Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• be deposited electrolessly on a surface of an insulating material? and (2) How can the very different Young’s moduli be adapted in such a way that bending and torsion, which are inevitable during the implantation process or during usage, do not cause exfoliation of the silver film? The bendability of

• the polymer is larger by orders of magnitude than that of the coating. Therefore, a special design has to be applied to avoid cracks and exfoliation (Figure 5). Our designs are called “zebra stripe pattern” and “leopard skin”. In both cases, only fractions of the total area are coated. Here, we

Intercalation of Si between MoS₂ layers

• Rik van Bremen,
• Qirong Yao,
• Soumya Banerjee,
• Deniz Cakir,
• Nuri Oncel and
• Harold J. W. Zandvliet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1952–1960, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.196

• exfoliation. Silicon was deposited on the MoS2 samples using a custom-built Si evaporator, which consists of a small piece of a Si wafer that can be heated resistively. The distance between substrate and evaporator is about 10 cm. The silicon was deposited at a rather low deposition rate of 0.8 nm·h−1. The

Enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties of continuous-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites with stacked graphene

• Naum Naveh,
• Olga Shepelev and
• Samuel Kenig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1909–1918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.191

• an epoxy resin containing surface-active agents (SAAs) enhanced the intercalation of epoxy monomer between EG layers and led to further exfoliation of the graphite, resulting in stacks of few graphene layers, so-called “stacked” graphene (SG). This process enabled electrical conductivity of cured

• -mechanical behavior. Keywords: composite; exfoliation; graphene; surface-active agents (SAAs); thermo-mechanical properties; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been suggested as an efficient conductive filler because of the outstanding electrical properties and the high aspect ratio. CNT-modified

• -cost conductive alternative [7]. GNPs can be produced by intercalation of the graphitic layers with an appropriate agent followed by exfoliation of the graphite flakes. Exfoliation is obtained by rapid heating resulting in conversion of the intercalant to a gas phase forcing the adjacent graphene

A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• . While graphene oxide can be readily dispersed in aqueous solutions, graphene and rGO require appropriate organic solvents [11]. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is perhaps the ideal solvent for the exfoliation of graphite and graphene. However, the aggressive nature of this solvent led us to choose ethylene

Development of a nitrogen-doped 2D material for tribological applications in the boundary-lubrication regime

• Shende Rashmi Chandrabhan,
• Velayudhanpillai Jayan,
• Somendra Singh Parihar and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1476–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.147

• intercalation of –OH and –COOH functional groups in the graphite layers. N-rGO shows a broad peak from ca. 15° to 36° with a d-spacing of 0.37 nm. The decrease in the interlayer spacing from 0.79 to 0.37 nm suggests the removal of oxygen-containing functional groups from the GO interlayer during exfoliation [40

• can be attributed to the rapid removal of functional groups during exfoliation. The size of N-rGO sheets is of a few square micrometers. The samples for TEM analysis are prepared by dispersing small amount of N-rGO in 2-propanol. The dispersion is ultrasonicated for 10 min and then drop-cast over a

Growth, structure and stability of sputter-deposited MoS₂ thin films

• Reinhard Kaindl,
• Bernhard C. Bayer,
• Roland Resel,
• Thomas Müller,
• Viera Skakalova,
• Gerlinde Habler,
• Rainer Abart,
• Alexey S. Cherevan,
• Dominik Eder,
• Maxime Blatter,
• Fabian Fischer,
• Jannik C. Meyer,
• Dmitry K. Polyushkin and
• Wolfgang Waldhauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.113

• for HER, in order to allow efficient charge transport through the electro-catalyst layers [21]. Both electronic and electro-catalytic applications of MoS2 share the key pre-requisite of a scalable and controllable fabrication technique for MoS2. Starting from early attempts with mechanical exfoliation

Fully scalable one-pot method for the production of phosphonic graphene derivatives

• Kamila Żelechowska,
• Marta Prześniak-Welenc,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Izabela Kondratowicz and
• Tadeusz Miruszewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1094–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.111

• moisture, the resultant derivative of graphite is spontaneously oxidized forming phosphonic groups, with simultaneous exfoliation to produce phosphonic acid graphene [4]. However interesting, the described method is time consuming and requires specialized equipment. A multistep procedure for

The integration of graphene into microelectronic devices

• Guenther Ruhl,
• Sebastian Wittmann,
• Matthias Koenig and
• Daniel Neumaier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.107

• aspects of the integration of graphene into complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible electronic devices. Review 1 Deposition of graphene Graphene films can synthesized in numerous ways, such as mechanical exfoliation, liquid-phase exfoliation, assembly of tailored precursor molecules

Study of the correlation between sensing performance and surface morphology of inkjet-printed aqueous graphene-based chemiresistors for NO₂ detection

• F. Villani,
• C. Schiattarella,
• T. Polichetti,
• R. Di Capua,
• F. Loffredo,
• B. Alfano,
• M. L. Miglietta,
• E. Massera,
• L. Verdoliva and
• G. Di Francia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1023–1031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.103

• attractive for the applications in the field of sensing. Among the various methods for producing graphene over large areas, liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) appears to be very promising, especially if combined with inkjet printing (IJP), which offers several advantages, including the selective and controlled

• , low-cost process that meets the requests coming from the increasing field of paper-based electronics and paving the way towards a flexible, green-by-design mass production. Keywords: aqueous graphene dispersion; gas sensors; inkjet printing; liquid phase exfoliation; nitrogen dioxide; paper-based

• interfere with the response signal. All these peculiarities of graphene are widely attracting the interest of the scientific community involved in this research field, and much attention is devoted to the fabrication methods. Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) [2] is a very promising fabrication technique among

CVD transfer-free graphene for sensing applications

• Chiara Schiattarella,
• Sten Vollebregt,
• Tiziana Polichetti,
• Brigida Alfano,
• Ettore Massera,
• Maria Lucia Miglietta,
• Girolamo Di Francia and
• Pasqualina Maria Sarro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1015–1022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.102

• electrochemical exfoliation can be employed. Each provides a sensing layer with a pronounced specificity towards a particular analyte [3][4][5][6]. However, the issue of selectivity is far away from being solved. A possible solution could be represented by resorting to the design of an array of sensors that can

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• graphene from graphite by micromechanical cleavage [1]. Later, graphene was prepared in bulk from graphite utilising various approaches, including micromechanical exfoliation of pyrolytic graphite [31][32][33] (the scotch tape method), epitaxial growth [34], chemical vapour deposition (CVD) [35][36], and

• (Figure 1). Bottom-up growth of graphene includes micromechanical exfoliation of bulk graphite. The processes included in the bottom-up synthesis of graphene are CVD [39][40], arc discharge [41], and epitaxial growth [42]. Using CVD, graphene and few-layer graphene have been grown on catalytic metal

• ]. Using oxidation and exfoliation of this graphite oxide, followed by a reduction process, graphene can be achieved as highly rGO. Like graphite, GO has a layered structure, but the plane of the carbon atoms are heavily decorated by oxygen-containing groups which expand the interlayer distance and make

Analysis and modification of defective surface aggregates on PCDTBT:PCBM solar cell blends using combined Kelvin probe, conductive and bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Hanaul Noh,
• Alfredo J. Diaz and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 579–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.62

• featured structure seems to be a cluster of aggregated layer portions, as supported by the group exfoliation behavior shown in Figure S5 (Supporting Information File 1). It is worth noting here that the existence of ultra-thin mesoscopic clusters has not yet been reported, despite numerous studies on

• ), it is very difficult to determine the final destination of the material removed. We speculate that it is likely attached to the tip by attractive interactions such as van der Waals or chemical adhesion, following contact breaking and exfoliation. The effect of the bimodal AFM modification is observed

Nanostructured carbon materials decorated with organophosphorus moieties: synthesis and application

• Giacomo Biagiotti,
• Vittoria Langè,
• Cristina Ligi,
• Stefano Caporali,
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda,
• Anna Flis,
• K. Michał Pietrusiewicz,
• Giacomo Ghini,
• Alberto Brandi and
• Stefano Cicchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.52

• the materials. In particular, as confirmed by the Raman analysis, the GPs present a multilayer structure and no further exfoliation of the multi-layer GPs was observed. A useful extension of these synthetic approaches is the chance to reduce the P=O moiety to the corresponding phosphine. The

In-situ monitoring by Raman spectroscopy of the thermal doping of graphene and MoS₂ in O₂-controlled atmosphere

• Aurora Piazza,
• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Gianpiero Buscarino,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Antonino La Magna,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Marco Cannas,
• Franco Mario Gelardi and
• Simonpietro Agnello

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 418–424, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.44

• modes at 383 and 409 cm−1, respectively. This shows that the applied exfoliation process produced multilayer flakes. For all the investigated temperatures, the treatments give no detectable changes in the Raman band features. In particular we did not observe the appearance of the bands at 158, 285 and

• measurements carried out to monitor O2-doping of MoS2 on SiO2 substrates have shown that the flakes produced by exfoliation are progressively destroyed at T > 300 °C through the generation of MoO3 on their edges, while mainly unchanged MoS2 remains in the central part. Experimental The used samples are

• 25 min. Heating and cooling were executed in controlled atmosphere. MoS2 samples were obtained by mechanical exfoliation of bulk natural molybdenite crystals, obtained from SPI (http://www.2spi.com). The exfoliation was based on thermal release tape and thermocompression printing on a SiO2 (300 nm

Nitrogen-doped twisted graphene grown on copper by atmospheric pressure CVD from a decane precursor

• Ivan V. Komissarov,
• Nikolai G. Kovalchuk,
• Vladimir A. Labunov,
• Ksenia V. Girel,
• Olga V. Korolik,
• Mikhail S. Tivanov,
• Algirdas Lazauskas,
• Mindaugas Andrulevičius,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Viktoras Grigaliūnas,
• Šarunas Meškinis,
• Sigitas Tamulevičius and
• Serghej L. Prischepa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 145–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.15

• consists of mechanical exfoliation, which imposes severe mechanical, uncontrolled defects in the sample. The most common and preferable is the wet-chemical etching of the catalyst (substrate). Usually a poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) scaffold is applied to coat the graphene surface and support it during

Evolution of the graphite surface in phosphoric acid: an AFM and Raman study

• Rossella Yivlialin,
• Luigi Brambilla,
• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Carlo Spartaco Casari,
• Matteo Passoni,
• Franco Ciccacci,
• Lamberto Duò and
• Chiara Castiglioni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1878–1884, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.180

• electrochemical (EC) treatment, graphite is carefully ultrasonicated to ease the exfoliation process. After that single- or multi-layer graphene sheets with a size of about 1 μm can be retrieved from the electrochemical bath. The electronic and mechanical properties of the graphene sheets [1][2][3][4][5][6] and

• allows for successful graphite exfoliation, as reported quite recently [12][13]. However, a detailed analysis of the surface modification of a graphite crystal subjected to EC processes in phosphoric acid solution is still missing. In a recent work [7], we have shown that the EC characterization of the

• thinner modified surface layer. The C-region is compatible with incipient anion intercalation and/or exfoliation of small graphene sheets. However, a wider EC-AFM/Raman analysis on samples subjected to different CV treatments is required in order to definitely assess the ability of phosphoric acid to give

Role of RGO support and irradiation source on the photocatalytic activity of CdS–ZnO semiconductor nanostructures

• Suneel Kumar,
• Rahul Sharma,
• Vipul Sharma,
• Gurunarayanan Harith,
• Vaidyanathan Sivakumar and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1684–1697, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.161

• washed with 10% HCl and then with deionized water until pH value of the filtrate was neutral. Obtained graphite oxide was subjected to ultrasonication for its exfoliation followed by centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 15 min. The final product was obtained by drying with rotary evaporator at 40 °C followed

• of graphite and formation of GO with well-defined lamellar structure [42][43]. This interlayer distance weakens the van der Waal interactions between sheets and makes exfoliation possible [44]. Once GO is reduced to RGO during hydrothermal treatment, the (002) reflection peak of GO disappears. The

A composite structure based on reduced graphene oxide and metal oxide nanomaterials for chemical sensors

• Vardan Galstyan,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Iskandar Kholmanov,
• Andrea Ponzoni,
• Veronica Sberveglieri,
• Nicola Poli,
• Guido Faglia and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1421–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.133

• oxidation and ultrasonic exfoliation, the GO exhibits a broad and intense D band in its Raman spectrum [28]. The intensity ratio between D and G peaks (ID/IG = 0.94) also indicates the high defect concentration in GO platelets. High intensity peaks at about 520 cm−1 and 950 cm−1 in the Raman spectrum can be

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• the epoxy matrix due to strong covalent bonding [41]. The treatment with sulfuric acid and nitric acid also causes functionalization of MLG and CNTs. These oxygenated side groups exert electrostatic repulsive forces causing exfoliation. However, this acid treatment results in a shortening of the

Characterisation of thin films of graphene–surfactant composites produced through a novel semi-automated method

• Nik J. Walch,
• Alexei Nabok,
• Frank Davis and
• Séamus P. J. Higson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 209–219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.19

• Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 6PE, UK 10.3762/bjnano.7.19 Abstract In this paper we detail a novel semi-automated method for the production of graphene by sonochemical exfoliation of graphite in the presence of ionic surfactants, e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium

• sensor applications, for use in flexible electronics [2] and graphene-based printable inks for printed electrical circuits [3]. Graphene has reportedly been produced in a number of different ways. The method chosen for this research is sonochemical exfoliation in water in the presence of a surfactant, as

• subsequent reduction to graphene [5], and secondly it guarantees single-layer or few-layer graphene, rather than the potentially larger products or graphene sheets with an uneven size distribution that might be produced in other techniques such as mechanical exfoliation (the “scotch tape” method). The

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• industry in the development of this technology. There are more than ten processes available to synthesize graphene but only the following five can be reasonably considered in terms of quality and material scalability (Figure 14) [81]: Mechanical exfoliation Chemical exfoliation Chemical exfoliation via

• graphene oxide CVD Synthesis on SiC Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of quality, yield production and applications, as summarized in Table 1. In particular, mechanical exfoliation most likely produces the best samples in terms of charge carrier mobility but is probably

• based on the chemical exfoliation of graphite and thermal or chemical reduction of graphene oxide can produce graphene on an industrial scale but unfortunately with structural defects that can affect the electronic and electrical properties [84][85]. These are the main problems that impede the

Nanostructured surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes with biocompatible side groups

• Maria Nowacka,
• Anna Kowalewska and
• Tomasz Makowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2377–2387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.244

• the lamellar structure of mica. The mineral can be easily cleaved along the plane located in the K+ layer to expose a perfectly smooth surface [39] that can serve as a very good AFM imaging substrate for studies on biomaterials [40][41] and polymers [42][43]. Upon exfoliation, K+ becomes accessible to

Enhanced model for determining the number of graphene layers and their distribution from X-ray diffraction data

• Beti Andonovic,
• Abdulakim Ademi,
• Anita Grozdanov,
• Perica Paunović and
• Aleksandar T. Dimitrov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2113–2122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.216

• attracted great interest in terms of fundamental studies as well as potential applications [2]. To date, several methods have been used to produce high-quality graphene sheets, such as mechanical exfoliation of graphite, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of gases containing carbon atoms on the surface of

• molten salt, and 25 °C in aqueous solution. It should be underlined that, during the electrolysis, the cations reduced at the electrode intercalate at the graphite surface and generate a high mechanical stress that causes exfoliation of the cathode. This phenomenon enables the electrochemical synthesis

Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries

• Luc Aymard,
• Yassine Oumellal and
• Jean-Pierre Bonnet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1821–1839, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.186

• d(002) drastically increases (step B). Firstly, The mechanical energy transferred to the carbon produces an exfoliation of the graphene layer. Then, the cumulated mechanical energy coming from the grinding is sufficient to promote fissure propagation within the graphene layer, resulting in the

Electroburning of few-layer graphene flakes, epitaxial graphene, and turbostratic graphene discs in air and under vacuum

• Andrea Candini,
• Nils Richter,
• Domenica Convertino,
• Camilla Coletti,
• Franck Balestro,
• Wolfgang Wernsdorfer,
• Mathias Kläui and
• Marco Affronte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 711–719, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.72

• first consider the case of few-layer graphene flakes obtained by the mechanical exfoliation technique (see Experimental for more details). A typical flake is shown in the inset of Figure 1a. Several electrical contacts are fabricated on the same sample, leading to a certain number of nearly identical

• role to initiate the burning. Indeed, the presence of nonsaturated carbon bonds makes the edges the most reactive part of the device. Edges cleaved during the exfoliation (exfoliated graphene), edges created during the oxygen plasma (graphene on SiC and turbostratic discs after the patterning), and

• exfoliation method from natural graphite pieces on top of a p-doped silicon wafer coated with 300 nm of oxide. Flakes of suitable thickness (1 to approx. 20 layers) were located with an optical microscope on the basis of their contrast with the substrate. In some cases, the effective number of layers is also