Effect of lubricants on the rotational transmission between solid-state gears

• Huang-Hsiang Lin,
• Jonathan Heinze,
• Alexander Croy,
• Rafael Gutiérrez and
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 54–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.3

• mechanical systems such as nanorobots [28] or mechanical calculators such as the Pascaline [29]. This draws a lot of attention to issues such as triggering rotations on a surface [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40], collective rotations [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] and rotational dissipation [49

• friction or gear–lubricant friction are accounted for within the MD simulation in the form of an irreversible rotational kinetic energy dissipation. The energy of gear rotation can be transferred to deformation energy [49] or to the lubricants due to microscopic Lennard-Jones interactions. Angular velocity

Design aspects of Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ THz sources: optimization of thermal and radiative properties

• Mikhail M. Krasnov,
• Natalia D. Novikova,
• Roger Cattaneo,
• Alexey A. Kalenyuk and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1392–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.103

• detector mesa is biased by a small alternating current and the generator by a direct current in the same range as in Figure 2a. Figure 2c shows the ac resistance of the detector mesa, Rdet, as a function of dissipation power in the generator mesa, Pgen = IgenVgen. It is anticipated that self-heating is

• monotonic (approximately linear) with the dissipation power, while the emission is nonmonotonic [14][40] because it occurs at certain bias voltages, corresponding to geometrical resonances in the mesa [14][16][24][26]. From Figure 2c it is seen that a profound EMW emission occurs in a whisker-based mesa

• device. Despite a significant progress in this direction [10][12][13][35][36][38][47], it is unlikely that a single emitter would be able to sustain the dissipation power above few tens of milliwatts. The tolerable dissipation power can be significantly enhanced by spreading it between several smaller

Alteration of nanomechanical properties of pancreatic cancer cells through anticancer drug treatment revealed by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoteng Liang,
• Shuai Liu,
• Xiuchao Wang,
• Dan Xia and
• Qiang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1372–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.101

• angle of the probe, and δ is the indentation depth. Thus the E can be calculated by transforming the above equation: Hence the Young’s modulus can be calculated by fitting the linear part of the force–distance curves, that is, the slope of the force–distance curve. Energy dissipation is the loss of

• mechanical energy during each trace–retrace cycle. The hysteresis in the force–distance curves between different types of cells indicates the energy dissipation. The dissipated energy can be calculated by the following formula, where W is the total amount of energy dissipation, and its value in the force

• indicates that pancreatic cancer softens pancreatic cells. Also, there is energy dissipation manifested as hysteresis in a cycle of force–distance curves in all four kinds of cells. The results (Supporting Information File 1, Table S2) show that the hysteresis in the force–displacement cycle of HPDE6-C7 is

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• ]. 3 Applications of nanofluidics with tunable slip length 3.1 Drag reduction Reducing drag is of great significance in many areas related to nanotechnology, such as nanotribology [117], nanomedicine [118], and electrokinetics [119] due to the low energy dissipation. For instance, it has been reported

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• quite complicated, since it requires taking into account many factors and finding the optimal balance between them. A researcher’s task can be significantly simplified by introducing new scanning techniques. Two such techniques are described: vertical and dissipation modes. Significantly simplified and

• formalized choice of the imaging parameters in these modes allows addressing a wide range of formerly challenging tasks – from scanning rough samples with high aspect ratio features to molecular resolution imaging. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; dissipation mode; scanning probe microscopy; vertical mode

• , in turn, limits the successful imaging of complex samples only to experienced researchers. In this article, we would like to draw the attention of AFM practitioners to two operating modes, the vertical mode [2] and the dissipation mode [3][4][5], which can greatly simplify and expand the

Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

• out in one-pass, with the CPD value affixed to the topographical feature and other PFT quantities (e.g., elastic modulus, pull-off force, and dissipation) at each location during scanning. A typical cantilever deflection to the synchronized PFT and KPFM modulations over three consecutive PFT

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• quantities, that is, frequency (giving the stiffness), amplitude (giving the piezoresponse), Q (dissipation), and phase (directionality of polarization). PFM can map piezoelectric domains and the inverse piezoresponse of a sample, but signals are notoriously low. In this work, two arrays (real and imaginary

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• obtained at valley and rim regions is shown in Figure 4b. The grey shaded area, showing little change in dissipation, is used for the z-range for which Δf maps are acquired. The resulting difference FD = FR − FV is the additional short-range force, which solely influences rim and bridge areas and which

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• transferred charges and the corresponding CE mechanism in TENGs. The results shown in [90] suggest that the electron transfer dominates the CE process. The charge retention ability is attributed to the intrinsic potential barrier heights of the different materials, which can prevent the charge dissipation. As

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• structures are highly sensitivity to magnetic field switching and energy consumption is significantly reduced due to the absence of dissipation in such a valve in the ground (superconducting) state. Practice shows that the creation of multilayer S/F nanostructures with the required properties is an

Functional nanostructures for electronics, spintronics and sensors

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1704–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.152

• , Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium IV, described the stagnation of semiconductor technology as follows [1]: “Officially Moore’s Law ends in 2020 at 7 nm, but nobody cares, because 11 nm isn’t any better than 14 nm, which was only marginally better than 22 nm … thermal dissipation issues thoroughly

• not solve the problem [3]. The future of high-performance computing will most likely be associated with one of the alternative “post-Moore’s” technologies where energy dissipation is drastically lower. It is expected that the most promising “post-Moore’s” candidate to lead the technological way is

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• correspond to the quantum dissipation of energy, which is measured as a voltage change in the sensor element by a special device. Since the relaxation process lasts for about a minute, it can easily be recorded as an equidistant time series. We consider this series as a sensor response to the breath medium

A wideband cryogenic microwave low-noise amplifier

• Boris I. Ivanov,
• Dmitri I. Volkhin,
• Ilya L. Novikov,
• Dmitri K. Pitsun,
• Dmitri O. Moskalev,
• Ilya A. Rodionov,
• Evgeni Il’ichev and
• Aleksey G. Vostretsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1484–1491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.131

• amplifier was designed and characterized in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator at the 3.8 K temperature stage. The obtained power dissipation of the amplifier is below 20 mW. In the frequency range from 6 to 12 GHz its gain exceeds 30 dB. The equivalent noise temperature of the amplifier is below 6 K for

• for C (ranging from 4 to 8 GHz) and X (ranging from 8 to 12 GHz) frequency bands the number of amplification stages of the HBT cLNA should be increased. This leads to an increase of the total power dissipation in the dilution refrigerator, which makes its operation unstable. In contrast, using modern

On the frequency dependence of viscoelastic material characterization with intermittent-contact dynamic atomic force microscopy: avoiding mischaracterization across large frequency ranges

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1409–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.125

• studies have explored different phenomena, such as energy dissipation and the proportion between elastic and viscous probe–sample interactions during the measurement [22][23][24][25][26][27]. A large number of publications have focused on the study of the phase signal (i.e., the lag of the oscillatory

• ]) and band-excitation AFM [9][29], as well as dynamic methods based on multifrequency AFM [4][5] and multi-harmonic AFM [30][31] have also been implemented to measure an effective modulus of elasticity and an effective coefficient of dissipation (or analogous quantities) across the surface. All of these

• of dynamic force spectroscopy. First, for samples exhibiting such variation in their moduli, it is not possible to assign a single value to the coefficient of viscous dissipation during deformation, since the loss modulus is not constant. The variation in the elastic modulus also precludes the

Controlling the proximity effect in a Co/Nb multilayer: the properties of electronic transport

• Sergey Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Igor Soloviev,
• Andrey Schegolev,
• Roman Morari,
• Yury Khaydukov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1336–1345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.118

• nonlinearly transform the incoming signal (neurons), which is connected by linear tunable connections (synapses). There are more than 106 synapses in the neural networks that are used in these applications. The energy dissipation at these interconnects is a serious problem, which motivates the search for

• investigate neural networks (and primarily synapses) with an ultra-small energy dissipation. That was done based on adiabatic superconducting logic cells with the presentation of information in the form of magnitudes and directions of currents in the superconducting circuits [17][18][19]. The main problem in

Magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point on a Casson nanofluid flow over a radially stretching sheet

• Ganji Narender,
• Kamatam Govardhan and
• Gobburu Sreedhar Sarma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.114

• for higher values of the radiation parameter in a Casson nanofluid. Keywords: Casson nanofluid; magnetohydrodynamics (MHD); stagnation point; thermal radiation; viscous dissipation; Introduction The heat transfer mechanism has been known for its significant importance in many fields of engineering

• ) fluid upon Joule heating and thermal radiation, using the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model. Hayat et al. [17] investigated the mass exchange and MHD flow of a UCM fluid passing over an extended sheet. Ibrahim and Suneetha [18] studied the effects of Joule heating and viscous dissipation on steady

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• of successful studies, the direct application of colloidal solutions containing photothermally active gold nanoparticles may be limited particularly due to the risk of accumulation in the body. Moreover, due to the heat dissipation in aqueous solution, high laser intensities are usually required to

A Josephson junction based on a highly disordered superconductor/low-resistivity normal metal bilayer

• Pavel M. Marychev and
• Denis Yu. Vodolazov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 858–865, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.71

• composed of a highly disordered superconductor (S) and a low-resistivity normal metal (N) with proximity-induced superconductivity. In such a junction, the N layer provides both a large concentration of phase in the weak link and good heat dissipation. We find that when the thickness of the S and the N

• obtain high noise immunity. But due to large critical current and bad heat dissipation their IVCs are hysteretic due to Joule heating () and the subsequent formation of a stable region with suppressed superconductivity (a so-called “hot spot”) at I > Ic [6][7][8][9]. At temperatures near the critical

• temperature Tc the hysteresis is absent because of the low Ic and, therefore, small dissipation, but this leads to a small voltage Vc. Therefore, eliminating the thermal hysteresis without sacrificing the voltage Vc is important, albeit a nontrivial problem. One solution is a normal metal shunt either on top

Quantitative determination of the interaction potential between two surfaces using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Nicholas Chan,
• Carrie Lin,
• Tevis Jacobs,
• Robert W. Carpick and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 729–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.60

• were considered because the retraction curves have been previously shown to be affected by creep of the piezoelectric actuator and energy dissipation processes [51][52]. These artifacts and dissipation processes are indistinguishable from the interaction forces, rendering the retraction curves far more

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• of magnetic NPs (e.g., iron oxide and cobalt oxide NPs) into capsules allows them to respond to magnetic stimuli and produce heat due to magnetic energy dissipation, mechanical vibrations and motion induced in the film, thus releasing the cargo [80]. The Fe2O4-PAH capsules studied with A549 cancer

Atomic-resolution imaging of rutile TiO₂(110)-(1 × 2) reconstructed surface by non-contact atomic force microscopy

• Daiki Katsube,
• Shoki Ojima,
• Eiichi Inami and
• Masayuki Abe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 443–449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.35

• the sample surface that cause a deformation of the surface structure. In this case, a non-conservative force induced by surface structure deformations acts between the tip and the sample surface [36][37] and the signal should be observed as an energy dissipation. In the case of surface deformation, a

• dissipation signal range of 0.3–0.4 eV/cycle on the deformation site has been reported [37][38]. However, our dissipation images showed almost no contrast variation within a range of 0.12 ± 0.11 eV/cycle. This means that the effect of the tip-induced surface deformation is negligibly small, and that the high

High dynamic resistance elements based on a Josephson junction array

• Konstantin Yu. Arutyunov and
• Janne S. Lehtinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 417–420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.32

• are quoted: severe heat dissipation per unit volume (surface), and various quantum phenomena that drive the operation of ultra-small devices and make them different from devices in the conventional (classical) regime. The radical solution to the first problem is to build the critical elements using

• is compared to values of ≈100 MW for conventional semiconductor complementary metal–oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In addition to heat dissipation, another issue is the speed of processing. It has been shown that the operational frequency of superconducting logic can be at least 100 times

• fluctuations. The absence of dissipation makes such elements very useful for experimental studies of mesoscopic scale objects at ultralow temperature applications, where even a very small amount of Johnson noise may overheat electrons above the phonon bath. However, the non-linearity of a SIS junction I–V

Nonequilibrium Kondo effect in a graphene-coupled quantum dot in the presence of a magnetic field

• Levente Máthé and
• Ioan Grosu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 225–239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.17

• EOM and NCA [12]. It was found that in the nonequilibrium DOS the Kondo peaks are located at the values of the chemical potentials and are suppressed due to nonequilibrium dissipation processes. In the presence of a magnetic field, the Zeeman energy shifts the Kondo peaks from the chemical potentials

Nanosecond resistive switching in Ag/AgI/PtIr nanojunctions

• Botond Sánta,
• Dániel Molnár,
• Patrick Haiber,
• Agnes Gubicza,
• Edit Szilágyi,
• Zsolt Zolnai,
• András Halbritter and
• Miklós Csontos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 92–100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.9

• of the pulse, i.e., the switching happens in less than 500 ps. According to the telegraph equations the actual voltage drop on the junction is 2VRefl. From this we estimate 50–100 pJ energy dissipation along the switching pulses, which is more than an order of magnitude smaller than the programming