Two step formation of metal aggregates by surface X-ray radiolysis under Langmuir monolayers: 2D followed by 3D growth

• Smita Mukherjee,
• Marie-Claude Fauré,
• Michel Goldmann and
• Philippe Fontaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2406–2411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.247

• significant increase of radiolysis kinetics, which is of course related to the increase of the dose rate directly related to the source intensity. Such a reduction of the saturation time (one order of magnitude) makes the observation of the film transformation accessible when irradiation continues after the

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

Orthogonal chemical functionalization of patterned gold on silica surfaces

• Francisco Palazon,
• Didier Léonard,
• Thierry Le Mogne,
• Francesca Zuttion,
• Céline Chevalier,
• Magali Phaner-Goutorbe,
• Éliane Souteyrand,
• Yann Chevolot and
• Jean-Pierre Cloarec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2272–2277, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.233

• gun (ion current of 2 nA). Areas of 300 × 300 µm were scanned. Under the present operation conditions, the lateral resolution is on the order of 1 μm. Submicron resolution can be achieved, albeit hindering mass resolution. The ion dose was kept below the static conditions limits. The data were

Fabrication of hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds by incorporating ligand-free hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into biodegradable polymer scaffolds and release studies

• Balazs Farkas,
• Marina Rodio,
• Ilaria Romano,
• Alberto Diaspro,
• Romuald Intartaglia and
• Szabolcs Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2217–2223, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.227

• the vertical position of the scaffold-holding platform immersed in the resin container cup. After one layer is photocured the W stage moves downwards into the resin and allows the recast of a fresh liquid resin layer on top of the previously cured layer. The applied light dose determines the actual

Distribution of Pd clusters on ultrathin, epitaxial TiO_x films on Pt₃Ti(111)

• Christian Breinlich,
• Maria Buchholz,
• Marco Moors,
• Tobias Pertram,
• Conrad Becker and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2007–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.204

• photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements indicated the existence of an oxygen-terminated Ti–O bilayer [6][7]. Depending on the applied oxygen dose, the z'-TiOx phase covers different fractions of the crystal surface, ranging from small separated islands up to a nearly complete film covering the whole

An ISA-TAB-Nano based data collection framework to support data-driven modelling of nanotoxicology

• Richard L. Marchese Robinson,
• Mark T. D. Cronin,
• Andrea-Nicole Richarz and
• Robert Rallo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1978–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.202

• to record the “percent cytotoxicity” (a measure of cell death relative to controls equal to 100 – “percent viability”) [100] associated with specific sample preparations, i.e., a specific value for the administered concentration or dose [101]. Other “Measurement Value […]” columns were designed to

• record measures of cytotoxicity derived from dose (or concentration) response relationships: the lowest observed effect level (LOEL) [102] (used, in the current work, to denote the lowest concentration/dose at which significant cell death relative to controls is observed), the LC50 [103] and LD50 [104

• ], i.e., the concentration and dose, respectively, which, in the current context, kills 50% of the treated cells relative to controls. Values in these latter columns should be associated with “derived sample” identifiers as introduced in NanoPUZZLES business rule no. 10 (see section 4 and Supporting

The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors

• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Ragesh Kumar T. P.,
• D. Howard Fairbrother and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1904–1926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.194

• . Hence, through electron irradiation, a chemical change clearly converted the physisorbed MeCpPtMe3 to a chemically bound deposit containing platinum and carbon. In addition to the mass spectra recorded to monitor desorbing fragments, the evolution of the surface composition with increasing electron dose

• in Figure 10. This ratio was found to remain the same for initial film thicknesses of 1–3 nm and for incident electron irradiation with 500 and 200 eV electron energy. Furthermore, the RAIRS data showed a systematic loss of absorbance in the ν(C–H) stretching region with increasing electron dose. The

• the chemical composition of the remaining film was probed by XPS, HREELS was used to study the change in vibrational modes of the adsorbed molecules. Figure 15 shows a time-resolved mass spectrum monitoring the PF3 desorption during electron exposure after an initial electron dose of 0, 1.5 × 1014

Nanocuration workflows: Establishing best practices for identifying, inputting, and sharing data to inform decisions on nanomaterials

• Christina M. Powers,
• Karmann A. Mills,
• Stephanie A. Morris,
• Fred Klaessig,
• Sharon Gaheen,
• Nastassja Lewinski and
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1860–1871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.189

• federated repositories allows each separate community to tailor the workflow to their available resources, especially in this fluid period of debates regarding dose metrics, physicochemical characterization data sets, and protocol standardization. Notably, in some organizations the term “curation” may be

NanoE-Tox: New and in-depth database concerning ecotoxicity of nanomaterials

• Katre Juganson,
• Angela Ivask,
• Irina Blinova,
• Monika Mortimer and
• Anne Kahru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1788–1804, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.183

• , i.e., NOEC (no observed effect concentration) values. However, some studies did not report any classical toxicity values because only one or two concentrations of NPs were tested by the authors; that did not allow for the establishment of a dose–response curve and, thus, calculations of E(L)C values

Analysis of soil bacteria susceptibility to manufactured nanoparticles via data visualization

• Rong Liu,
• Yuan Ge,
• Patricia A. Holden and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1635–1651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.166

• in all the 15 treatments with an average relative abundance of 52% (Figure 2), while, for a specific treatment with ZnO MNPs at the dose of 0.1 mg/g (soil) and exposure time of 60 days, its relative abundance is 50% (Figure 4). Each taxon bar is further split into sub-bars representing its

• Rhizobiales by up to 32% and 35%, respectively. Such relative abundance reductions of Rhizobiales indicate that the two MNPs at high dose could stress the Rhizobiales. Studies have reported that Rhizobiales is an important order taxon containing N2-fixing bacteria that are able to symbiotically associate with

• legume roots to fix atmospheric N2 into ammonium for plant growth [48]. One can also explore the effect of treatment on bacterial taxa (treatment → bacterial taxon). For example, the relative abundances of the 14 order taxa displayed in Figure 4 illustrates treatment with ZnO MNPs at the dose of 0.1 mg/g

The eNanoMapper database for nanomaterial safety information

• Nina Jeliazkova,
• Charalampos Chomenidis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Bengt Fadeel,
• Roland Grafström,
• Barry Hardy,
• Janna Hastings,
• Markus Hegi,
• Vedrin Jeliazkov,
• Nikolay Kochev,
• Pekka Kohonen,
• Cristian R. Munteanu,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Bart Smeets,
• Pantelis Sopasakis,
• Georgia Tsiliki,
• David Vorgrimmler and
• Egon Willighagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1609–1634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.165

• . The data model is sufficiently flexible to represent scenarios like multiple endpoints readouts within a single experiment, dose response data as well as replicated measurements. Examples are shown in the visualisation section. Ontology The eNanoMapper strategy to adopt and extend ontologies in

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• , which reduces the intensity of the beam [10][11][12]. This again is of benefit for imaging soft matter materials because a lower electron dose means less damage to the material. More importantly, it improves the energy resolution for spectroscopic studies, which is another major step in the increase of

• generally accepted as reasonable. Additionally, the increase of the scattering cross section at low voltage improves the signal to noise ratio for light elements as carbon and results in an enhancement in contrast [38][49]. Following the discussion on lowering the voltage, the dose of incident electrons

• must be considered as well. Electrons accelerated by voltages close to the knock-on threshold of 80 kV or 60 kV may still displace carbon atoms in a graphene lattice, particularly the ill-bonded atoms at defects, surfaces or interfaces. Lowering the dose can therefore reduce such damage. This can be

Formation of pure Cu nanocrystals upon post-growth annealing of Cu–C material obtained from focused electron beam induced deposition: comparison of different methods

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Alfredo Rodrigues Vaz,
• Yucheng Zhang,
• Andrzej Rudkowski,
• Czesław Kapusta,
• Rolf Erni,
• Stanislav Moshkalev and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1508–1517, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.156

• of 0.25 nC/µm2 (100 repetitions) and 2.5 nC/µm2 (1000 repetitions). For the 15 μm long lines we used 100 µs dwell time per pixel, 0.5 nm pixel distance, and 300 line repetitions with a refreshment time of 3 s. The beam current was 1 nA, which corresponds to the dose of 9 nC/µm2 and exposure time of

• irradiation dose of these regions and hence a slightly less reticulated carbon network which facilitates segregation at many places. For laser-induced heating we found the same phenomenon of surface precipitation of Cu nanocrystals although the annealing time was only one minute. Also the same trend in the

Using natural language processing techniques to inform research on nanotechnology

• Nastassja A. Lewinski and
• Bridget T. McInnes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.149

• the sentence “The purpose of this study was to review published dose-response data on acute lung inflammation in rats after instillation of titanium dioxide particles or six types of carbon nanoparticles.” with the NANO, EXPO, TARGET and TOXIC mentions within the sentence “The purpose of this study

• was to review published dose-response data on acute lung inflammation in rats after installation of titanium dioxide particles or six types of carbon nanoparticles ).” Features extracted from the context

• the human health or environmental impact of ENMs, it is important to recognize that risk is a function of exposure and hazard. Without exposure, there is no risk. All substances are potentially hazardous depending on the dose or concentration encountered. In addition, the biological response data of

PLGA nanoparticles as a platform for vitamin D-based cancer therapy

• Maria J. Ramalho,
• Joana A. Loureiro,
• Bárbara Gomes,
• Manuela F. Frasco,
• Manuel A. N. Coelho and
• M. Carmo Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1306–1318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.135

• dose-response profiles and determine the concentration inhibiting the net cell growth by 50% (GI50). This step was perfomed following the incubation period, and subsequent comparison of these results with those obtained for cells that had been fixed at time zero (the time at which calcitriol/NPs were

Heterometal nanoparticles from Ru-based molecular clusters covalently anchored onto functionalized carbon nanotubes and nanofibers

• Deborah Vidick,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Michel Devillers,
• Claude Poleunis,
• Arnaud Delcorte,
• Pietro Moggi,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo and
• Sophie Hermans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1287–1297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.133

• where Ru contributes more dose than Pt (Figure 6c). This is in agreement with a Ru/Pt 5:1 stoichiometry in the starting cluster. However, for ultrasmall nanoparticles, as indicated with spot 2 (approximately 1 nm in diameter), only Ru is detectable (Figure 6d). Due to the ultrasmall size of these

Scanning reflection ion microscopy in a helium ion microscope

• Yuri V. Petrov and
• Oleg F. Vyvenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1125–1137, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.114

• . Ion beam-induced sputtering always takes place and, unfortunately, the sputtering yield increases at low angles, and even for ions as light as He this can exceed one atom per ion. Thus, this effect is the main factor limiting the acquisition time. Most of the images were obtained with a dose of about

• 1014 cm−2, and the largest ion dose used for the acquisition of RI images of Au on carbon was about 1015 cm−2. In this case we expect the sputtering of a single atomic layer of the sample. The resolution of the obtained images was insufficient to observe such a sputtering effect, but it can be a

High sensitivity and high resolution element 3D analysis by a combined SIMS–SPM instrument

• Yves Fleming and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1091–1099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.110

• be confirmed as the originating ion signal is about 2400 cps whereas after SIMS analysis this signal has decreased to 15 cps. Indeed, the 3D SIMS–SPM reconstruction shown in Figure 4b obtained after a primary ion dose of 2.4 × 1016 ions/cm2 nicely correlates the changing SIMS 12C2− signal with the

• changing angle of the surface of the structure. Figure 4c shows the same sample after a SIMS analysis with a dose of 1.2 × 1017 ions/cm2. The carbon layer was now completely removed by sputtering. As can be seen from the overlaid line scans taken before and after the end of the SIMS analysis and presented

• image showing the 12C2− secondary ion intensity recorded from the TaN reticule with a 10 nm carbon capping layer (a). 3D SIMS–SPM reconstruction combining the chemical information as well as the topographical information after a dose of 2.4 × 1016 ions/cm2 (b) and after a dose of 1.2 × 1017 ions/cm2 (c

Tunable magnetism on the lateral mesoscale by post-processing of Co/Pt heterostructures

• Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy,
• Maksym Kompaniiets,
• Roland Sachser,
• Fabrizio Porrati,
• Christian Gspan,
• Harald Plank and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1082–1090, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.109

• chamber up to a pressure of 1.5 × 10−5 mbar. While kept at 300 °C, samples A and C, and D were additionally irradiated with the electron beam (5 kV/1 nA, 20 nm pitch, 50 μs dwell time), whereas sample B was left non-irradiated. The irradiation dose was 100 nC/μm2 for all irradiated samples. After this

Patterning technique for gold nanoparticles on substrates using a focused electron beam

• Takahiro Noriki,
• Shogo Abe,
• Kotaro Kajikawa and
• Masayuki Shimojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1010–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.104

• patterns, the electron dose was about 0.07 nC/μm2. This process immobilized the irradiated particles on the substrate by changing the structure of the organic molecules that surrounded the irradiated particles. The detailed mechanism of this step was discussed above. Step (iii): removal of unfixed

Fabrication of high-resolution nanostructures of complex geometry by the single-spot nanolithography method

• Alexander Samardak,
• Margarita Anisimova,
• Aleksei Samardak and
• Alexey Ognev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 976–986, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.101

• dose greater than 0.1 pC per dot. A single-spot enables the fabrication of a nanoring, while a chain of spots placed at distance of 5–30 nm from each other allows the production of a polymer pattern of complex geometry of sub-10 nm resolution. We demonstrate that in addition to the naturally oxidized

• lithography; exposure dose; high-resolution lithography; nanomagnets; nanostructure; overexposure; PMMA; polymer; resist carbonization; Introduction The continuous growth of the nanotechnology and microelectronic industries requires the development of new approaches and methods for the formation of nanoscale

• the production of polymer patterns with an ≈20–30 nm spatial resolution (e.g., line width or dot diameter) of smallest elements [2]. Under certain conditions (exposure at an acceleration voltage >50 kV, development at low temperatures, using a dose correction mechanism, etc.), a resolution of 5 nm for

Observing the morphology of single-layered embedded silicon nanocrystals by using temperature-stable TEM membranes

• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Daniel Hiller,
• Jan Laube,
• Margit Zacharias and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 964–970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.99

• particles are clearly visible as white areas. The image has been obtained using low-dose conditions with a total dose of about 5.6 C/cm². In Figure 1c, the dose amounts to about 4.5 × 102 C/cm² in the same area. The particles have significantly grown and new particles appeared, which is clearly visualized

• observed to take place in pure SiO2 and we estimated a threshold irradiation dose of about 16 C/cm². Please note that our calculated threshold dose is in close agreement with literature data [33]. The intense electron beam may cause the breaking of Si–O bonds accompanied by the creation of volatile O2

• investigation, it can be concluded that it is important to take images below the threshold dose, when dielectric films containing Si NCs are investigated. Silicon loss and out-diffusion during segregation annealing Another issue that arises directly from inspection of Figure 1a is the low areal density of

Electron-stimulated purification of platinum nanostructures grown via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Brett B. Lewis,
• Michael G. Stanford,
• Jason D. Fowlkes,
• Kevin Lester,
• Harald Plank and
• Philip D. Rack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 907–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.94

• carbon content versus electron dose. Interestingly cross-sectional TEM studies revealed that the process occurred bottom-up where the purification rate is fastest at the end of the electron-beam range in the PtCx deposit and eventually propagates to the surface. Our previous electron-stimulated

• peak as a function of effective dose (with an inset plotted versus time). Interestingly, while the current was decreased a factor of about 3.6, the purification rate only decreased a factor of approximately two (see inset). This result implies that, at lower current, purification is more efficient

• (note that low current purifies at lower dose). This is consistent with a 2nd order reaction in which the reaction is a function of the electron flux (or as we will demonstrate the electron energy loss density) and the concentration of the O2 reactant. At the beginning of the beam dwell the per-electron

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• [41]. This becomes a critical problem in many in vitro studies, in which the actual dose rate to the cells may be strongly affected by agglomeration kinetics and subsequent sedimentation rates rather than the original NP concentration [41]. Particle size and surface curvature have also been identified

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• showing a dose-dependent response towards protein (BSA) coated gold–silver alloy and silver nanoparticles leading up to complete arrest of maturation. Recent biodistribution studies confirmed that nanoparticles gain access to the ovaries and also penetrate the blood–testis and placental barrier. Thus, the

• <0.1% for AgNP [28] of the given dose. Once nanoparticles entered the body, the biodistribution depends on factors like particle size [31][32] and surface functionalization [33]. No clear trends have been established yet as to how those factors determine the biodistribution of the particles and further

• nanoparticle load of the embryo tremendously. In rats for instance it has been reported that of the AuNP dose applied to the mother by intravenous injection the foetus would take up approximately 0.0005–0.00006% of the particles [43]. This is supported by a study where murine preimplantation embryos were