Growth dynamics and light scattering of gold nanoparticles in situ synthesized at high concentration in thin polymer films

• Corentin Guyot,
• Philippe Vandestrick,
• Ingrid Marenne,
• Olivier Deparis and
• Michel Voué

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1768–1777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.172

• times). All these changes resulted in the deposition of thinner films doped with Au+3 ions. Briefly, in a typical synthesis, a 10 wt % PVA stock solution was prepared by heating the required amount of PVA at 85 °C under reflux till complete dissolution of the polymer. After cooling the solution to room

• the annealing every 5 min during the whole temperature ramp and stabilization period. Annealing Annealing of the samples was carried out using a THMS600 Linkam heating/cooling stage. In a typical annealing experiment, a temperature ramp of 10 °C/min starting at room temperature was applied. When the

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• induced by microwave heating [21] as well as through ligand hydrogenation [22]. The complete removal of alkynes from alkenes is very important in industrial olefin polymerization reactions. Examples are the separation of acetylene from ethylene [22][23] or of phenylacetylene from styrene [24]. The

The impact of crystal size and temperature on the adsorption-induced flexibility of the Zr-based metal–organic framework DUT-98

• Simon Krause,
• Volodymyr Bon,
• Hongchu Du,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski,
• Ulrich Stoeck,
• Irena Senkovska and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1737–1744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.169

• and the material could be heated and cooled down within this rage without any indication of structural changes (Figure 5). However, upon further heating, a clear increase in the peak intensity assigned to reflections of DUT-98ht is observed. At around 100 °C, the peaks of the op phase disappear and a

• phase-pure ht-phase is obtained. At temperatures beyond 150 °C, the peaks at 8.5 and 11.5° exhibit a gradual shift towards a higher diffraction angle, indicating a reduction of the lateral intercluster distance. This would support the proposed enhanced contraction upon heating that is potentially

• supported by the loss of lattice water not evident in the DRIFT spectra after heating (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S13). Such a ht-phase has also been observed for MIL-53, which corresponds to the loss of water from the structure. Attempts to index the obtained patterns failed potentially due to a

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• water. The remainder after the heating process was regarded as the TiO2, which accounts for 45.6 wt % of the whole. The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm of the TiO2/GO composite is shown in Figure 2d. A distinct hysteresis loop can be identified, indicating the microporous structure of the TiO2/GO

Novel hollow titanium dioxide nanospheres with antimicrobial activity against resistant bacteria

• Carol López de Dicastillo,
• Cristian Patiño,
• María José Galotto,
• Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez,
• Claudia Torrent,
• Daniela Alburquenque,
• Alejandro Pereira and
• Juan Escrig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1716–1725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.167

• , and can be irreversibly transformed into a stable rutile structure by heating, this process did not occur during calcination. The anatase–rutile transition occurs between 400 to 1000 °C, and it is dependent on several parameters, such as the size of the nanocrystals, impurity content, microstructure

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165

• example, Wang et al. developed carbon felt deposited with N-doped carbon nanotubes which showed enhanced VRFB performance [15]. He et al. produced N-doped carbon felt by heating the commercial felt at 600 and 900 °C in the presence of NH3 gas. This felt showed enhanced VRFB performance, owing to the

Nanoporous smartPearls for dermal application – Identification of optimal silica types and a scalable production process as prerequisites for marketed products

• David Hespeler,
• Sanaa El Nomeiri,
• Jonas Kaltenbach and
• Rainer H. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1666–1678, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.162

• particles were dried in an oven at 120 °C for at least 2 h. The saturated rutin solution was produced by preparing a 2% (w/w) rutin suspension in ethanol (96 vol %), heating it under agitation to 60 °C for 1 h and subsequent filtration. After cooling, it was checked that no rutin crystals precipitated out

• a heating rate of 20 K/min between 25 and 300 °C under 80 mL/min nitrogen purge. X-ray diffraction (XRD) To determine the amorphous state and possible residual crystal fractions of rutin in smartPearls, XRD was performed using a Bruker D8 (Bruker, USA) instrument (n = 1). A scan rate of 0.02°/s (2θ

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• the activation and doping reagents, the mixture was then milled in the same ball mill and vessel for 30 min and at a rotation speed of 800 rpm. The resulting polymer was pyrolyzed for one hour in argon at 800 °C with a heating rate of 150 °C·h−1 and afterwards purified with diluted HCl and water

Chiral nanostructures self-assembled from nitrocinnamic amide amphiphiles: substituent and solvent effects

• Hejin Jiang,
• Huahua Fan,
• Yuqian Jiang,
• Li Zhang and
• Minghua Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1608–1617, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.156

• heating, and the self-assembled molecules formed after cooling down to ambient temperature. At the same concentration (12 mg/mL), 2NCLG and 4NCLG formed white gels in EtOH, while 3NCLG precipitated in EtOH, as shown in Figure 1. SEM characterization Furthermore, the morphology of the 2NCLG, 3NCLG and

• for 20 min. The sovent was then removed by filtration and the white product was washed with water. The dried product was dissolved in ethanol (50 mL) again by heating and the hot solution was then poured into aqueous HCl solution (500 mL). Finally, the dried product was purified by recrystallization

Kelvin probe force microscopy work function characterization of transition metal oxide crystals under ongoing reduction and oxidation

• Dominik Wrana,
• Karol Cieślik,
• Wojciech Belza,
• Christian Rodenbücher,
• Krzysztof Szot and
• Franciszek Krok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.155

• crystals were mounted onto Omicron direct heating holders and introduced into the UHV chamber, with a base pressure of 5 × 10−10 mbar, maintained by the use of turbo-molecular, ion and sublimation pumps. In order to produce a TiO nanowire network on the surface of STO(100), the extremely low oxygen partial

High-temperature resistive gas sensors based on ZnO/SiC nanocomposites

• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Marina N. Rumyantseva,
• Alexander S. Frolov,
• Alexey D. Yapryntsev and
• Alexander M. Gaskov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1537–1547, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.151

• annealed stepwise in an argon atmosphere at 220 °C (2 h, heating rate 1 K/min), 600 °C (2 h, heating rate 1 K/min), and finally at 1150 °C (6 h, heating rate 2 K/min). The obtained amorphous SiC was additionally annealed using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method on a Spark plasma sintering system

• solution was carried out at the conditions of 1 mL/h solution feed rate, with 125 mm distance and 12 kV voltage between the needle and metal collector. The fibrous material was collected and heated at 550 °С (5 h, heating rate 1 K/min) in air in order to remove the polymer and crystallize the ZnO

Rapid thermal annealing for high-quality ITO thin films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Doina Craciun,
• Florin Garoi,
• Catalin Negrila,
• Beatrice Gabriela Sbarcea and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1511–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.149

• temperature by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering (rfMS). After deposition, the films were subjected to a RTA process at 575 °C (heating rate 20 °C/s), maintained at this temperature for 10 minutes, then cooled down to room temperature at a rate of 20 °C/s. The film structure was modified by changing the

• , the ITO films were subjected to RTA in air. This process was performed in an open resistive furnace (MILA 5000) in order to improve the structural and optical properties of the films. Thus, the samples were subjected to 575 °C at a heating rate of 20 °C/s and maintained at the thermal threshold for 10

• region. Thus, increasing the volume of the intercrystalline regions together with the rapid heating of the layer leads to overall increased optical absorption. In the transmission spectra (400–1000 nm), the two envelopes TM and Tm corresponding to interference maxima and minima were plotted, and the

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode of a fuel cell. Precursors obtained by heating FA in the presence of phosphoric acid at temperatures of 400–1000 °C were further annealed at 1000 °C to afford PN-doped carbon materials. The extent of precursor P doping was maximized at 700 °C, and the use of

• -containing precursors were prepared by heating FA in the presence of PA. Typically, FA (1 g; Wako, Wako Special Grade) was ground with ethanolic PA (85 wt %, 1 g; Wako, Wako Special Grade) using a mortar and pestle, and the obtained mixture was placed in a furnace, heated to 400–800 °C in a flow of N2 at a

• specimens, respectively (T = treatment temperature). Moreover, carbon materials were also prepared by directly heating FA or PA-FA mixtures to 1000 °C (H-1000 and P-1000 samples, respectively). To study the influence of P-only doping, the above carbonization procedure was applied to poly(furfuryl alcohol

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• longitudinal sinusoidal deformation with the amplitude of 0.02 mm and pretension of 0.03 mm. The temperature range was 20 to 200 °C with a heating rate of 2 °C·min−1 in air atmosphere. From the results, the values of the moduli and loss factor were evaluated as the second-order sliding average. Image of the

Direct observation of oxygen-vacancy formation and structural changes in Bi₂WO₆ nanoflakes induced by electron irradiation

• Hong-long Shi,
• Bin Zou,
• Zi-an Li,
• Min-ting Luo and
• Wen-zhong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1434–1442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.141

• transformed into WO3. These features indicate bond breaking within Bi–O layers and the reconstruction of WO6 octahedra predominantly occur at the surfaces of the irradiated nanoflake. In general, electron irradiation of materials results in three major effects: heating, sputtering and radiolysis. The maximum

• . For the irradiation experiment of an individual nanoflake described above, the incident beam size is matched with the irradiated specimen, and the maximum temperature increase is ca 1.2 °C when assuming d = 10 nm, and k = 2.65 W·K−1·m−1 [32]. Apparently, the heating effect of the electron-beam

Kelvin probe force microscopy of the nanoscale electrical surface potential barrier of metal/semiconductor interfaces in ambient atmosphere

• Petr Knotek,
• Tomáš Plecháček,
• Jan Smolík,
• Petr Kutálek,
• Filip Dvořák,
• Milan Vlček,
• Jiří Navrátil and
• Čestmír Drašar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1401–1411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.138

• forming Au/Bi2Se3 alloy and NIs in the shape of a semispherical defect, whereas Mo reacts with the matrix and forms thermodynamically more stable layered MoSe2 in the shape of nanosheets. Experimental Single crystalline Bi2Se3 samples were grown by heating stoichiometric mixtures of the pure elements

Warped graphitic layers generated by oxidation of fullerene extraction residue and its oxygen reduction catalytic activity

• Machiko Takigami,
• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1391–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.137

• stream (O2 [Vol.]/N2 [Vol.] = 6:94) for a duration ranging from 0.5 to 5 h. The oxidized NBs are referred to as ONB-t (t = 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5) according to their oxidation time. A control was also prepared from NB-ORG by heating it at 600 °C in a nitrogen stream for 2 h (NNB). Characterization techniques

Highly ordered mesoporous silica film nanocomposites containing gold nanoparticles for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

• Mohamad Azani Jalani,
• Leny Yuliati,
• Siew Ling Lee and
• Hendrik O. Lintang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1368–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.135

• heating at high temperature. Figure 4a,b shows the XRD patterns of [Au3Pz3]C10TEG/silicahex in the range of 190 to 450 °C (plots (a)–(e)). In both methods, the diffraction peaks for d100 were still preserved due to good thermal stability and the well-ordered pore structure of [Au3Pz3]C10TEG/silicahex

• displayed the best quality within the respective heating methods. In the preparation of the 4-NP solution, the addition of NaBH4 in excess caused a red shift of the absorption spectrum from 315 nm to an intense peak at 400 nm due to the presence of 4-nitrophenolate ions [41]. By simply dipping the thin film

• Mettler-Toledo TGA/SDTA851e device at a heating rate of 10 °C min−1. For the fabrication, the sol–gel solution was spin-coated on a quartz plate using a Laurell spin coater, model WS-400-6NPP-LITE. Calcination was carried out under atmospheric conditions using a Nabertherm model LE6/11 muffle furnace

The effect of magneto-crystalline anisotropy on the properties of hard and soft magnetic ferrite nanoparticles

• Hajar Jalili,
• Bagher Aslibeiki,
• Ali Ghotbi Varzaneh and
• Volodymyr A. Chernenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1348–1359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.133

• to destroy cancer cells through the elevated temperatures [16][17]. The heating efficiency of the NPs as heat sources under ac magnetic fields is often denominated as specific absorption rate (SAR), which is directly related to the area of the magnetic hysteresis loop of the nanoparticles by the

• oxide nanodiscs and compared their heating efficiency with spherical NPs of similar volume at different field strengths [21]. Their results indicated that the heating efficiency obtained for spherical nanoparticles is smaller than that measured for nanodiscs of similar volumes, especially at low field

• nanoparticles and dT/dt is the initial slope of the heating curves. Figure 13 shows the fit curve using the Box–Lucas model (solid line) for the x = 0 sample. The SAR value, or specific loss power (SLP), was then obtained by using Equation 10. The SAR value is commonly used to characterize the behavior in

Janus-micromotor-based on–off luminescence sensor for active TNT detection

• Ye Yuan,
• Changyong Gao,
• Daolin Wang,
• Chang Zhou,
• Baohua Zhu and
• Qiang He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1324–1331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.131

• 10 mL ethanol/chloroform (1:1) solution for 12 h at the room temperature. Then, the as-prepared PAA-UCNPs (80 mg) were added into 20 mL ethanol/acetonitrile (1:1) solution containing APTES (12.5 μL), EGDMA (25 μL), and AIBN (25 mg). After heating to 45 °C for 6 h, the amine-group-functionalized UCNPs

A biomimetic nanofluidic diode based on surface-modified polymeric carbon nitride nanotubes

• Kai Xiao,
• Baris Kumru,
• Lu Chen,
• Lei Jiang,
• Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt and
• Markus Antonietti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1316–1323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.130

• (diameter: 5 mm) was cleaned with ethanol and deionized water, then dried with nitrogen. Subsequently, the cleaned AAO and the precursor melamine were put on the bottom of the glass test tube. The samples were placed in the oven to heat to 773 K with a heating rate of 10 K/min, and then kept for 4 h to

On the relaxation time of interacting superparamagnetic nanoparticles and implications for magnetic fluid hyperthermia

• Andrei Kuncser,
• Nicusor Iacob and
• Victor E. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1280–1289, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.127

• ferrofluid. Therefore, new methodologies to properly compensate for the heat losses have been proposed over time. The simplest procedure of taking the initial heating slope [11][15] has been extended to more sophisticated cases of correcting the heating curves through suitably exploited cooling curves [16

• not depend explicitly on φ. However, both experimental evidence and Monte Carlo modeling have been provided in [20] to understand the influence of the dipolar interparticle interactions on P*, leading to a reduction of the heating power and consequently on the hyperthermia effects of ferromagnetic

• evaluated versus parameters specific to P* by the numerical integration of the last part of Equation 6. On the other hand, T(t) can be also experimentally obtained by heating the ferrofluid under a completely characterized AC magnetic field and using specific methodologies to minimize the heat losses [16

Playing with covalent triazine framework tiles for improved CO₂ adsorption properties and catalytic performance

• Giulia Tuci,
• Andree Iemhoff,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Lapo Luconi,
• Andrea Rossin,
• Vasiliki Papaefthimiou,
• Regina Palkovits,
• Jens Artz,
• Cuong Pham-Huu and
• Giuliano Giambastiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1217–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.121

• used in large excess with respect to the monomer (ZnCl2/monomer = 5:1 molar ratio). After a sequential heating of the monomer/salt mixture at 400 °C and 600 °C for 10 + 10 h in sealed quartz ampules, CTFs have been isolated as amorphous and partially carbonized frameworks. The as-prepared samples

• inside a furnace and heated up to 400 °C with a heat rate of 10 °C·min−1. Afterwards, it was kept at 400 °C for 10 h before raising the temperature to 600 °C (second heating phase) and keeping the sample at that temperature for further 10 h. After cooling to room temperature, the ampules were opened

• °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min and the evolved volatile species (m/z 2 (H2), 18 (H2O), 28 (CO) and 44 (CO2)) were monitored through a mass spectrometer connected at the furnace outlet. X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD) qualitative measurements were carried out with a Panalytical X’PERT PRO powder

Tailoring the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles using the polyol process

• Malek Bibani,
• Romain Breitwieser,
• Alex Aubert,
• Vincent Loyau,
• Silvana Mercone,
• Souad Ammar and
• Fayna Mammeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1166–1176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.116

• values for the largest ones. Hyeon et al. succeeded to produce cobalt ferrite NPs of 12 nm in diameter and evidenced a blocked ferromagnetic behavior for these particles at RT (TB = 320 K) [24]. They also used an etherdiol solvent as polyol during moderate heating. Based on these former studies, sizes

• Design has been used to mechanically block the analyzed powders (few milligrams) during the measurements. Magnetostriction Selected particles have been first consolidated into dense pellets by using spark plasma sintering, applying a uniaxial pressure of 100 MPa and heating the pressed powder up to 500

Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

• Maike Schnucklake,
• László Eifert,
• Jonathan Schneider,
• Roswitha Zeis and
• Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

• . Afterwards the carbon felt was thoroughly separated from the bulk material, which was scraped carefully off the petri dish. For the purpose of carbonization both materials were heated in incinerating dishes up to maximum temperatures of 800 and 1000 °C under a constant flow of nitrogen and with a heating