i) Air pockets between wax projections prevent direct contact between the plant cuticle and ice crystals, and (ii) after thawing, the fluid

Optimizing PMMA solutions to suppress contamination in the transfer of CVD graphene for batch production

• Chun-Da Liao,
• Andrea Capasso,
• Tiago Queirós,
• Telma Domingues,
• Fatima Cerqueira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Jérôme Borme,
• Paulo Freitas and
• Pedro Alpuim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 796–806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.70

• , on which the graphene film would make electrical contact. The B2 PMMA/graphene films were then transferred onto the wafer and patterned by O2 plasma, followed by the sacrificial layer removal. Previous to the passivation, Al2O3 was selectively removed to improve the adhesion of the oxide passivation

• contact pads and graphene transistor channels. Finally, the stopping layer was removed by wet etching, exposing the graphene channel. In both wafers, the GFET channels had nominal dimensions of W = 75 µm and L = 25 µm. The total number of GFETs condidered in this study was 1755 on Wafer 1 and 4200 on

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• single nanoparticles. For the values of Young’s moduli, the respective curves were treated as follows: The determined spring constant and sensitivity must be applied to calibrate the cantilever deflection. To correct the vertical offset, a baseline subtraction is applied, and the contact point is

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• of pure TiO2-NT and Bi2WO6 powder samples, except for the 90%−Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT nanocomposite, which is ascribed to the higher specific surface area as well as to close contact and uniform formation of the heterostructures in between the TiO2 and Bi2WO6 phases of the Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT nanocomposites. When

Direct measurement of surface photovoltage by AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 712–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.63

• microscopy (AFM) [22]. KPFM measures the contact potential difference (CPD), which corresponds to the difference in work function between the tip and the sample, consecutively in darkness and under illumination, to determine the SPV values: SPV = CPDlight − CPDdark. In this method, the thermal drift between

Design and selection of peptides to block the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by molecular docking

• Kendra Ramirez-Acosta,
• Ivan A. Rosales-Fuerte,
• J. Eduardo Perez-Sanchez,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Josue Juarez and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 699–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.62

• , which makes it an excellent complement to docking approaches. Thus, PRODIGY web server was used to predict the binding energy of the APD–RBD and theoretical peptide–RBD complexes [39][40][41]. The input files were acquired from ADT files in the PDB format. Contact area analysis PyMOL was used to compute

• the solvent-accessible surface area of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and the peptides that were docked to it. The surface area of the RBD–ligand complex was also calculated. The following equation was established to calculate the contact area between the RBD and each ligand analyzed: where Ac is the contact area of

• contact area (Ac) with the RBD active region were determined using docking analysis. The secondary structure and net charge of the OAPs were plotted as functions of the binding energy (Figure 5) with the aim of understanding the relationship between these parameters. Figure 5 shows the secondary structure

Experimental and theoretical study of field-dependent spin splitting at ferromagnetic insulator–superconductor interfaces

• Peter Machon,
• Michael J. Wolf,
• Detlef Beckmann and
• Wolfgang Belzig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 682–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.60

• with help of the top normal contact (N), which is separated by an insulating barrier (I). (b) Circuit diagram to represent the FI–S bilayer in the quantum circuit theory. The superconductor is represented by the node, the Δ-source term, the εTh-leakage term, and its normal-state conductance G. The

A superconducting adiabatic neuron in a quantum regime

• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Dmitriy A. Rybin,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Anastasiya A. Gorchavkina and
• Arkady M. Satanin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 653–665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.57

• superconducting logic cells with magnetic representation of information [43][45][51]. Fortunately, there are already such elements based on an inductively shunted two-contact interferometer with the ability to adjust parameters. However, their behavior in the quantum mode requires an additional study. Funding The

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• algorithm was used to create fine elements at the tip of the MNs. The coefficient of friction between the contact surfaces was set to 0.42 [29]. Upon MN penetration, with a constant impact speed of 4.5 m/s, the force-displacement data were recorded to estimate the insertion force. To enable the skin

Quantitative dynamic force microscopy with inclined tip oscillation

• Philipp Rahe,
• Daniel Heile,
• Reinhard Olbrich and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 610–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.53

• for technical reasons. Consequences of this inclined AFM cantilever mount have been identified before, in particular for atomic force microscopy performed in static (“contact”) mode where an effective spring constant [6][7][8] has been introduced and a torque [9][10] as well as load [11] correction

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• greatly on the user experience and can be involved with success in the approach of more challenging situations. Particle separation and identification: A modified version of the priority-flood algorithm [24] has been used in order to distinguish particles that are in contact with each other. As a first

• maintaining the labeling at the contact between adjacent particles. Shape evaluation: The procedure consists of fitting each separated particle with an ellipsoid and recovering information about size, axis ratios, and orientation of the long axis from the fit. Both the direction and the magnitude of the semi

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• Germany) for 2 h to prevent damage to the cells. Before the experiment, the thermal noise method was used to adjust the cantilever spring constant, and then the experiment was carried out in contact mode. The AFM probe (MLCT probe, Bruker, USA) slightly contacted the cell surface and a constant force was