Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• average velocity for five different ISMEs with hexagram shapes ± s.e.m. (f) Images of MNP-loaded ISMEs performing capture, transportation, and release of cell aggregates, separation following release, and eventually dissolution in response to a change of the pH value. Scale bar: 250 µm. Reproduced from

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• according to the Stransky–Krastanov growth regime [16][17][18][19], whereas at elevated temperatures such processes are associated with the solid dissolution of the layers of precipitated material [20][21]. Surface EM [22][23] is widely used in the study of thin solid films, for example, for the formation

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• transformation, dissolution, and degradation behaviour of different types of AgNPs were evaluated in systems modelled to represent biological environments relevant for oral administration, as well as in cell culture media and tissue compartments obtained from animal models. A multimethod approach was employed by

• vivo settings. Keywords: animal tissue; biological media; nanoparticle aggregation; nanoparticle dissolution; nanoparticle reformation; silver nanoparticles; Introduction The global consumption of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been steadily increasing in the last decade and estimated to reach over

• will not be retained in biological media [9][10][11][12][13][14]. In biological media, AgNPs may be transformed into different forms by aggregation, agglomeration, dissolution, interaction with biomolecules, or generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may lead to the coexistence of

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• progress. The degradation of electrocatalysts is a highly complex process and it can proceed in accordance with different mechanisms [9]. It has been established that the regression of Pt/C functional characteristics can be associated with different reasons, including the dissolution of small platinum NPs

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• . Solvothermally synthesized nanoceria dissolve in acidic environments, accelerated by carboxylic acids. NM-212 dissolution has been reported to be minimal. To gain insight into the role of high-temperature exposure on nanoceria dissolution, product susceptibility to carboxylic acid-accelerated dissolution, and

• its effect on biological and catalytic properties of nanoceria, the dissolution of NM-212, a solvothermally synthesized nanoceria material, and a calcined form of the solvothermally synthesized nanoceria material (ca. 40, 4, and 40 nm diameter, respectively) was investigated. Two dissolution methods

• were employed. Dissolution of NM-212 and the calcined nanoceria was much slower than that of the non-calcined form. The decreased solubility was attributed to an increased amount of surface Ce4+ species induced by the high temperature. Carboxylic acids doubled the very low dissolution rate of NM-212

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• biomedical applications, such as in therapies that involve magnetic manipulation with photothermal effect promoting a localized bactericidal activity [42][47][48][49]. Properties and oxidative dissolution The oxidative dissolution of AgNPs occurs by the oxidation of silver to silver oxide (Ag2O), with

• release of Ag+ in solution and exposure of unoxidized metallic silver, which may undergo additional oxidation leading to the corrosion of AgNPs [50]. This oxidative dissolution can be influenced by extrinsic factors, such as artificial/solar light and storage temperature as well as by intrinsic factors

• , such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and zeta potential (ZP) [51][52][53]. The storage temperature is a critical factor that controls the percentage of oxidative dissolution of AgNPs. The higher the temperature, the greater the speed of the dissolution reaction [54][55]. Kittler et al. studied the dissolution

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• −1 shows that the values of specific capacity consecutively rise over the theoretical capacity value and are maintained at 1060 mAh·g−1 after 100th cycle. This phenomenon is well known for different transition metal oxide electrodes and is usually ascribed to the reversible formation/dissolution of a

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• without any changes, aside from oxidation. Here we demonstrate that iron as well as cobalt oxide structures on top of a cross-linked SAM on Ag/mica do change more significantly. The Fe(NO3)3 solution used for etching of the Ag layer also dissolves the cobalt oxide structures and causes dissolution and

• etching of the Au layer a solution of KI/I2/H2O is used, whereas for the dissolution of Ag a solution of Fe(NO3)3 is necessary. The SAM was cross-linked into a CNM by using a flood gun employing 100 eV electrons and an electron dose of 60 mC/cm2 after the EBID structures were fabricated. Before removing

• oxidation [21], the transfer of a SAM/CNM grown on Ag induces more significant changes to the deposit. One main difference of the transfer process is that for the dissolution of the Ag layer the sample is exposed to a Fe(NO3)3 solution overnight, whereas the Au layer can be etched away with a KI/I2/H2O

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• human cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)). AgNPs were synthesized in-house and characterized using a multimethod approach. Results indicated the transformation of NPs in RPMI medium with a change in size and polydispersity over 24 h of exposure due to dissolution and reprecipitation. No

• concentration of 1000 µg·L−1, with the remainder lost to surfaces such as containers or filter membranes. To confirm the results in the medium, and to compare the dissolution in RPMI and UHPW, the dissolution test was repeated using AgNO3 in UHPW and RPMI medium at two concentrations (500 and 1000 µg·L−1

• of NPs are related to Ostwald ripening of NPs [36], as evidenced in our STEM results. The subsequent reduction in size is explained as further transformations that are dominated by dissolution [36]. UV–vis spectroscopy data suggest some aggregation and possible shape changes after reprecipitation at

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• protect UCNPs surfaces from dissolution. In contrast to a more complex polymeric coating, silica surfaces can be easily functionalized with a wide range of coupling agents and biomolecules, and the interior of the silica shell can be modified by integrating dye molecules, for example. However, amorphous

• silica is a porous material. A typical Stöber silica has a pore size of around 1–4 nm [35][36]; therefore, a thin silica coating shell cannot completely inhibit the dissolution of UCNPs [37]. The thickness of silica shells on UCNPs can be easily adjusted over a wide range [38]. Lathinen et al. have shown

• , Table S1 shows the amounts of detected filtered ions, from initial ion concentration values of 1.0 ± 0.1 and 2.0 ± 0.1 ppm, after dissolution in water. The recovery rate of the ions in water was the lowest for Er3+ (approx. 6%), followed by Yb3+ (17–21%) and Y3+ (38–45%). Due to these results and to the

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• redox couples (ferricyanide/ferrocyanide) in aqueous media. However, these films were rapidly dissolved in 1 M NaOH (≈100 nm/h). The dissolution was slower in 1 M H2SO4 (1 nm/h) but after 24 h the blocking behaviour was entirely lost. The optimal stability was reached at pH 7.2 where no changes were

• , F:SnO2 on glass). The resistance to dissolution in aqueous solutions of various pH values was tested as well as the blocking capability of electron transport as criteria for the presence or change of Al2O3 on the surface. Experimental K3[Fe(CN)6], K4[Fe(CN)6], KCl, NaOH, and H2SO4 were of analytical

• cycles. The layer thickness of the films was determined via referenced spectroscopic ellipsometry (RSE, Accurion). In the range of 10 to 200 deposition cycles, the measured deposition rate was 0.085 nm/cycle, corresponding to layer thickness values of 2.5, 5, 10, and 17 nm, respectively. For dissolution

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• Pt substrates using a sonoelectrochemical ORC method with different ratios between the time periods of deposition and dissolution. The detection level of R6G molecules was 2 × 10−13 mol·L−1 and the highest enhancement factor achieved was 2.3 × 108. Yang et al. [36] used ORC treatments in KCl solution

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• catalytic metal that supports the wet etching of silicon. However, copper dissolves in the harsh HF/H2O2 solution too fast for the etching of high aspect ratio templates. On the other side, this metal can be used to increase surface roughness. The complete dissolution of copper leaves a clean metal-free

• surface. The wafer etched with the low H2O2 concentration shows large cavities after wet etching. Figure 8a and Figure 8b are centred at one of these cavities. The use of a higher H2O2 concentration leads to a faster copper dissolution. Therefore, the cavities in Figure 8c,d are significantly smaller. In

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• threshold value for catalyst corrosion via Pt dissolution of 2 nm reported in the literature [16][34], which is not the case for HiSPEC4000 (mean particle diameter of 4.5 nm). After 10,000 cycles, no significant ECSA value could be measured for any of the catalysts. Furthermore, during the first 500 cycles

Straightforward synthesis of gold nanoparticles by adding water to an engineered small dendrimer

• Sébastien Gottis,
• Régis Laurent,
• Vincent Collière and
• Anne-Marie Caminade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1110–1118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.95

• gold atom to the sulfur atom and thus the electron-withdrawing power of the sulfur towards phosphorus decreases [42]. This is consistent with the decrease observed for the 2JPP coupling constant upon complexation (Table 1). Synthesis of gold nanoparticles and UV–vis characterization The dissolution of

• of gold nanoparticles 0.5 mL of water was added to 30 mg of the powdered dendrimer complex 4. The dissolution occurred promptly yielding a colloidal suspension that instantaneously became deep red. The gold nanoparticles were characterized using a PerkinElmer Lambda 35 UV–vis spectrometer (Waltham

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• %). It has been shown that such mixtures can remove physically adsorbed polypetides on flat surfaces [51]. The treatment was performed by soaking the membranes in the mixture for 18 hours at room temperature. Diffusion limited dissolution of the weakly bonded polymers is the main process of removal of

Three-dimensional solvation structure of ethanol on carbonate minerals

• Hagen Söngen,
• Ygor Morais Jaques,
• Peter Spijker,
• Christoph Marutschke,
• Stefanie Klassen,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Ralf Bechstein,
• Lidija Zivanovic,
• John Tracey,
• Adam S. Foster and
• Angelika Kühnle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 891–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.74

• of the earth’s crust and their interaction with the environment is relevant for a wide range of geological processes, such as dissolution and weathering. Moreover, calcite plays a prominent role in many industrial processes, for example, incrustation inhibition and desalination. As any interaction

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• the assumed decrease of the electrochemical activity, suggested by the reduction of the ESM signal intensity. In former studies of LFP degradation, the main effect observed was iron dissolution and Fe2+ migration to the anode and redeposition. Fe particles on the anode play a decisive role in

• accelerated SEI formation [9][69][70]. Iron dissolution from LFP has been found to increase with water content of the electrolyte and phase impurities in the cathode. The dissolution of iron leads to Fe-deficient inactive phases. The aged cathode showed a higher Fe content on the cathode surface and lower Fe

• content in the cross-section (Fe mass content fresh: 32.1 ± 0.3% and aged: 27.8 ± 0.8%), indicating iron dissolution from the bulk material [71]. Another factor influencing the ESM signal is the structure of the material. Chen et al. observed a dependency of the crystallinity of LFP on the ESM signal and

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• significance in biotechnological and nanotechnological frontiers with applications in the fields of chemistry, physics, biology and medicine [1]. The multilayered capsules are fabricated by alternate deposition of anionic and cationic PEs on a sacrificial colloidal template, followed by the dissolution of the

• core. The schematic diagram of layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition on colloidal templates, core dissolution and drug encapsulation into LbL-assembled capsules is shown in Figure 1. The method of fabricating core–shell particles and multilayered hollow capsules via LbL assembly was originally proposed and

• important step for hollow multilayer capsule preparation is the dissolution and complete removal of its core whose size can vary from nanometers to micrometers. The template should be inert and should not affect the chemical and mechanical properties of the polymer shell. A wide range of organic and

Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand

• Nicole Fillafer,
• Tobias Seewald,
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 466–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.38

• 600 s is sufficient (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S13). 1H NMR requires the dissolution of the materials in MeOD, which is indeed destructive. However, an exact DOI can be evaluated. After irradiation 2D-AzoC2 shows a very low DOI of 2.5%, while 2D-AzoOC4 and 2D-AzoOC12 show slightly

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• was stirred overnight at 50 °C for complete dissolution and cooled down to RT. Then, 3 vol % of 1,8-diiodoctane were added 2 min before deposition at 1500 rpm for 120 s and 1000 rpm for 1 s on a substrate preheated to 50 °C (110 ± 10 nm). The sample was finally loaded into a secondary vacuum

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• synthesis, the ligand mixture of PVP and PEI was heated to dissolution in the solvent TREG at 90 °C for 10 min. The iron precursor, Fe(acac)3 was subsequently added to this reactant mixture and thermally decomposed at 290 °C for 1 h to form the iron oxide NPs. The different biocompatible iron oxide NP

Influence of the epitaxial composition on N-face GaN KOH etch kinetics determined by ICP-OES

• Markus Tautz,
• Maren T. Kuchenbrod,
• Joachim Hertkorn,
• Robert Weinberger,
• Martin Welzel,
• Arno Pfitzner and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 41–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.4

• process control, etching can be terminated at the 2D–3D interface. This therefore constitutes a useful tool for the selective dissolution of distinct epilayers exposed on the wafer surface. The finding that the interface leads to plateau formation or even etch stop up to this point was not expected. The

Gold and silver dichroic nanocomposite in the quest for 3D printing the Lycurgus cup

• Lars Kool,
• Floris Dekker,
• Anton Bunschoten,
• Glen J. Smales,
• Brian R. Pauw,
• Aldrik H. Velders and
• Vittorio Saggiomo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 16–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.2

• dissolution of AgNP@PVA which can compete with PVP on the nanoparticle surface. We studied this effect also by SAXS, comparing the size distribution of the nanoparticles in solution, the ones from the dissolved AgNP@PVA and also the ones in a 3D printed AgNP@PVA. SAXS analyses of the three samples do not show