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Search for "energy" in Full Text gives 1818 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Revealing local structural properties of an atomically thin MoSe2 surface using optical microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 572–581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.49
- addition, point defect-induced trions in monolayer WS2 on a nonconducting substrate can be visualized via photoluminescence in order to precisely explore the exciton binding energy [15]. The optical properties of edges and grain boundaries in 2D-TMDC materials have also been characterized by
- the excitation energy, leading to a giant chemical enhancement on partially oxidized MoS2 [23]. It has been also reported that the energy levels and orientation of the Raman-active probe molecule on graphene could strongly influence the Raman enhancement. Benefiting from the face-on molecular
- orientation and molecular energy levels in the vicinity of the Fermi level of graphene, the charge-transfer effect can become more pronounced [24][25]. In summary, the structural irregularities in 2D materials and molecular probe both can impact the strength of molecule–substrate interactions and then modify
Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47
- being stiffer than those that are less spread (Figure 5a and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6a). Furthermore, considering the rheological behaviour of the living cells themselves (i.e., the energy dissipated during the downward pressure of the probe to deform and recover the cells from
- deformation [38][39]) the energy dissipation was mainly caused by cell adhesion, which was a certain separation between the approach and retraction curves (Figure 5c). The results showed a negative correlation between viscosity values and substrate stiffness in PC-3 cells: the higher the substrate stiffness
Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40
- their wide bandgap energy (3.3–3.7 eV), strong luminescence [4][5], antibacterial properties, and UV-protection properties. Additionally, ZnO nanomaterials can be designed into various morphologies, such as nanoparticles, nanoneedles, nanorods, nanocages, nanocombs, and nanoflowers [5][6][7][8]. Hybrid
- methods used for obtaining ZnO nanoparticles, solution synthesis methods such as sol–gel [22], chemical precipitation [23], polyol [24], and solvothermal [25] methods, are inexpensive, consume little energy, allow for a facile control of physical characteristics and morphology of the nanoparticles, offer
- Previous simulations have shown that the Ag NPs exhibit the greatest plasmonic activity in the excitation wavelength range of 400–520 nm and the greatest absorption and electric field energy enhancement at the size of 50–60 nm, while for AuNPs these ranges are 525–580 and 90–100 nm (and potentially bigger
Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39
- been used to explain the synthesis of complex molecular species in the interstellar medium [3]. Electron–molecule collisions have been intensively studied in the gas phase and on surfaces. Depending on the electron energy and the molecular structure, several processes may occur, such as elastic
- electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) [53][54], Raman spectroscopy [55], and low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) [56] as well as by theoretical analysis [57][58][59]. It is now well established that electron irradiation leads to cleavage of C–H and S–H bonds, followed by the formation of C–C bonds
- between neighboring aromatic molecules. The mechanisms of cross-linking are dependent on the electron energy: below the ionization potential, a two-step resonant dissociative electron attachment (DEA) has been proposed [5][60][61][62]. Based on HREELS data, Amiaud et al. proposed a resonant electron
Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38
- Raman spectroscopy (WiTec CRM200, laser excitation at 632.8 nm), scanning electron microscopy (SEM Leo 1530, with a spatial resolution of 1 nm at 20 kV and 3 nm at 1 kV, equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray analysis system EDX INCA 400 from Oxford Instruments), and X-ray diffraction (STOE STADI-P
Tunable superconducting neurons for networks based on radial basis functions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 444–454, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.37
- relevant for a number of niche tasks where performance and energy efficiency are critically important. In this paper, we consider the basic elements for superconducting neural networks on radial basis functions. We examine the static and dynamic activation functions of the proposed neuron. Special
- ][25] as well as read-out circuits for quantum computing [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. They realize a unique combination of a wide dynamic range and high sensitivity when receiving signals, with high performance and energy efficiency at the stage of the processing. It seems reasonable to implement
- case of parallel magnetization of the FM layers the Cooper pairs are effectively depairing inside them (closed spin valve). For the antiparallel orientation, the effective exchange energy of the magnetic layers is averaged and suppression of the superconducting order parameter is weaker (open spin
The role of sulfonate groups and hydrogen bonding in the proton conductivity of two coordination networks
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 437–443, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.36
- different crystal structures, which has a strong effect on proton conductivity. In the Mg-based coordination network, dangling sulfonate groups are part of an extended hydrogen bonding network, facilitating a “proton hopping” with low activation energy; the material shows a moderate proton conductivity. In
- ; metal-organic framework; proton conductivity; Introduction Recent achievements in the synthesis of advanced functional materials with tailored, structure-related physical properties have stimulated the development of new concepts and devices for energy storage [1][2] and energy conversion [3][4]. Among
- and temperature can be used to estimate the activation energy EA of proton mobility by using the Arrhenius equation (Equation 1), where σ0 is a material-specific factor and kB is Boltzmann’s constant [22][23][24]: Figure 6b exhibits the Arrhenius plots, that is, ln(T·σ) vs T−1. The activation energy
A non-enzymatic electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on copper oxide nanostructures
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 424–436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.35
- nanostructures were obtained by a one-step hydrothermal oxidation method. The resulting coating is uniform and dense and shows good adhesion to the wire surface. Structure, surface, and composition of the obtained samples were studied using field-emission scanning electron microscopy along with energy-dispersive
- of the nanostructured CuO samples was studied via field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Tescan MAIA 3). The chemical composition analysis was performed via energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, Inca Synergy) integrated into the FESEM system. The crystalline structure of the samples was
- short time. The particles begin to agglomerate in order to minimize the total surface energy, forming spherical seeds, which, according to the mechanism of dissolution–secondary precipitation [78][80], overgrow with CuO petals, thereby forming 3D structures in solution. Then, under the influence of
Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32
- has established that the pull-in is a widely acknowledged instability condition that restricts the normal operating range of the devices. For instance, the pull-in between the combs can cause the leakage of the energy, which needs to be avoided in the design of microcombs [1]. Meanwhile, devices using
- ), electrostatic discharge (ESD), microfluidic, physical unclonable function (PUF), and microscale energy devices are summarized in this review, which will help researchers to understand upcoming trends regarding the pull-in effect and help engineers to further optimize the devices. Review Mechanism of the pull-in
- et al. [33] used molecular dynamics to compare the adsorption energies of GR-Au and GR-GR structures. The GR-GR structure has a higher adsorption energy of 307 mJ/m2. Mizuta et al. [7][35] assumed that the use of a GR-GR electrode structure could avoid the uncontrollable microscale interactions
Alcohol-perturbed self-assembly of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 355–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.30
- rods. This could be the result of increased hydrophobic interaction strength, as determined by Lee and co-workers [33]. If disks interact with each other too strongly in the initial non-helical conformation, the energy barrier to rearrange into a helical conformation may become prohibitive. Potential
Selected properties of AlxZnyO thin films prepared by reactive pulsed magnetron sputtering using a two-element Zn/Al target
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 344–354, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.29
- 3). The placement and number of Al rings were estimated taking into account the sputtering yield of Zn and Al (at 500 eV of the Ar ion energy YZn = 5 and YAl = 0.9 [22]) and the width of the race track (25 mm) of our magnetron source. Finally, three Al rings with diameters of 55, 60 and 65 mm were
- morphology of the surface and cross section of the deposited thin films was investigated using a FEI Helios NanoLab 600i scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) to determine the amount of Al and Zn in the deposited films (without taking the oxygen signal into
- shorter wavelengths, from about 370 to 342 nm (Figure 5b). The measured light transmission characteristics were further used to determine the thickness and the optical bandgap energy of the prepared films. For the analysis, the reverse synthesis method was applied. The analysis allowed for simultaneous
Controllable two- and three-state magnetization switching in single-layer epitaxial Pd1−xFex films and an epitaxial Pd0.92Fe0.08/Ag/Pd0.96Fe0.04 heterostructure
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 334–343, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.28
- theoretical description of the dependencies ρ(H), ρ(φH, θH) presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2b, we used an approach similar to the Stoner–Wolfarth one for a single-domain magnetic system. According to [18], the Pd0.92Fe0.08 epitaxial film is the easy-plane system; the magnetocrystaline energy of the film can
- behavior was proposed in [21]. It suggested the successive movements of two 90° domain walls. The values of the coercive fields are determined by the conditions when the energy gain due to a moment rotation overcomes the wall pinning energy: For the Pd0.92Fe0.08 film, this model describes well the
- this situation, it is no longer possible to assert that the pinning energy is constant since it decreases with decreasing the angle difference in the domain wall. For the field directions close to the hard axis (for example, at φH = 87–90°), it is generally difficult to describe the magnetization
Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for ZIF-8 membranes with enhanced gas separation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.26
- Season S. Chen Zhen-Jie Yang Chia-Hao Chang Hoong-Uei Koh Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi Kuo-Lun Tung Kevin C.-W. Wu School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt
- natural gas) with high efficiency is needed. Membrane-based separation offers a great potential for online CO2 sequestration in view of its high energy efficiency, small carbon footprint, and competitive cost compared to traditional separation processes, such as distillation and adsorption [5]. The
- a novel class of porous crystalline materials formed by interconnecting organic linkers and metal ions. They possess a high accessible internal surface area (typically 500–7000 m2·g−1) [13][14]. In comparison to zeolite membranes, the synthesis conditions of MOF membranes are less energy intensive
The effect of metal surface nanomorphology on the output performance of a TENG
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 298–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.25
- concentration, and temperature during the electrodeposition of copper. The samples were characterized using XRD and SEM. The output performance of the TENG is closely related to the size, charge density distribution, and shape of the metal nanoparticles. Keywords: charge density; green energy; metal
- nanomorphology; triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG); Introduction Energy plays a vital role in human society. It is an important material basis for human activities and promotes scientific and technological development and economic growth. The current rapid economic development almost completely relies on non
- widely exists in nature and is not fully utilized has raised great interest of researchers [1][2]. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are environmentally friendly energy collectors that improve energy utilization. They can use forms of renewable energy that are widely available in the environment and
Plasma modes in capacitively coupled superconducting nanowires
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 292–297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.24
- wire length) and geometric capacitances C1 and C2 (per unit length). In the absence of any interaction between the wires they represent two independent transmission lines where low-energy plasma excitations propagate with velocities and , respectively, in the first and the second wires. Note that the
- of inter-wire interaction. This situation can be realized provided the wires are located close enough to each other in which case the cross-capacitance Cm may become of the same order as C1,2 implying κ ≪ 1. Provided the wires are thick enough, the low-energy Hamiltonian in Equation 2 is sufficient
Investigation of a memory effect in a Au/(Ti–Cu)Ox-gradient thin film/TiAlV structure
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 265–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.21
- Lite). Additionally, circular 1 mm gold pads were evaporated on top of the prepared structure to allow for electrical characterization. The average material composition of the gradient thin film was determined using X-ray microanalysis employing an EDAX Genesis energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) as
- excitation source with Mg Kα radiation (1253.6 eV) was used. A Specs Phoibos 100 MCD-5 (5 single-channel electron multiplier) hemispherical analyzer was used to collect photoelectrons with a step size of 0.1 eV. All spectra were calibrated with respect to the binding energy of the adventitious C 1s peak at
- intensity ratio of Cu 2p1/2 and Cu 2p3/2 of approximately 0.5. It is possible to distinguish Cu oxidation states taking into consideration not only the position of the Cu 2p3/2 peak but also the satellite features that could be visible above the binding energy of this peak. According to Biesinger [48][49
Surfactant-free syntheses and pair distribution function analysis of osmium nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 230–235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.17
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej Bldg. 310, Lyngby, DK-2800 Kgs., Denmark 10.3762/bjnano.13.17 Abstract A surfactant
- by the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF-149) Center for High-Entropy Alloys Catalysis (CHEAC). This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility, operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory
Impact of device design on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of integrated Ru-terpyridine complexes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 219–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.16
- . Instrumentation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were conducted with a PHI5000 VersaProbe II using monochromatic Al Kα radiation (1.486 keV). Survey scans (187.5 eV pass energy, 0.8 eV/step) and core level spectra (23.5 eV pass energy, 0.1 eV/step) of the elements C 1s, N 1s, O 1s, S 1s, Ru 3d
- -complex wire device. In this case the linear regression reveals an activation energy of EA = 582 meV. Over all eight samples, energies ranged from 367 to 584 meV with a median of 479 meV. Thus, it is reasonable to assume thermally activated hopping conduction for these solid-state devices, as it had been
- ligands. In subsequent steps, the electrons might hop from a pyridine (phenyl) group to another pyridine (phenyl) group or to oxidized metallic cores (Ru3+). Most interestingly, the lower limit of the activation energy determined for hopping conduction through the Ru(TP)2-complex wire device corresponds
Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15
- environments, and a high strength-to-weight ratio. Moreover, titanium is somewhat negatively charged at physiological pH values because of the formation of a passive oxide layer, and its dielectric constant is equivalent to that of water [25]. The specific energy structure of TiO2 is responsible for its
- selective spectral absorption in the UV region above 3.2 eV for anatase and 3.0 eV for the rutile phase. The absorbed UV light creates electron–hole pairs that migrate to the surface, causing a redox reaction and leading to ROS formation [77]. Since energy levels are not available for TiO2 nps to facilitate
- are the cell key energy centers and are extremely sensitive to heat shock, they contribute to apoptotic cell death by generating ROS. As a result, by lowering the intensity of laser power and dosage, mitochondria-targeted PDT and PTT would provide better results. In the study of Mou and co-workers, a
Piezoelectric nanogenerator for bio-mechanical strain measurement
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 192–200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.14
- . Piezoelectric materials offer advantages as transducers, sensors, and energy-harvesting devices. Commonly, ceramics and quartz are used in such applications. However, polymeric piezoelectric materials have the advantage that they can be converted into any shape and size. In smart textiles, polyvinylidene
- posture, shape, and gesture. They primarily focused on studying a leg pad that was able to perceive the knee movement and posture [10]. Piezoelectric sensors have a wide range of applications including sidewalks or crosswalks that collect energy from vibrations, which can be store in batteries [11
- ]. Moreover, piezoelectric sensors can be used at workplaces and gyms to collect energy from machine vibrations [12]. These sensors are embedded under the shoes so that the pressure exerted during walking or running can be converted into energy and can be used for different applications. Piezoelectric sensors
Low-energy electron interaction and focused electron beam-induced deposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6)
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 182–191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.13
- source [3][4][5]. The organometallic precursors are continuously supplied to a substrate surface in proximity to the impact side of a tightly focused, high-energy electron beam in a high-vacuum instrument. Ideally, the organometallic precursor is completely dissociated through the interaction with the
- high-energy electrons, leaving a pure metal deposit on the surface, while the dissociated, volatile ligands are pumped away [3][4][5][6][7]. However, when high-energy electrons impinge on a substrate surface, these are subject to elastic and inelastic scattering and a significant number of secondary
- electrons (SEs) are produced [8][9]. Usually, the energy distribution of these SEs has a peak intensity well below 10 eV, with contributions close to 0 eV and falls rapidly off towards higher energies [9][10]. The secondary electrons are very reactive species, and in fact, the decomposition of the precursor
Theoretical understanding of electronic and mechanical properties of 1T′ transition metal dichalcogenide crystals
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 160–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.11
- Seyedeh Alieh Kazemi Sadegh Imani Yengejeh Vei Wang William Wen Yun Wang Centre for Catalysis and Clean Energy, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710054, China 10.3762
- from catalysis to energy storage and electronic devices [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Generally, each TMD layer can be described as a sandwich type of structure (X–TM–X), where TM and X are transition metal cations (e.g., Mo and W) and chalcogen anions (e.g., S and Se). Individual layers are bound via
- generalized gradient approximation (GGA) level was used [37]. Electron-ion interactions were described using PAW potentials [38], with valence configurations of 4s24p65s14d5 for Mo (Mo_sv), 4s25p66s15d5 for W (W_sv), 3s23p4 for S (S), and 4s24p4 for Se (Se). A plane-wave basis set with a cutoff kinetic energy
A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10
- regulation of parameters has made the electrospun nanofibers find its applications in various areas such as the health sector, food, energy and textile industries, and environmental remediation. Electrospun nanohybrids (ENHs) produced by immobilization of function-specific nanoparticles or mixtures of
- alone [12]. In addition, ENHs have been utilized in energy applications as well. Zhang et al. developed a graphene oxide (GO)-based nanohybrid Nafion nanofiber as a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) for fuel cells to overcome low proton conductivity, high fuel permeability, and poor stability of
- in the finally obtained membrane [51]. It is reported that the NIP filtration membranes require more energy to drive the filtration [52]. The use of electrospun membranes consequently decreases the energy consumption by allowing gravity filtration or filtration at lower pressures [53]. Also, the high
Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7
- Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam 10.3762/bjnano.13.7 Abstract Semiconducting SnO2 photocatalyst nanomaterials are extensively used in energy and environmental research because of their outstanding physical and chemical properties. In recent years, nitrogen oxide (NOx) pollutants have
- vacancy defects (OVs) [15][16]. Therefore, SnO2 is considered a potential material in various technological fields such as catalysis, optoelectronic devices, rechargeable lithium batteries, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, solar energy conversion, and gas sensing [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. In the
- catalytic area, SnO2 is an emerging material for removing contaminants such as organic dyes, phenolic compounds, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to strongly oxidizing properties thanks to flexible energy band structure, rich defects, good chemical, and high thermal stability, and easily controlled
Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6
- stabilized magnetic nanoparticles [60]. The antibody conjugation may stabilize the particles further, preventing aggregation and hence reducing the hydrodynamic size [61]. Therefore, Erb conjugation may result in a reduction of the surface energy of magnetic nanoparticles and pave the way for a decrease in
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